STEPENOVANJE
Proizvod a a ... a = a n naziva se n -tim stepenom broja. Ako je a R , a 0 i neka je n N
n puta
Po definiciji je:
0
4
1) a 0 = 1 primer: 50 = 1, (3) 0 = 1, = 1
7
1
1 1
1
1
2) a n = n primer: 3 2 = 2 = , 53 = 3 =
a
3
9
5 125
______________________________________________________________________
Jo vae sledea pravila:
3) a m a n = a m + n
4) a m : a n = a m n
5) (a m ) n = a mn
primer: 32 35 = 32+ 5 = 37
primer: 710 : 7 6 = 7106 = 7 4
primer: (23 ) 5 = 235 = 215
6) (a b)n = a n b n
n
an
a
7) = n
b
b
a
8)
b
b
=
a
primer: (12 11)5 = 125 115
72
7
primer = 2
4
4
32 9
2
3
primer = = 2 =
2
4
3
2
O emu treba voditi rauna?
Treba paziti na zapis: (5) 2 = (5)(5) = 25 , dok 52 = 5 5 = 25 . Uopteno vai:
(a ) paran = a paran
( a ) neparan = a neparan
Dakle, paran izloilac uniti minus.
ZADACI
1) Izraunati:
(2 7 : 25 ) 23
24 : 22
(27 : 25 ) 23 27 5 23 22 23 22 +3 25
=
=
= 2 = 2 = 2 5 2 = 23 = 8
4
2
4 2
2
2 :2
2
2
2
2
_____________________________________________________________
2) Izraunati:
35 93
27 2 3
35 93 35 (32 )3 35 36 35
=
=
= = 351 = 34 = 3 3 3 3 = 81
27 2 3 (33 )2 31 36 31 31
______________________________________________________________
( x 4 )3 x 3 : x 5
=
3) Izraunati:
( x 5 : x 2 )3
( x 4 )3 x 3 : x 5 x12 x 3 : x 5 x12+35 x10
=
= 3 3 = 9 = x109 = x1 = x
5
2 3
5 2 3
(x : x )
(x )
(x )
x
_______________________________________________________________
4) Izraunati:
3n +1 3n + 2
32 n + 4
3 n +1 3 n + 2 3 n +1+ n + 2 3 2 n +3
= 2 n + 4 = 2 n + 4 = Pazi na zagrade zbog minusa
3 2 n+ 4
3
3
1 1
= 3( 2 n + 3) ( 2 n + 4) = 32 n+ 3 2 n 4 = 31 = 1 =
3 3
_______________________________________________________________
5)
Izraunati 0,5 1 + 0,252 + 0,1253 + 0,0625 4
0,5 1 + 0,252 + 0,1253 + 0,06254 =
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + =
2
4
8
16
1
2 4 8 16
+ + + =
1 2 1 1
21 + 4 2 + 83 + 16 4 = 2 + 16 + 512 + 65536 = 66066
_________________________________________________________________
6) Izraunati 11 + 2 2 + 33 + (1) 1 + (2) 2 + (3) 3
11 + 2 2 + 33 + (1) 1 + (2) 2 + (3) 3 =
1 1 1
1
1
1
+ 2+ 3+
+
+
=
1
2
1 2 3 (1) (2)
(3) 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1
1+ +
1 +
= + = =
4 27
4 27 4 4 4 2
_________________________________________________________________
4
5
1 3
a = 53 i b = 10 3
3
4 2
7) Ako je
nadji a b 1
2
53 44 32
1 3
4 3
a = 5 = 53 2 =
22
4 2
1 2
53 (22 ) 4 32
=
= 53 (22 )3 32 = 53 26 32
2
2
3
103 32 (5 2)3 32 53 23 32
5
3 3
=
=
= 5 2 3 32
b = 10 = 10 =
2
2
2
5
5
5
3
5
3
Konano, raunamo a b 1 = a
a b 1 = 53 26 32
1
b
= 52 23 = 25 8 = 200
5 2 3
______________________________________________________________
1
5 x 5 2 y 1 3
8) Izraunati 2 1 : 10 x 2 y 3
2 y 5x
5 x 5 2 y 1 3
1 : 10 x 2 y 3 =
2
2 y 5x
5 2 x10
y3
2 4 3 3 : 10 x 2 y 3 =
2 y 5 x
(5 2+ 3 x103 y 3 4 2 2 ) : 10 x 2 y 3 =
(51 x 7 y 1 4) : 10 x 2 y 3 =
20 7 2 1( 3)
x y
= 2 x 5 y 1+3 = 2 x 5 y 2
10
__________________________________________________________
1 3 1 4
10 + 10
x
2
2
9) Ako je 10 =
55 10 7
Odrediti x.
1
1
1 3 1 4
+
10 + 10
2
2
= 2000 20000 = (izvuemo gore zajedniki)
7
55
55 10
10000000
1
1
1 11
11
1 +
2000 10 2000 10
=
= 20000 =
55
55
55
10000000
10000000 10000000
11 10000000 11 10000000 10000000
=
=
= 100 = 102
20000 55
11 100000
100000
sada je 10 x = 10 2 , dakle x = 2
________________________________________________________
10)
a) A 10 5 = 0,2 0,008
b)
B 10 6 = 0,04 0,006
A 10 5 = 2 10 1 8 10 3
B 10 6 = 4 10 2 6 10 3
A 10 5 = 16 10 4
B 10 6 = 24 10 5
16 10 4
10 5
A = 16 10 4( 5)
24 10 5
10 6
B = 24 10 5+ 6
A=
B=
A = 16 10 4+5
A = 16 10
A = 160
B = 24 10
B = 240
4
Ovde smo koristili zapisivanje realnog broja u sistemu sa osnovnim 10. Ovo je dobra
opcija kada je broj glomazan.
Primeri:
1) Brzina svetlosti je priblino c 300000000m / s a mi je lake zapisujemo
c 3 108 m / s , 108 - znai da ima 8 nula iza jedinice!!!
1
1
1
2
2)
=
= 10 5 = 10 5 = 2 10 1 10 5 = 2 10 6
5
500000 5 10
5
10
5
5
3) 0,000069 = 6,9 10 7 10
4) Povrina zemlje je 510083000km 2 ali mi zapisujemo 5 108 km 2
3a x
2a x
ax
ax
:
11) Izraunati
x
1 + a x a 2 x 1 a x a x
1 a
3a x
2a x
ax
ax
=
x
1 + a x a 2 x 1 a x a x
1 a
2
1
3
x
x
x
ax
a
a 2x : a
=
1
1 a 1
1
x
1 x 1+ x
a x
a
a
a
2
1
x
x
x
x
a
=
xa xa 2 x : 2ax
a 1 a + 1 a 1 a 1
x
ax
ax
a
2
ax
1
=
x
: 2x
x
x
x
a 1 a + 1 (a 1)(a + 1) a 1
3(a x + 1) 2(a x 1) a x a 2 x 1
=
(a x 1)(a x + 1)
1
x
x
3a x + 3 2a x + 2 a x (a 1)(a + 1)
=
1
(a x 1)(a x + 1)
= 3+ 2 = 5
12)
Izraunati
x x 2
1 x 1
x x 1
2
:
1
2
1
1
x + x +1 1+ x + 2 x 1+ x
x x 2
1 x 1
x x 1
:
=
2
1
2
1
1
x + x +1 1+ x + 2 x 1+ x
1
1
1
x
1
x x2
x
x =
:
1 1
1 2
1
2 + +1 1+ 2 + 1+
x
x
x
x
x
x3 1
x2 1
x2
x
:
2
x2 + 1 + 2x
1+ x + x
x2
x2
x 1
x =
x +1
x
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) x( x 1) ( x + 1)
( x + 1) 2
x
+
x
+
1
x 1
:
=
x +1
x 1 x( x 1) x 1
:
x +1 x +1
1
( x 1)( x + 1) x( x 1) x + 1
=
x +1
x 1
( x 1) [ ( x + 1) x ] x + 1
= x +1 x = 1
x +1
x 1
an
a n a n
a n
13) Izraunati A =
+
+
n
1 + a n 1 + a n 1 a n
1 a
an
an an
a n
A=
+
n
1 + a n 1 + an 1 an
1 a
1
n
an
+ a
A=
1
1
1 n 1+ n
a
a
1
an
an
+
1
1
1+ n 1 n
a
a
an
1
1
an
n
n
A = n1 + na n
+ na
a 1 a +1 a + 1 a 1
n
an an
an
a
a2n
1 a2n
1
+ n
+ n
A= n
n
a 1 a + 1 a + 1 a 1
a 2 n (a n + 1) + 1(a n 1) a 2 n (a n 1) + 1(a n + 1)
A=
(a n 1)(a n + 1)
(a n + 1)(a n 1)
A=
a 3n + a 2 n + a n 1 (a 3n a 2 n + a n + 1)
(a n 1)(a n + 1)
a 3n + a 2 n + a n 1 a 3 n + a 2 n a n 1
A=
(a n 1)(a n + 1)
A=
2 (a n 1) (a n + 1)
2a 2 n 2
2(a 2 n 1)
=2
=
=
(a n 1)(a n + 1) (a n 1)(a n + 1)
(a n 1) (a n + 1)
