Basic Concepts Of Information Technology (IT)

Dheeraj Mehrotra
www.computerscienceexpertise.com

The Basics What is Information?

Information is data processed for some purpose Information can only be considered to be 'real' Info if it meets certain criteria i.e. 1. it must be communicated to the recipient 2. it must be in a language that is understood 3. it must be in a suitable form 4. it must be relevant for achieving some purpose

Information z is

any form of communication that provides understandable and useful knowledge for the person receiving it.

What Is A Computer?
zA

computer is a general purpose, programmable device that is used for the production and processing of information z capable of calculating and storing results

What do we mean by general purpose?

Most devices can be described by their function e.g Washing Machine, DVD Player Computers, however, can be used for almost any purpose: - typewriter - video editor - accounts tracker - database / address book - DVD / CD Player - and many others

Computers Are Programmable

Computers repond to instructions in the form of programs Programs are written in order to make computers behave in specific ways i.e. word processor, systems control Programs are stored in the Computer memory

How computers process information

Computers accept inputs ( i.e. data) The input is translated into binary numbers and processed The process produces output (i.e information) This sequence can repeat endlessly: outputs can be inputs! Illustrating this - the Black Box model

Processing - the Black Box model

We can think of a computer as a black box :

input
3+5

process

output
8

Components of a Computer System

Computer Systems are made up of: Hardware the physical parts Software - the instructions or programs that control the hardware The Human Being the brains behind the whole system!

Types Of Computer
z z z z z

Mainframe Computer Minicomputer Personal Computer (Microcomputer / Desktop) Laptop Network Computer / Server

Uses two types of terminal: Dumb and Intelligent

Computer Organisation the Von Neumann model

Most Computers are based on a model proposed by John Von Neumann in 1946 The logical units of this model are:

Stored program Central Processing Unit: fetches and executes the program instructions sequentially Memory Input and Output devices

Computer Hardware components

A typical PC System is made up of:

System Unit Keyboard Monitor (VDU) Mouse Printer Modem Multimedia Devices

Hardware The System Unit

The central component of the system Houses:

The Processor: corresponds to the CPU Memory: RAM and ROM Storage: Hard Disk, Removable Storage devices

The Processor (CPU)

Types include Intel Pentium series, Celerion, AMD Athlon Chip at the heart of the computer- does the calculations Speed is very important measured in megahertz (MHz): the faster the processor the more calculations performed per second.

Memory
z z z z

A computer must be able to store its calculations and programs Two types of memory: Volatile and permanent. Measured in bytes One byte = eight bits

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Used by the Computer as the working area Holds the working program, the data being processed and the interim results Volatile - contents are erased if power is cut Can be accessed randomly: can get any piece of data directly. Faster than perminant storage Not to be confused with ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Storage - Hard Disk

Permanent Memory - records and stores all programs and data / information magnetically Larger than RAM - average 12 - 120GB Slower - involves mechanical movement (read/write head, revolving disk)

Other types of Storage

Floppy Disks CD/DVD ROM Zip Drive Magnetic Tape

Input Devices
z z z

Keyboard Mouse: used in conjunction with the GUI (Graphical User Interface), point and click Other types of Input Devices:

Trackballs Light Pens Touch Screens Tablets

Output Devices
z z

Monitor: also known as the Visual Display Unit (VDU) Printers

Laser Printer Inkjet Printer Impact

Software
z z z z

Generic name of all programs Made up of code interpreted by the hardware Written in programming languages - Java, C, C++, Perl Two kinds of Software:

System Application

System Software
z z z

Concerned with the computer itself: devices, file and storage management, error correction Main piece of SS: Operating System (OS) OS: the driving program of the computer

communicates between all programs and the hardware controls timing and sequence of events manages data to ensure security and integrity Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Unix

Applications Software
z z z z z

Concerned with the world outside the computer Gives the computer its general purpose nature Used for the things you want the computer to do Common Examples - Word, Excel, Internet Explorer Applications can be more specialised: e.g. Architecture package

How Software is made

Involves a cycle of research, analysis, development and testing Systems Analysts - study the business processes and designs the software Programmers - develops the software

Problems with Software

Software is complex Difficult to test comprehensivly Can have bugs: these can be trivial or major Symptoms of bugs

hanging crashes

The Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Represents all the program / computer resources as icons Workspace represented graphically - creates virtual documents More usable: led to wider use of computers Adds to the unique nature of the computer as both a tool and a medium

Dos and Donts

DO give the computer room to breathe keep it in a dry place dust free shut down properly keep removable storage away from the screen

z z z z z z

DONT block air vents eat or drink while using the computer expose to extremes of temperature just switch off move while the computer is in operation