By Stephen P. Radzevich, Ph.D.

16

GEAR SOLUTIONS

DECEMBER 2004

gearsolutionsonline.com

T his paper is dedicated to engineers who work in the field of machining precise gears for the needs of the automotive industry. Crowning of the pinion provides a localized bearing contact and a favorable type of transmission error for misaligned gears in car transmissions. A new method for gear crowningi.e. a method for lengthwise modification of the pinion toothis proposed by this author. Crowning of the pinion tooth could be performed simultaneously with the pinion tooth profile modification (which is usually uniform across the pinion face width). The reported method of finishing a precision pinion could be easily expanded to the gear chamfering operation. Due to high productivity, this method of pinion crowningand the method of gear chamfering as wellcould be applied to the mass production of gears for the needs of the automotive industry, e.g. for the crowning pinion for low-noise car transmissions.

THIS

Introduction
Involute and non-involute spur gears are very sensitive to gear axes misalignment. This misalignment causes the shift of bearing contact toward the edge of the gear tooth surfaces and transmission errors that increase noise excitation. Many efforts have been made to improve the bearing contact of misaligned spur gears by crowning the pinion tooth surface (Ref. 1). Wildhaber has proposed various methods of crowning that can be achieved in the process of gear generation (Ref. 2). MAAG engineers have used crowning for making longitudinal corrections; modifying involute tooth profile uniformly across the face width; combining these two functions (Ref. 1, 3, 4); and performing topological modification that can provide any desirable deviation of the crowned tooth surface from a regular involute tooth surface (Ref. 4). The main purpose of these crowning methods is to improve the bearing contact of the misaligned gears, which only partially addresses the problem. Another problem of prime importance is gear noise. The transmission errors of misaligned gears are the main source of gear noise. Transmission error can be absorbed with the application of the pinion with a modified tooth surface. Many engineers (Ref. 5-9) have studied the problem of gear noise. The application of the pinion with a modified tooth surface significantly reduces noise excitation in car transmissions. Usually the pinion tooth surface is generated as a lengthwise-modified surface. The gear tooth surface is not modified: it is generated as a screw involute tooth surface. A favorable function of transmission errors is provided for meshing of the pinion and the gear tooth surfaces. The desired function of transmission error

gearsolutionsonline.com

DECEMBER 2004

GEAR SOLUTIONS

17

enables reducing vibration and noise excitation of the gear drive that is caused by errors of alignment.

Literary Survey
New trends in gear design are directed toward the substitution of an instantaneous line tangency of contacting tooth surfaces by instantaneous point contact (Ref. 10). If the proper design is achieved, this enables a reduction of the sensitivity of the mating gears to misalignment and reducing the shift of the bearing caused by errors of alignment. In addition to the observation of point contact of tooth surfaces, it is also required to reduce the vibration of gears. This can be obtained by a reduction of the magnitude of transmission errors and observation of a favorable shape of function of transmission errors. Transmission error is the predominant cause of gear noise. The application of a pinion with a modified tooth surface has been understood for many years. Modification of the pinion tooth surface is required to avoid the effects of transmission errors and the shift of contact between the gear and the pinion tooth surfaces. Theoretically, transmission errors are inevitable if the axes of crossed helical gears become intersected. Actually, if the gear misalignment is of the range of five to 10 arc minutes, the transmission errors are very small and may be neglected. The main problem for this type of misalignment is the shift of the bearing contact to the edge. In addition, the transmission error must be kept to a low level in order to stabilize the bearing contact. Our investigation shows that this goal can be achieved by proper modification of the pinion tooth surface. Actually, the bearing contact cannot cover the whole pinion tooth surface. The reason for this is that the instantaneous contact ellipse moves across, but not along, the tooth surface. For economical reasons, only the pinion tooth surface is modified, while the gear tooth surface is kept as a regular screw involute surface. A method of synthesizing the modified tooth surface of a pinion that provides a localized bearing contact and a favorable type of transmission error for misaligned gears is developed in Ref. 11. Umezawa (Ref. 9) introduced the bias-modified helical gear pair. In this instance, he proposed to distinguish the so-called bias-in, bias-out kinds of modification of a pinion tooth surface. An asymmetrical relationship between vibration magnitude and the direction of each deviation is observed. For further noise reduction, investigation of the effects of the shaft, bearing, and gearbox on vibration is of immense importance. Through an intense Advanced Gear Design analysis, Ameridrives International has optimized the geometry of the existing fully-crowned gear tooth to increase capacities by 20 to 300 percent greater than the existing conventionally designed tooth (Ref. 12). This analysis was developed through years of finite element analysis, strain gage testing, dynamic testing, and field testimonials from users. The application of the pinion with a modified tooth surface allows for minimizing variations in working transmission error owing to the difference in working torque, thereby reducing the working transmission error in a wide working torque range. 18 GEAR SOLUTIONS DECEMBER 2004

Methods for finishing the tooth surface of a modified pinion on a conventional gear finishing machine appear in many sources (Ref. 13-15). Usually pinion crowningi.e. modification of the pinion tooth in a lengthwise directionis performed in an axial shaving operation. In axial shaving, in order to induce lead crown, it is required to rock the machine worktable by using the built-in crowning mechanism (Ref. 14). The implementation of a rocking worktable action for crowning during conventional shaving operation is considered in Ref. 16. Litvin proposed a method of pinion crowning that is based on the application of a surface of revolution that slightly deviates from a regular finishing tool conical surface (Ref. 1, 17). We refer to such a surface of revolution as the machining surface T of a cutting tool. Gear finishing tools of such design are recommended for application as a grinding wheel or as a shaving cutter. However, in mass production of gears for the needs of the automotive industry, the problem of finishing precise gears with lengthwise modification of their tooth surface does not yet have an appropriate solution. At present, there are no highly productive methods for finishing crowned pinions that fits the needs of mass producing gears in the automotive industry.

Methods and Apparatus for Center-Less Finishing of the Pinion

Here we consider an operation of center-less finishing of a precise gear with an involute or some other tooth profile (i.e. the operation of polishing and/or grinding of pinion tooth surfaces, finishing pinion tooth surfaces with a shaving cutter-like gear finishing tool such as a cutter with small teeth that are uniformly distributed circumferentially, with small pitch over the machining surface T ). For a pinion with the given face-width Fp, lengthwise tooth modification of the gear to be finished (Fig. 1) can be specified by value of tooth modification. The finished pinion tooth surface can be easily approximated with a surface of revolution, or with the helical surface of a corresponding tooth and/or thread profile.

Figure 1 Design of a crowned, i.e. lengthwise modified pinion tooth.

gearsolutionsonline.com

In order to develop a method and apparatus for high productive center-less finishing of a precise crowned pinion, the basic principles of analytical mechanics of gears are used (Ref. 18). Finishing a pinion with a crowned tooth surface can be performed via the process outlined in Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear (Ref. 19). A pinion 1 (Fig. 2) is finished with a gear finishing tool 2 that is located inside the bandage 3. The machining surface T of the gear-finishing tool could be generated as an enveloping surface to consecutive positions of the auxiliary phantom rack e. Figure 2 To the concept of a method and apparatus for finishing modified pinion. In that event, the auxiliary rack e rotates about the axis of rotation OT of the gear-finishing tool, the machining surface of the gear-finishing tool is represented with a surface of revolution. The auxiliary rack e. can perform a screw motion. In this case, the machining surface T of the gear-finishing tool is represented with a screw surface of axial pitch PX. The axial pitch PX is equal to PX=npX. Here it is designated: pX pitch of the auxiliary rack teeth, and n=1,2,... is an integer number. By the way, for the above-mentioned, the machining surface T is represented with the surface of revolution n=0. Due to this, a screw surface of the pitch PX=npX degenerates to the surface of revolution, for which PX=0. The angle of crossing of the axes of rotation of the gear finishing tool OT, of the driving worm OW from one side and of the axes of rotation of the pinions to be finished OP from another side, are synchronized in a certain way. Design of the gear-finishing machine could be simplified significantly if the crossed-axis angle is equal to the right angle (see Fig. 2). In order to maintain the crossed-axis angle equal to 90 , the proper synchronization of the pinion helix angle P and of the setting angles T and W (of the gear finishing tool and of the driving worm respectively) is required. The necessary synchronization of the angles P, T and W could be derived from the following fundamental relationship (Ref. 20): Figure 3 Top view of the apparatus for finishing modified pinion. mZT cosT dbT = , 1cos2 T cos2 T where dbT base diameter of the gear finishing tool m modulus ZT number of starts of the gear finishing tool T normal pressure angle T setting angle of the gear finishing tool. The similar relationship is valid to the driving worm, and the interested reader is referred to Ref. 20 for details about setting the angle of the gear-machining tool. The driving worm 4 is installed inside the gear-finishing tool. The direction, or hand of the threads of the driving worm is opposite to the hand of the threads of the gear-finishing tool. The axis of rotation OW of the driving worm aligns with the axis of rotation OT of the gear-finishing tool (i.e., OT Ow , see Fig. 2). The driving worm is rotating on bearing 5, which is installed on the support 6. The support 6 is rigidly connected to the gear finishing machine housing 7. The gear-finishing tool can be assembled with a certain number of cutting elements 8, which are uniformly distributed circumferentially inside the bandage 3 (Fig. 3). The bandage protects the gear-finishing tool from damage under the action of centrifugal forces while finishing pinions. DECEMBER 2004 GEAR SOLUTIONS 19

gearsolutionsonline.com

From the electric motor M, rotation is transmitted to the gear finishing tool and the driving worm. The gear-finishing tool is rotating with a certain angular velocity T. The driving worm is rotating with the angular velocity w. Rotation w of the driving worm is synchronized with the rotation T of the gear-finishing tool. The synchronization of rotations T and w depends upon the shape of the machining surface T of the gear finishing tool, and upon the number of starts of the gear Figure 4 Application of spring-like threads of the driving worm finishing tool NT and of the for feeding pinions onto the gear finishing tool. driving worm Nw. The machining surface T of the gear-finishing tool with shape of a surface of revolution can be considered as screw surface of number of starts NT=0. In a gear finishing operation, the pinion 1 is traveling through the chambers made by the gear finishing tool, the driving worm 4, and the supporting screens 9. The pinion is rotating about its axis Op with angular velocity p, and is moving along the axes OT Ow with a certain speed Vp. The pinion rotation p is synchronized with the rotations T and w in a manner that allows for at least one complete revolution Figure 5 A feasible way for increasing the stiffness of of the pinion while traveling the spring-like threads of the driving worm. through the chamber between the pinion supporting screens The supporting screens 9 subdivide the room between the 9. Electrical or mechanical (gearbox) devices could be used for gear finishing tool and the driving worm into a number of the synchronization (isynch) of rotations T, w, and p. chambers. While finishing, the pinion passes through the While finishing the modified pinion tooth surface, the gear-finchamber. The supporting screens have planar working surishing tool quite naturally performs the required lengthwise faces, and they are evenly distributed circumferentially inside modification of the pinion tooth surface. For computation of the the gear-finishing tool. parameters of design of the gear finishing tool that is required for When finishing the helical gear, supporting screens with finishing a pinion with a specified value of tooth surface modification, an advanced approach (Ref. 20) developed by the author planar working surfaces can also be applied. A certain synchronization between the number of starts NT of the gear fincould be applied. ishing tool, and the number of starts NW of the driving The gear finishing operation can be performed simultaneworm, their diameters, and their setting angles T and W is ously with gear deburring. In order to perform gear finishing required in order to make feasible application of the supportduring the deburring operation, it is required to provide the ing screens with planar working surfaces (Ref. 10). The propsupporting screens with cutting edges. It is also convenient to er synchronization of the above-mentioned parameters orient the cutting edges in the direction parallel to the axis OT. Loading and unloading of the gear-finishing machine can allows for avoiding the necessity of the application of supbe performed very easily. In order to load the pinions to be port screens with the screw working surfaces. The axis of rotafinished, a bunker (not shown in this articles figures) can be tion Op of the pinion must be at the right angle with the axis applied. Unloading the pinions could be performed by of rotation of the gear-finishing tool (Op OT ). 20 GEAR SOLUTIONS DECEMBER 2004 gearsolutionsonline.com

another bunker, which is also not shown in previous figures. The simplified loading/unloading of the gears into and out of the gear finishing machine results in easy automation of the gear finishing operation, which is critical for the mass production of gears for the needs of the automotive industry. This approach, which is similar to that listed previously (See Fig. 2, and Fig. 3), could be applied for the operation of enforcement of the pinion tooth surface-by-surface plastic deformation (Ref. 21). In order to feed the pinions to be finished onto the gear-finishing tool, the threads of the driving worm 4 can be designed in the form of a spring (Ref. 22). One end 10 of the spring-like thread is rigidly connected to the Figure 6 To the concept of a method and apparatus for finishing modified pinion body of the driving worm (Fig. with conical gear finishing tool, and with the conical driving worm. 4). Another end 11 of the springlike thread is rigidly connected to the ring 12. The ring 12 is installed onto the driving worm with pinion finishing operation more fragile. Application of the the possibility of turning about the axis relative to the body of spring-like threads of the driving worm is especially recomthe driving worm. It can be fixed in a proper angular orientation mended for applications in the design of multi-thread gear finishing tools. The driving worm with the spring-like threads relative to the body of the driving worm. yields equal distribution of feeding forces in the axial direction Turning the ring 12 relative to the body of the driving worm of the gear finishing tool, and circumferentially. The approach, results in a change to the outside diameter of the spring-like similar to that mentioned previously (see threads. The diameter of the threads Fig. 4), could be applied for enforcement of becomes smaller, or larger, depending on the pinion tooth surface-by-surface plastic the hand of the threads of the spring-like deformation (Ref. 23). threads, and upon the direction, the ring In order to increase the stiffness of the is turned in. gear-finishing machine, the spring-like Each redressing of the worn gear-finishthreads 13 of the driving worm can be ing tool causes an increase in the diameter supported by wedge-like supports 14 (Fig. of the grinding worm. In order to com5). The wedge-like supports are evenly dispensate for this change in the diameter of tributed circumferentially on the driving the gear-finishing tool, it is necessary to worm (Ref. 24). The top and bottom surunfix the ring 12, to turn it about the faces of the wedge-like supports 14 are axis Ow on a certain angle in the proper inclined and make a certain angle with the direction, and to fix it again in a new posiaxis of rotation Ow of the driving worm. tion that corresponds to the new required diameter of the gear finishing tool after These surfaces interact with the conical surface 15 of the body of the driving redressing. The required changes in the diameter of the driving worm can be perworm, and with the conical surface 16 of forming gradually, only from time to time, the lower support 17. but another opportunity to control the diameter of the driving The body of the driving worm can shift up and down along the axis of rotation Ow of the driving worm. The lower worm is also available. In order to permanently control the value of diameter of the support 17 remains motionless in the axial direction of the driving worm, the ring 12 can be connected to CNC. CNC pergear-finishing machine. The axial motion of the body of the forms gradual or permanent turning of the ring relative to the driving worm results in the corresponding motion of the body of the driving worm, corresponding to the change in wedge-like supports 14 in a horizontal direction. Due to diameter of the gear finishing tool, and on the value of its wear this, the diameter of the spring-like threads 13 changes in a while finishing pinions. The application of CNC makes the suitable manner.

Adopting these tools and processes could enhance productivity substantially, especially in applications supporting the mass production of precision gears for the automotive industry.

gearsolutionsonline.com

DECEMBER 2004

GEAR SOLUTIONS

21

Figure 7 Operation of chamfering of spur and helical gears.

A change in the diameter of the spring-like threads 13 corresponds to the change in diameter of the gear finishing tool caused by wear, and due to the periodic redressing of the gear finishing tool. Shifting of the driving worm body can

be performed gradually, or permanently from CNC. Again, the application of CNC makes the pinion finishing operation more fragile. The pinion to be finished can be fed onto the gear-finishing tool with the application of the conical gear finishing tool and the conical driving worm. Both of these elements i.e. the conical gear-finishing tool and the conical driving wormcan be generated with the same auxiliary phantom rack e (Ref. 25). The pitch cone angle T of the gear-finishing tool (Fig. 6), and the similar pitch cone angle w of the driving worm are equal to each other ( T w). Shifting the conical driving worm up and down results in a change of width of the room for the pinion to be finished, and in such way feeds the pinion onto the gear-finishing tool. Again, the shifting of the driving worm body up and down can be performed gradually, or permanently from CNC. In order to increase the productivity of the gear finishing operation, a multi-thread gear finishing tool and a multithread driving worm are recommended. The multi-thread gear finishing tool and the driving worm are longer in their axial direction. Thus, not one, but several pinions could be finished in each chamber simultaneously. Due to this, an immense increase in the productivity of the gear finishing operation is made possible. Additional flexibility of the pinion finishing operation can be achieved by connecting the driving worm to the body of the gear-finishing machine not rigidly, but by means of an elastic

Custom Manufacturing of High Performance Gears

Spur and Helical Gears up to 10" diameter Shaping, Hobbing & Gear Grinding Palloid, Spiral Bevel & Hypoid Gearing Gear Assemblies Custom Machining Testing & Inspection O.D. / I.D. Grinding

HIGH PERFORMANCE GEAR, INC.

2119 FM 1626 Manchaca, TX 78652 Ph: 512-292-9148 Fax: 512-280-0678 Email: [email protected] www.hpgear.net
22 GEAR SOLUTIONS DECEMBER 2004 gearsolutionsonline.com

Figure 8 Design of a chamfered gear tooth.

Center-Less Chamfering of Spur and Helical Gears

The gear chamfering operation is sometimes difficult to perform efficiently. The gear chamfering process is usually performed with a gear hob of special design (Ref. 14), and the productivity of this machining operation is usually low. It simply doesnt fit the needs of mass producing gears for the automotive industry. The approach and apparatus previously described, which have been developed for finishing the crowned pinion, can be expanded to chamfering spur and helical gears. In order to machine chamfers, the supporting screens are made of an asymmetrical shape (Fig. 7). The application of supporting screens of an asymmetrical shape results in the pinion face at which the chamfer has to be machined shifting from the gear finishing tool axis Og at a certain distance H. The parameters of design of the chamfer (Fig. 8) to be machined depend upon the distance H. By varying the distance H, any desirable chamfer angle and other parameters of the chamfer can be machined. For chamfering both pinion faces, two consequent pieces of the gear finishing machine tool are required. Otherwise, after machining one face of the gear, it is required to return it for machining the opposite face in the same chamber, or in the similar

elementfor example, by means of a spring 18 (Ref. 26). Application of the elastic element 18 yields a stabilization of force that feeds the pinion to the threads of the gear-finishing tool. In order to enhance the interval of change width of the room for the pinion to be finished, the axial pitch of the opposite sides of the thread profile of the driving worm and/or gear finishing tool can be made unequal to each other (Ref. 26).

The finest quality

TRU-VOLUTE
A Leader in the Gear Tool Business for over 50 Years.
Master Gears
HOB Resharpening Service

RUSSELL, HOLBROOK & HENDERSON, INC.

17-17 Route 208 North, Fair Lawn, New Jersey 07410

Telephone: 201-796-5445 Fax: 201-796-5664

A MEMBER OF OGASAWARA GROUP

Ultra Precise Hobs

Accuracy Class: AAA, AA, A Materials: Carbide/Bridge/HSS Technology: Dry/High Speed/ Hard Hobbing Range: 10~500 Diametral Pitch

Shaper Cutters

STOCK AVAILABLE
Gear Rolling Tester

HOBS

CNC HOB Sharpening Machine

TRU-VOLUTE

Visit our website at: http://www.tru-volute.com

gearsolutionsonline.com DECEMBER 2004 GEAR SOLUTIONS 23

Figure 9 Examples of design of a gear with chamfered tooth.

chamber, shifted opposite to the first one. The proposed approach allows for the pinion chamfering of any desirable design (Fig. 9). The problems associated with chamfering spur and helical gears have long challenged both scientists and engineers alike. The method and apparatus reported in this article resolve this complicated engineering problem, and will be of practical value to gear manufacturers.

Conclusion
Several methods and apparatus for the center-less finishing of crowned gears have been reported in this paper. The examples listed (Ref. 19, 21-26, and many others not mentioned) clearly prove the feasibility of this process in the mass production of gears for the needs of the automotive industry. The finishing of crowned pinions can be performed simultaneously with chamfering of the pinion tooth at one and/or both sides. According to the proposed method, any desirable combination of chamfers can be machined. The feasibility and high productivity of chamfering is also made evident in this article. All of these methods and apparatus allow easy loading of the pinion and unloading them to a bunker. Easy loading/unloading of the pinions substantially simplifies the automation of the gear finishing operation, and the gear chamfering operation as well. Adopting these tools and processes could enhance productivity substantially, especially in applications supporting the mass production of precision gears for the automotive industry. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Stephen P. Radzevich, Ph.D., is a professor of mechanical and manufacturing engineering and a member of SME and ASME. He is also a senior product engineer with Tractech, Inc., and can be reached at (586) 497-5714, or via e-mail at [email protected].

24

GEAR SOLUTIONS

DECEMBER 2004

gearsolutionsonline.com

REFERENCES
[1] Litvin, F.L., Zhang, J., Chaig, W.-S., Coy, J.J., Handschuh, R.F., Crowned Spur Gears: Optimal Geometry and Generation, Gear Technology, September/October, 1988, pp.9-15. [2] Pat. No. 3,046,844. (USA), Method and Machine for Producing Crowned Teeth./E. Wildhaber, 1962. [3] MAAG-Taschenbuch, 2nd edition Zurich, 1985, 727p. [4] MAAG Information 18, Topological modification, Zurich. [5] Determining Lead Error on a Crowned Pinion, Gear Technology, July/August, 2000, pp.55-56. [6] Flamang, P., Design for Silence: New Concepts and Techniques for Industrial Gears, Gear Technology, September/October, 1999, pp.17-23. [7] Oswald, F.B., Townsend, D.P., Valco, M.J., Spencer, R.H., Drago, R.J., Lenski, J.W., (Jr.), Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise, Gear Technology, January/February, 1998, pp.10-15. [8] Stadtfeld, H.J., What Ease-Off shows about Bevel and Hypoid Gears, Gear Technology, September/October, 2001, pp.18-23. [9] Umezawa, K., Low Vibration Design on a Helical Gear Pair, Gear Technology, January/February, 2000, pp.18-25. [10] Radzevich, S.P., Design of Shaving Cutter for Plunge Shaving of Topologically Modified Involute Pinion, ASME J. of Mechanical Design, Vol. 125, Issue 3, September 2003, pp.632-639. [11] Pat. No. 6.112.611. (USA). Gear with Modified Tooth Surface and Gear Tooth Surface Modification Method./H. Maki, Toyota, Japan. May 18, 1998 (May 20, 1997Japan), 09/080,284, September 5, 2000, U.S. Cl. 74/462. [12] Herbstritt, W.R., and Paluh, J.H., Mill Spindle Advanced Gear Design, Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, 1998, 5p. [13] Townsend, D.P., Dudleys Gear Handbook: The Design, Manufacture, and Application of Gears, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992, New York. [14] Dudley, D.W., Gear Handbook. The Design, Manufacture, and Applications of Gears, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1991, New York. [15] Modern Methods of Gear Manufacture, 4th ed., National Broach & Machine Div, Lear Siegler, Inc., 1972, 159p. [16] Dugas, J., Gear Finishing by Shaving, Rolling & Honing Part 1, Gear Technology, March/April 1992, pp.14-21. [17] Litvin, F.L., Gear Geometry and Applied Theory, P T R Prentice Hall, 1994, 724p. [18] Buckingham, E., Analytical Mechanics of Gears, Dover Publications, Inc., 1963, 546p. [19] Pat. No. 921.727, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. (Filed: September 26, 1980, Int. Cl. B23F 19/00). [20] Radzevich, S.P., Fundamentals of Part Surface Machining. Monograph, Kiev, Rastan, 2001, 592p. [In Russian]. [21] Pat. No. 969.395, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. Filed: April 16, 1981, Int. Cl. B21H 5/02. [22] Pat. No. 984.744, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. Filed: April 16, 1981, Int. Cl. B23F 19/00. [23] Pat. No. 1.055.578, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. Filed: November 6, 1981, Int. Cl. B21H 5/02. [24] Pat. No. 1.110.566, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. Filed: June 7, 1983, Int. Cl. B23F 19/00. [25] Pat. No. 1.000.186, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. Filed: November 6, 1981, Int. Cl. B23F 19/00. [26] Pat. No. 1.028.450, (USSR), A Machine Tool for Finishing a Crowned Gear./S.P. Radzevich. Filed: April 26, 1982, Int. Cl. B23F 19/00

LARGE 75,000 SQUARE FOOT FACILITY AND GROWING

C - B G E A R & M AC H I N E , I N C . i s c o m m i t t e d t o p r ov i d i n g p r o d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s t h a t m e e t o r ex c e e d c u s t o m e r s n e e d s. O n - g o i n g t r a i n i n g a n d u t i l i z i n g t h e l a t e s t i n n o va t i o n s e n a b l e s u s t o c o n t i n u o u s l y i m p r ove o u r q u a l i t y a n d r e l i a b i l i t y a t c o m p e t i t i ve p r i c e s. O u r c o m p l e t e machining and gear cutting capabilities provide for effective processing a n d q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , a s w e l l a s r e d u c e d l e a d t i m e s. A n d w i t h o u r n ew c l i m a t e - c o n t r o l l e d g e a r g r i n d i n g r o o m , w e a r e a bl e t o va l i d a t e t h e q u a l i t y a n d p r e c i s i o n o f t h e g e a r s w e p r o d u c e.

C-B Gear & Machine, Inc.

4232 MOONEY ROAD HOUSTON, TX 77093 1-800-428-6028 281-449-0777 FAX 281-590-9127 EMAIL US AT [email protected] OR VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT WWW.CBGEAR.COM

gearsolutionsonline.com

DECEMBER 2004

GEAR SOLUTIONS

25