Arabic Learning

ARA 181
BASIC
ARABIC
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Course Code ARA181

Course Title Basic Arabic
Course Developer/ Writer Dr. Barihi Adetunji
National Open University of Nigeria,
Lagos
Programme Leader Dr. A. F. Ahmed
National Open University of Nigeria,
Lagos.
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
National Open University of Nigeria
Headquarters
14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way
Victoria Island
Lagos
Abuja Office
No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street
Off Aminu Kano Crescent
Wuse II, Abuja
Nigeria
e-mail: [email protected]
URL: www.nou.edu.ng
Published by:
National Open University of Nigeria 2008
First Printed 2008
ISBN: 978-058-185-5
All Rights Reserved
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
CONTENTS PAGES
Module 1 The Importance of Arabic Language,
the Arabic Alphabets and its Forms1
Unit 1 The Importance of Arabic Language.. 1-9
Unit 2 Arabic Short Vowels, Sukn, Nunation
(Tanwn), Long Vowels, Diphthongs, Double
Consonants, the Moon and Sun Letters.. 10-19
Module 2 Arabic Vocabulary Development 20

Unit 1 Household Items and Word Relating to
Day to Day Activities. 20-25
Unit 2 Numbers, Dates, the Days, the Months, the
Weather and Season Divisions. . 26-29
Unit 3 Human Body, Five Senses, Illness and
Occupation.. 30-32
Unit 4 Some Arabic Customs, and Gender
Numbers . 33-38
Unit 5 The Nature, Trees, Insects, Reptiles,
Inanimate Objects and Adjectives.. 39-43
Unit 6 Food, Vegetables and Fruits, Drinks,
Bank and Post Office.. 44-46
Module 3 Grammar, Common works and
Selected Activities. 47

Unit 1 Prepositions, Adverbs and Further
Lessons on Pronouns . 47-55
Unit 2 Common Words Used in Hospital,
Government Service, Commerce etc.. 56-58
Unit 3 Relative and Interogative Pronouns, and
Introduction to Sentence Construction59-63
Unit 4 Directions, Measurements, School
Subjects and Punctuation Marks. 64-67
Module 4 Short Arabic Passages.. 68
Unit 1 Five Selected Passages68-72
Unit 2 Conversation and Some Simple Arabic Poems 73-76
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
MODULE 1 THE IMPORTACE OF ARABIC
LANGUAGE, THE ARABIC ALPHABETS
AND ITS FORM
Unit 1 The Importance of Arabic Language
Unit 2 Arabic Short Vowels, Sukun, Nunation (Tanwn), Long
Vowels, Diphthongs, Double Consonants, the Moon and
Sun letters.
UNIT 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Brief History of Arabic
3.2 The Arabic Alphabet
3.4 Form of Arabic Letters
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment
7.0 References/Further Readings
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A recourse to history of the advent of Islam in Nigeria shows the
position of Arabic as its official language. The impact of Arabic
language therefore cannot be overemphasized. In this unit, you are going
to learn about the importance of Arabic language in understanding and
assimilating Islamic knowledge in Nigeria and in the world.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
appreciate the importance of Arabic as language of commerce,
politics, culture, and correspondence in the world history.
Identify the orthography of Arabic alphabets and its form
acknowledge particular importance of Arabic language on the
sustainability of the Holy Qur'n and Islam.
acknowledge the importance of Arabic on research and
documentation.
Identify Arabic as the language that has great influence on the
cross-fertilization of science and civilization at the global level.
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
give a brief history of Arabic
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 A Brief History Of Arabic
Arabic is the youngest of the Semitic group of languages. Other
languages that fall into this class include Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac,
Ugaritic, Acadian, Phoenician, Tigre, Tigina, Amharic and Geez. But
marvelously, Arabic outlives them all. For instance, the Ugaritic and
Acadian languages have died long ago while Aramaic, which was, for
centuries, the lingua franca of the Western Asia survives in its pristine
form only. Similarly, Syriac does thrive in its primitive form as at
present. Furthermore, the Hebrew, one of the oldest Semitic family
suffered untold neglect for centuries before and after the appearance of
Prophet Isa (Jesus, peace be unto him) and during the days of Greek and
Roman power. The rise of Islam and its spread further eclipsed the
language for centuries before it finally, found official shelter in Israel.
The Semitic languages of Ethiopia were equally confined to their areas
of origin and they could not spread beyond their environment.
Other languages, which are alien to the Semitic family but which also,
suffered the same fate as the family did include Latin, Greek and
Sanskrit. For example, Latin, which was the rich classical language that
played important role in medieval Europe, finds little patronage in the
modern world. Similarly, Greek, which was the most universal language
in the ancient times, cannot be perfectly maintained by the Greece
simply because her immediate neighbours have no interest in the
language. As far as Sanskrit, which was the ancient Indian language is
concerned, its popularity does not to go today beyond the four walls of
the country.
On the contrary, there has not been any established record of decline for
Arabic. Though, the time of its emergence is yet to be known, its
popularity dates back to the Jhiliyyah (barbaric, primitive) age of Arab
society and its popularity was not unconnected with the art of poetry.
Some of the Arabs of this age in particular were gifted poets who
composed poems brilliantly. Part of such poems composed was known
as the Mu'allaqt. It is said that the poetic competitions were organized
among the poets of different tribes of the society.
Judges were appointed and eloquence of the poets was used as criterion
for selecting the best poet. The poems of this period, at least a great
percentage of them, were not recorded until the third century of Islam.
They used to be transmitted only. The remains of the poems we have
today testify to the fact that Arabic had attained perfection right from its
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
emergence and that it has not suffered any vicissitudes.
However, the only language, which can be considered to be at par with
Arabic in terms of classical importance, richness and continuous
progress and prosperity from the time of its emergence up to the present
time, is Chinese language. But the supremacy of Arabic is discernible
from the fact that millions of Chinese muslims are masters of Arabic
while many other millions are aspiring to learn the language.
Meanwhile, the importance of Arabic language is manifested
internationally and locally. Firstly, it is the lingua franca of over a
hundred million inhabitants of the Middle East, which links three
separate continents (Africa, Asia and Europe) together. In the early
period of the expansion of Islam, the muslims came in contact with the
Greek and their sciences and through the medium of Arabic they leaned
and recorded their sciences. They even improved and standardized the
sciences. Then, the muslims got access into North Africa and later
crossed to Spain. It was at that time that the muslims vigorously pursued
knowledge. By the middle of the eighth century, the Spanish muslim
scholars travelled eastward in quest of learning, which was recorded in
Arabic and by early eleventh century the reverse was the case. By the
twelfth century, Arabic medicine and sciences had started finding their
way into Europe where they were translated from Arabic to Latin and
later to other European languages.
Thus, it is no gain saying the fact that Arabic is the vehicle for the
exchange and cross-fertilization of sciences and civilization at the global
level. In fact, the modern civilization as well as the modern sciences
might not have existed, at least to the extent we have them today, but for
the laudable service of Arabic language, which preserved their origin
and engineered their improvement and standardization. Even in the 16th
century, Dutch physician; Laurentus Friseurs argued that the study of
Arabic is indispensable for those wishing to make a career out of
medicine.
Secondly, apart form placing Arabic on equal pedestal with other
international languages like English, French and German to mention but
a few, Arabic has also gallantly withstood the test of time, gained wide
currency as an international language of commerce, diplomacy, politics
and so on. Its universal recognition manifested in the United Nations
Organization (UNO), the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
While commenting on the significance of Arabic as a universal
language, Professor Girgis said: "In terms of the number of speakers and
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
extent of its influence, Arabic is by far the most important Semitic
language today and must be regarded as one of the important world
languages.
Thirdly, Arabic is specifically important to the muslims all over the
world because it is the language of their sacred book; Qur'n and
Sharah (Islamic law) in which the tenets of their religion are written.
Allah says : _ _ _
We revealed it as an Arabic Qur'n so that you may
understand" (Q12:2)
_ _
"Thus have We revealed it (Qur'n) a decisive utterance in Arabic.
(Q13:37)
_ _
_ _ _ __ _ _
_
"We know indeed that they say: it is a man that teaches him, the tongue
of which they wickedly refer to is notably foreign while this is Arabic,
pure and clean" (Q16:103).
It is rightly noted that knowledge of Arabic is an indispensable pre-
requisite for proper understanding of Qur'n and other Islamic books
since their translations cannot, with utmost accuracy, convey their real
messages. This is so because in translating one language to another, it is
believed that a quarter of the conceptual value of the original language is
lost.
Furthermore, practical usefulness of Arabic cannot be over emphasized.
It serves as a source of the vocabularies of some African language. For
instance Swahli, the language widely spoken in East Africa, has sixty
percent of its words and expressions originating from Arabic language.
Similarly, about forty percent of Hausa words and expressions are from
Arabic. For instance:
Arabic Hausa Meaning
Al-ahad Alahadi Sunday
Al-akhbar Labaari News
Jardah Jariida Newspaper
Iim Ilimi Knowledge
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
In like manner, a minor percentage of Yoruba words also originated
from Arabic language e.g
Arabic Yoruba Meaning

QSU
ar-ra d ara tunder
V
aba abo return
QSV
al-amru alamori matter/ essence
QVVS
al-basal alubosa onion
QVSaS
al-fitnah fitina calamity
QVVaV
al-afiyat alaafia health
The language of West Europe still bears the imprints of Arabic influence
in the form of numerous loan words and concept: Algebra (aljabr),
Cotton (qutn), Sugar (sukar), surcre-french, zucchero-italian.
All these instances show that Arabic had been the language of both
learning and commerce for centuries
Apart from linguistic service, Arabic renders cultural service to Africa.
The true records of African history, which the Africans themselves can
proudly call their own, was preserved by the language. Thus, knowledge
of the language will enable aspiring scholars to drink deep into the parts
of the Africans legacy contained in the Arabic manuscripts found in our
universities, archives and museums.
For the West African countries that have diplomatic relations with some
Arab countries such as the United Arab Republic, the Republics of
Sudan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
etc. Arabic is particularly useful. The Ministries of Information and
External Affairs of such West African Countries need Arabist to ensure
mutual understanding and exchanging of ideas among the countries
involved in the diplomatic relations. In addition to that, Arabic is
particularly important and useful to Nigerian nationals because it
constitutes the native tongue of the Shuwa Arab, a tribe in Borno state.
In Africa, it is the native language of countries like Morocco,
Mauritania, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, and the Western Sahara. It
accounts for about six percent of its original words and expression in
Swahili languages. In Asia it is the medium of expression and
communication in countries like Lebanon, Jordan, Sudan, Syria, Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar. Iraq, Palestine, and Yemen. In short,
apart from being the lingua franca of more than one hundred million
peoples, it is also estimated that it is being used as liturgical language by
more than four hundred million people.
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.1.1 The Arabic Alphabet
Arabic is written from right to left. Arabic graphic symbols have been
adopted by and adapted for many languages spoken by muslim nations,
for example Urdu in Pakistan, Persian in Iran, and Malay in Malaysia.
Hausa language used Arabic symbols before the advent of white men.
The two commonest ways of writing are Naskhi normally used in print
and formal writings often used in personal correspondences
The Arabic alphabet consists of the following 28 letters
Transliteration Pronunciation Arabi
c
letter
Transliteration Pronunciation Arabic
letter
d' ' Alif
/Hamzah
' B B'
' T T'
c c
Ayn Th Th'
Gh Ghayn J Jm
F Ff '
Q Qf Kh Kh'
K Kf D Dl
L Lm Dh Dhl
M Mm R R'
N Nn Z Zy
H H' S Sn
W W' Sh Shn
Y Y' S d
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.1.2 Forms of Arabic Letters

In writing Arabic, the letters take different forms according to their
different positions in the word: whether at the beginning, in the middle,
or at the end.
The following table shows the different forms of the letters of the
alphabet
Ending
position
Middle
Position
Beginning
a word
Standing
alone
Arabic
alphabet

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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Note:
1. It will be noted that in the table of the alphabet given above the
following six letters are shown as capable of being joined to a
preceding letter only.
Under no circumstance can they be joined to a succeeding letter.

2. When alif is joined to lm they are read together, as lam-alif and
written thus . When both of them are together in the middle of a
word, they are written thus
3. When the letter h () denotes the feminine ending of nouns and
adjectives it is written with two dots above () and pronounced "t"
this is known as t' marbta. (ta)
4.0 CONCLUSION
From the discussions so far you have learnt the following:

Arabic as most important member of the Semitic group of languages
It is the youngest and the only thriving language in the group.
Islam has played vital roles on its survival till today
It is important because it is the lingua franca of over one hundred
million inhabitants that cut across the globe.
It is also the vehicle for the exchange and cross-fertilization of
sciences and civilization at a point in the history of the world.
It is placed on equal footing with other international languages, by
gaining wider currency as language of commerce , diplomacy,
politics and so on
It is important specifically to the muslims all over the world because
it is the language of their sacred book, the holy Qur'n
It is therefore an indispensable prerequisite for proper understanding
of the Qur'n and other Islamic books
Its long history of acquaintance with other languages especially in
Africa has enhanced its great influence on the vocabulary of those
countries
It helps in the diplomatic relations between some Arabic speaking
countries in Africa and Asia.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have been exposed to the importance of Arabic as an
international language and as a language for the muslim's worship. In
addition , you have been able to see how each of the Arabic letters looks
like when even it stands alone, or when it is joined to a word either at
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
the beginning , the middle or at the end. You are therefore advised
strongly to master these letters before you go to the next unit.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. List four major importance of Arabic as an international language
2. Write all letters in Arabic alphabet in a descending order and
their corresponding equivalents in English.
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
Chejne, A. G. (1967). The Arabic Language: its role in History,
Minneapolis: University Press.

Hunwick, J. O. (1964). "The influence of Arabic in West Africa: A
Preliminary Survey" in Transaction of the Historical Society of
Ghana. (THSG), v.ii.
Mazhar, M.A. (1972). Arabic: The Source of all the Languages,
Nendein: Draus
Versteegh, K. (1997). The Arabic Language, Edinburgh: Cambridge
University Press.
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 2 ARABIC VOWELS (SHORT AND LONG),
NUNATION (TANWN) LONG VOWELS,
DIPTHONGS, DOUBLE CONSONANTS, THE
MOON AND SUN LETTERS
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Arabic Vowels
3.2 The Short Vowels
3.3 The Long Vowels Hurfu `l--Madd
3.4 Sukn (Quiescence)
3.5 Nunation
3.6 Dipthongs
3.7 The Moon and Sun Letters
3.8 Double Consonants (Shaddah)
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Unlike in English, Arabic vowels are placed as a sign above or below a
letter and called vocalization and without them the letters will be
impossible for beginners to pronounce. The vowels are broadly divided
into two, the short and the long vowels. Knowledge of the short vowels
which shall be introduced first in this unit, will enhance quick and easy
pronunciation of some simple words introduced later in the unit.
This shall be followed by the extensive knowledge of the letters in
nunation form and their pronunciation, the prolongation of letters
through the long vowels and the introduction of the students to double
consonants. The moon and sun letters especially in relation to the Arabic
definite article shall also be treated in this unit.
2.0 OBJECTIVES

Recognise the vowels, nunation, double consonants as well as the
moon and sun letters.
Read the words written with all the signs applied in vocalization.
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1Arabic Vowels
Letters of Arabic alphabet are all consonants. They cannot be read
correctly without the help of vowels.
There are three short vowels and three long vowels in Arabic. Unlike
Latin scripts, these vowels are not letters. Certain signs placed on or
under the consonants concerned only represent them. This is known as
vocalization.
3.2The Short Vowels
The short vowels are as follows:

1. Fat-hah: It sounds /a/ as in man and is represented in writing by
a small slanting stroke placed on the consonant concerned.
For example
V V VV
To read the above example we say
B fat-ha /ba/
T fat-ha /ta/
Th fat-ha /tha/
V V V V
' a ba ta Tha
V V V V
ja ha kha da
V V V V
dha ra za sa
V V V V
sha sa a a
V V V V
a
c
a gha fa
V V V V
qa ka la Ma
V V V V
na ha wa Ya
2. Kasrah: It sounds /i/ as in pit and is represented in writing by a
slanting stroke placed under the consonant concerned .
For example
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
a a a
To read the above example we say
B kasrah /bi/
T kasrah /ti/
Th kasrah /thi/
a a a a
' i bi ti Thi
a a a a
ji hi khi di
a a a a
dhi ri zi si
a a a a
shi si i i
a a a a
i
c
i ghi fi
a a a a
qi ki li Mi
a a a a
ni hi wi Yi
3. Dammah: It sounds /u/ as in "put" and is represented in writing by
a 'waw'
__Q__ placed on the consonant concerned
For example
Q Q Q
To read the above, we say
B dammah /bu/
T dammah /tu/
Th dammah /thu/
V Q Q Q
' u bu tu Thu
Q Q Q Q
ju hu khu du
Q Q Q Q
dhu ru zu su
Q Q Q Q
shu u u u
Q Q Q Q
u
c
u ghu fu
Q Q Q Q
qu ku lu Mu
Q Q Q Q
nu hu wu yu
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.3 The Long Vowels Hurfu `L -Madd
The long vowels are represented by adding one of the letters known in
English as letters of prolongation and in Arabic as hurf- al-maddi to
the consonants concerned after the short vowels have been put. The
letters of prolongation are:
1. (Alif madd) meaning alif of prolongation and corresponding with
al-fa-thah,
2. (Wu madd) meaning w of prolongation and corresponding with
damma
3. (Yu madd) meaning y of prolongation and corresponding with
kasrah.
The long vowels are prolonged twice the pronunciation of the short
vowels. They are as follow:
i. Al-fat-hah with alif madd: It sounds // as in car and is
represented by a similar stroke of al-fa-thah together with alif
that follows the consonant concerned.
For example
which is spelt thus: B fat-hah alif madd /baa/
which is spelt thus: T fat-hah alif madd /taa/
which is spelt thus : Th fat-hah alif madd /thaa/
ii. Al- kasrah with yu madd: it sounds /ii/ as in sheep and is
represented in writing by a similar stroke with ya following the
consonant concerned. For example:
a which is spelt: b kasrah ya madd / bii/
T which is spelt: t kasrah ya madd /tii/
a which is spelt: th kasrah yau madd /thii/
iii. Dammah with w madd. It sounds /uu/ as in boot
Q which is spelt b dammah waw madd / buu/
Q which is spelt: t dammah was madd /tuu/
Q which is spelt: th dammah waw madd /thuu/
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
When the consonant of the elongated fathah is Alif as in the sign
of the fathah and the stressing Alif are to be replaced by madda thus
(~) over theAlif .
The long Fat-hah
English Translation Transliteration Arabic
A youth Shbun V
It was long Tla V
Slept Nma VV
To change Hla VV
To continue Dma VV
To deviate Zgha VV
To be lost a VV
To aid / help Ghtha VV
The Long Kasrah
near qarb a V
big kabr aV
dear azz aV
brief /Short wajz aV
advantageous mufd aQ
not heavy khaff aV
indication dall aV
far bad aV
The Long Dammah
mind confusion Dhuhl QV
refutable mardd QSV
suckling raghth QV
raised marfu QSV
expectation ruqb QV
calmness sukn QQ
prevalence umm Q
food qt Q
3.4 Sukn (Quiescence)
The absence of vowels is indicated by a sign resembling a small circle
on top of the consonant. This sig S is called sukn meaning
quiescence i.e. no sound uttered after as the pronouncing of the
consonant.
For Example:
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
a is spelt as t kasrah ti, b sukun /tib/
V is spelt as lm; fathhah l min sukun /lam/
Q is spelt as qf dammah qu lm sukun /qul/
It should be noted that sukn does not start a word in Arabic. It can only
be in the middle or at the final position in a word. More examples of
silent consonants are as follow:
Arabic Transliteration Arabic Transliteration
SV ab SV hal
Sa sif SV lan
SQ khudh Sa sir
Sa qif SQ zur
SQ luj Sa mil
3.5 Nunation
We have earlier treated three short vowels in Arabic viz: Fat-hah
indicated by V the kasrah represented by (
____________
), and Dammah is
signified by
____
; however, when these vowels are doubled they produce
an effect called TANWN or nunation i.e. the sound N is pronounced
though it is not written. Hence, fat-hatan (__V_) produces AN, kasra-tan
(___) produces IN and dammatn (Q_) produces UN sound. In addition,
apart from closed ta (ta marbah) which bears only the double fa-tha
(VaSQ); all other letters with double fat-ha must bear the addition of alif
e.g.
More Examples on Nunation
Pronunciation Arabic
Alphabet
Pronunciation Arabic
Alphabet
an un in aV an in un aVV
ban bin bun aVV an in un a VV
tan tin tun aaVV an in un aV
than thin thun aVV an in un aVV
jan ji jun a ghan ghin ghun aaV
an in un aVV fan fin fun aVV
khan khin
khun
aVV qan qin qun aV V
dan din dun aaVV kan kin kun a
dhan dhin
dhun
a lan lin lun a
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ran rin run a man min mun a
zan zin zun a nan nin nun aV
san sin sun a han hin hun a
shan shin shun a wan win wun a
han in un a yan yin yun a
3.6 Dipthongs
Diphthong is a combination of two sounds or vowel letters e.g. the
sounds of ou in out and oy in boy are diphthongs. With the sign of sukn
and the weak consonants g and s we can thus make two diphthongs
composed of a short a followed by a vowel less g or s which in
pronunciation must be given full consonantal value e.g. V baw and V
bay. Thus aw and ay are almost identical with ough in bough and igh in
bight.
3.7 Double Consonants (Shaddah)
If two identical consonants come together and are not separated by a
vowel only one is written with ______ above it. This is called shaddah
or strengthening. Thus, we have:
Meaning Arabic
to drag, draw S V for V
to pour out S for UV
to smell SV for V
to flee, escape SV for V
to solve (problem) SV for V
to think about VSV for VUV
to clean VS V for VU V
to comb VSV for VUV
to arrange VSV for UV
to train, drill VS V for VU V
Vowelless dental consonants are generally assimilated to a following
(t) the first being written without any sign and the second received
shaddah e.g. for SQ means I led. A vowel less (n) assimilates to
a following (l) letter in pronunciation or actually in written as in the
conjugation V alla SV anla (that not) and a for S inla (if not,
otherwise).
3.8 The Moon and Sun Letters
The particle al V in Arabic is added to nouns to make them definite. For
example kitb Va means a book; al-kitb VaS means the book.
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
The Arabic alphabets are divided into Moon letters, al-hurf-ul-
qamariyyah and sun letters, al-hurf-ash-shamsiyyah.
In the case of nouns starting with moon letters, the definite article is
pronounced in full while the l is dropped in that of sun letters.
Nouns Starting With Moon Letters
English
Translation
Transliteration Arabic
the needle al-ibrah Q VS
the cow al-baqarat Q VVVS
the mountain al-jabal QVV S
the stone al-hajar VVS
the bread al-khubz QSQS
the honey al-asal QVVS
the stranger al-gharb Q SaVS
the mouse al-far Q SVS
the moon al-qamar Q VVS
the cup al-kasu Q SVS
the king al-malk QSVS
the cat al-hirr aS
the document al-wathqah QVSaVS
the hand al-yad VS
Noun Starting With Sun Letters
English
Translation
Transliteration Arabic
the crown at-taj QU
the fox ath-thalab QVSU
the bucket ad-dalw SU
the fly adh-dhubb QV
the letter ar-rislah QVV
the butter az-zubd QS
the roof as-sath QS U
the police man ash-shurtiyyu a S
the soap a-abun QQU
the estate ad-difdaah QSU
the stamp a-abiu QaU
the envelop a-arf QSU
the milk al-laban QVU
the carpenter an-najr QV U
4.0CONCLUSION
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You must have leant the following in this unit:
The Arabic short vowels and their pronunciation on two, three, and
more than three letter words.
The position of sukn in an Arabic word and its pronunciation.
How to recognize the long vowels and the method of its articulation.
The diphthongs and the double consonants as well as the moon and
sun letters.
How to read simple words in Arabic, fully vocalized with all the
signs introduced.
How to write Arabic letters in a connected manner at the beginning,
middle and end of the word.
5.0SUMMARY
We have dealt extensively with the preliminary aspect of our study of
Arabic. It is expected that thorough mastery of all Arabic words
provided and the ability to read them fluently are necessary pre-requisite
for proper understanding of subsequent units.
1. Write a short note on Tanwn.
2. Distinguish between Moon and Sun Letters.
3. Give two examples each of the words vocalized with:
(a) Short vowels
(b) Long vowels
(c) Diphthongs
(d) Nunation
(e) Shaddah
4. Re-write the following words in joined form.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
7.0 REFERENCES / FURTHER READINGS
Adeniji, B. O and Hameed, O.O. (2000). A New Approach to the Arabic
Lauguage for schools and Colleges, Abeokuta: at Tayyibun
Islamic Outlook.
A new Approach to the Arabic Language for Schools and Colleges.
Abeokuta: at-Tayyibun Islamic outlook.
Mazhar, M.A. (1972). Arabic, the Source of all the Languages. Neidein.
Draus Publishers.
19
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
MODULE 2 ARABIC VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Unit 1 House-hold Items and Words Relating to Day to Day
Activities
Unit 2 Numbers, Dates, the Days, the Months, the Season
Divisions d
Unit 3 Human Body, Five Senses, Illness and Occupation.
Unit 4 Some Arabic Customs, Greetings and Gender Numbers.
Unit 5 The Nature, Trees, Insects. Reptiles, Inanimate Objects
and some Arabic Adjectives.
Unit 6 Food, Vegetables, Fruits, Drinks, Banks and Post Office
UNIT 1 HOUSE-HOLD ITEMS AND WORDS
RELATING TO DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Common Words at Home
3.2 Common words in the kitchen
3.3 Common Words in the School
3.4 Common Words in the Bookshop
3.5 Common Words in the Farm
3.6 Members of the Family
3.7 Name of Some Animals
3.8 Name of Some Birds
3.9 Common words in Sport
3.10 Some Common verbs
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This unit introduces you o the learning of common vocabularies that are
peculiar to various professions, environment, time and concepts. It is
meant to enrich your knowledge on spoken and written Arabic.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this study, you are expected to have learnt the following.
20
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Names of various items that are unique to specific matters and
environment
Some common verbs that are used for day to day activities.
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Common Words At Home
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
house aSV slab VV V
window VaV mailbox aaVSQQSQ
shutter aVS QV Sa balcony VSQ
bell VV bench VSV
lock VV tree VV V
stair SQ grass QQ
roof S V key VSa
garden VSaV fence Va
shelf V bathroom VVV
chair aSQ ceiling SV
telephone aV corridor VQ
Basket V iron VSa
furnished house QSVVSV air conditioning aVVSQa SV
garage aVV UQVS aV upstairs aSQSQaU
sink VVSV clothes SV
sitting room aQQSQV SQ closet VVa
chimney aSV couch VS aV
library VVSV curtain VV V
bedroom aSU Q VSQ broom VVSa
pillow VVa apartment UQ
mirror SV electrical
wirings
Q VaVV SVSQVSV
mattress Va Carpet VUV
3.2 Common Words In The Kitchen
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
kitchen VSV saucepan Sa
refrigerator V VV teakettle aSVQSa Sa
oven SV bowl VaSQ
table VaV utensil Va
cupboard VVV frying pan VSa
sink aVVQVSV knife aa
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
dish S V spoon VVSa
glass S V plate V V
sugar-bowl VaSQ tray Va Sa
coking pan VV SV gas stove VQaSV
kettle VVV bottle VSaV
filter VSa broom QVVSaS
dust Q QVS folk VSV
electric stove aVV SVQaSV
3.3 Common Words In The School
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
school VV SV pen V V
classroom S V exercise VU Q
staffroom VSaVQS QV SQ book Va
principals office aSaVSQVSV ruler VVSa
laboratory VSV blackboard VQV
library VVSV chalk aVV
assembly hall a VaSaQVV duster VUQ
principal QSaVS pupil (male) aS a
vice-principal aSaVSQaV student (male) aV
senior-tutor QUVQVQ pupil (female) VaSa
teacher VQ,Q VQ student (female) Va V
mistress VVQ. VVQ fellow aV
3.4 Common Words In The Bookshop
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
books Q Q globe VaSV Q UQ
pens S aVS V ink Sa
pencil VV QV V ink-pot VV S
arithmetic book VaQVa dictionary QV
science book QQQVa copy-book VS V
history aa VQVa fountain pen aVS aQV V
grammar book aaVVQ Va stapler VVV
reading book aaVVaQVa paper-ream V VQQV
paper VV V story Ua
ruler VV Sa envelope Va
chalk QSV novels QVV
poetry Sa bulletins QVVU
black-board VS VSV magazine QUVVS
map VSa V adventure stories aVVVQSQVa
duster VSQ
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.5 Common Words In The Farm
English Translation Arabic
farm V SV/SV
vegetables SQ
fruit VaV
beans QQ
farmer UV
tree VVV
branch S V
palm-tree VSV
3.6 Members of The Family
family VaV mother-in-law VV
father V daughter-in-law Ua
mother Q stepfather Q QSV
daughter VS stepmother VQVSV
brother V husband SV
sister SQ wife VSV
grandfather V single (male) Q QSV
grandmother UV single (female) Q VSV
grandson aV engaged SQ SV
granddaughter VaV spinster aV
uncle (related to
mother)
V fianc S aV
uncle (related to
father)
V fiance VSaV
aunt (related to
mother
VV married VVVQ
aunt (related to
father)
UV divorced UVQ
cousin (male) VQS widower VSV
cousin (female) VQVS widow VVSV
cousin (male) VQS bride-groom Sa V
cousin (female) VQQVS bride QV
nephew VQS marriage Q Va /QVa
nephew SQQS engagement QVSa
niece VQ VS wedding SQ/V a
brother-in-law QSa twin VSV
sister-in-law aVSQVS wedding ring a V Q VSV
father-in-law QSV bachelor QV
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.7 Name of Some Animals
English Arabic English Arabic
lion VV polar bear aSVQ
rabbit V SV wolf Sa
snake VS V giraffe VV V
cow VVV hyena S V
mule V goat V SV
owl Q gazelle / beer VV
crocodile VSa mare/horse VV
fox VSV leopard SV
camel VV elephant Sa
house Va monkey Sa
pig aSa dog SV
ram SV cat a
lioness VQV okapi VV
tiger aV water buffalo aVSQQV
ewe VSV otter aVSQVSV
3.8 Name of Some Birds
Parrot VSV crane aSV
nightingale QSQ eagle SV
duck U V ostrich VVV
goldfinch QQV hoopoe Q SQ
pigeon VVV bat VSV
cock S a goose U V
hen VVV whine hat aSVQ
peacock QV deer VS V
crow V Q partridge V V
butterfly VV V pelican VV
falcon SV quail VSV
sailfish Q aVV swallow QSQ
snakebird aVVS V aV turkey VVQa
3.9 Common Words in Sport
football aVVSQUQ field V SV
goals QV SV golf VSV
basketball aUQUQ boxing VVVQ
volleyball aVa UQU Q physical
exercise
QUaVV SQ VV
handball VSQUQ cycling aV VUQQQ
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
wrestling VVVS fishing aVUQSV
tennis QaU high jump aVSQSVS
horse riding SVSQQQ hockey aSVS
3.10 Some Common Verbs
He ate VVV He drank Va V
He sat V VV He arrived VaV
He watched V VV He accepted VaV
He studied V VV He laughed VaV
He tied VV V He rode VaV
He entered VV V to be heavy VQV
He read VV V to be abundant VQV
He explained VV V to be nice VQV
He was ill V aV to be easy VQV
He wrote Va V to be difficult VQV
He forgot VaV to be sweet VQV
4.0 CONCLUSION
You must have learnt in this unit some words that are peculiar to various
places, animals, professions and sports.
5.0 SUMMARY
This unit has dealt with many common vocabularies that are necessary
for the study of some important issues in subsequent units.
1) Mention five words each that are common to the following:
i. home
ii. school
iii. sports
2) List ten verbs and their translation in English
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS
El-Gemei, M.M. (1970). Arabic Book for Non-Arabs, Cairo: al-Ahrmu
t-Tijriyyah press
Hashim, A. (1969). Arabic Made Easy, Lahore: Ashraf Printing Press.
25
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 2 NUMBERS, DATES, THE DAYS, THE
MONTHS, THE WEATHER AND THE SEASON
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Numbers
3.1.1 The Real Numbers
3.1.2 The Ordinal Number
3.2 The Dates
3.3 The Days
3.4 The Month
3.5 The Weather
3.6 The Season
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The unit introduces you to both the real and ordinal numbers, days of the
week and the months of the year, weather / seasons shall be discussed
and the division of things into parts.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be familiar with:
Numbering system in Arabic
Arabic names for dates, days of the week, months, weather and parts.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Numbers
3.1.1 The Real Numbers
one aV eighteen VVVVVaVV
two QVS nineteen V VVVVSa
three VV V twenty VQSa
four VV SV thirty VQVV
26
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
five VSV forty VQV SV
six Ua fifty VQVV
seven VSV sixty Va
eight VaVV seventy VQSV
nine VSa eighty VQVV
ten VVV ninety VQSa
eleven VVVVS hundred V a
twelve V VVVS two hundred aVVa
thirteen V VVVVV V three hundred V aQVV
fourteen VVVVVVSV one thousand SV
fifteen V VVVVSV two thousand aVSV
sixteen VVVVVa one million QQSa
seventeen V VVVVSV two million aVQSa
3.1.2 The Ordinal Number
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
First QUV seventh VVVQaU
second a U eighteenth VVVQaU
third QaU nineteenth VVQ aU
fourth QaU twentieth VQSaS
fifth QaVS twenty-first VQSaSVaVS
sixth QaU twenty-second VQSaSVaU
seventh QaU twenty-third VQSaSVQ aU
eighth QaU twenty-fourth VQSaSVQ aU
ninth QaU thirtieth VQVU
tenth QaVS fortieth VQVSV
eleventh VVVaVS fiftieth VQSV S
twelfth VVVaU sixtieth V
thirteenth VVVQ aU seventieth VQSU
fourteenth VVVQ aU eightieth VQVU
fifteenth VVVQaV S ninetieth VQS
sixteenth VVVQaU one hundredth QV aS
3.2 The Dates
day SV in the morning V V
week QSQ at noon SQ
month SV in the afternoon a SVSV
year VV one quarter of
an hour
aVV Q SQ
daytime VV half an hour aVV Q Sa
night SV season S V
27
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
tomorrow VV half a year VV Q Sa
yesterday VaVS mid-day aVUQaVSQ
hour VV mid-night aS UQaVSQ
moment VS V daily aSV
minute VSaV leap year VS aV VV
second VaV sunrise aSUQQ Q
in the evening VV sunset aSUQQQ
3.3 The Days
English Arabic
Monday aSVS aQSV
Tuesday aV VQSV
Wednesday aVaSV QSV
Thursday aSaVSQSV
Friday aVSQSQSV
Saturday a SUQSV
Sunday a SVQSV
3.4 The Month
Months in the
English
Calendar
Transliteration Months of the
Assyrian
Calendar
Months in the
Islamic
Calendar
January Q aVV aUQQV U VQ
February Q aV SV Q UQ Q VV
March QS V Q V aUV Q aV
April Qa S QVa aU Q aV
May SVV Q U VVSQVVQ
June SVa Q aVSa V V aUVVQ
July SVaQ QV Q VV
August S QSQV Q QVSV
September S aSVSV QQS V VVV (month
of fasting)
October Sa VSQ aUV QaS a VV
November S aSVQ aUQaS a aVSVSQ
December S aSVSa aUV QQV UQ SQ (month
of Hajj)
3.5 The Weather
climate QVQ rain VV
weather QSV snow S V
air QVV cold SV
28
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
wind Qa rainbow VVQQSV
breeze Qa V ice aV
sky QVV thunder SV
horizon Q V storm VaV
cloud VSV wet SV
fog V V sunny QaSQ
dew aV humidity VQQ
3.6 Season Division
English Arabic
Autumn Q aV S
Winter Q Va
Spring Q aU
Summer Q SU
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt the two types of numbers - the real and the
ordinal. You have also learnt the seven days in a week; the twelve
months in a year; the various types of weather and the four seasons.
5.0 SUMMARY
We have dealt with five different items that are useful in our proper
understanding in our day to day activities.
6.0TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. Count from 1 20 in Arabic
2. Write from 20 40 in Arabic.
3. Mention the seven days of the week.
4. How many months are there in Arabic calendar? Mention them.
7.0REFERENCES / FURTHER READINGS
Najb, D. (2006). Arabic Language for Foreigners, Beirut: Alahliyyah
Press.

Versteegh, K. (1997). The Arabic Language, Edinburgh: Cambridge
University Press.
29
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 3 HUMAN BODY, FIVE SENSES, ILLNESS AND
OCCUPATION
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Parts of the Body
3.2. Five Senses
3.3 Illness
3.4 Occupations and Their Tools
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this unit you will be exposed to Arabic names of human body, mans
five senses, illness / ailment and various occupations.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
list the Arabic names of various parts of the body and the five sense
organs
identify and explain the various names of ailments in Arabic
list about the names of various occupations
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Parts of the Body
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
head Q SU hair Q SU
forehead QVSV S ears QSQ
eyes QSVS face Q SVS
cheek V S nose Q SV
nostrils QQV S chin QSU
mouth QVS lips QVUV
tongue QV teeth QVSV
neck Q VSU shoulder Q SVS
30
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
hand QVS chest Q SU
breast QSU abdomen QSVS
naval Q V thigh Q aVS
knee Q VS foot QVV
ankle QSV skull QVQSQ
finger Q VSa elbow Q VSa

3.2 The Five Senses
English Arabic
touch QSU
hearing QSU
sight QVV
smell QU
taste QSU
3.3 Illness
pain SV abscess QVQ
dizziness Q VSV wound QSQ
collie QSV cough VSV
diarrhea QVSa dumb Q VSV
headache VQ deaf VV/QVSV
common cold SV blind VSV
fever VQ lame QVSV
measles VSV cancer QVS Q
small-pox aS Q diabetes aVQ
leprosy VV paralyses QaV
3.4 Occupations and Their Tools
Carpenter QVU
English Arabic
saw VSa nail VSa
join VSV extractor VVSa
glue VVQ padlock SV
hammer VV wimble VSa
Blacksmith QUVS
pickaxe VSa anvil QVS a
axe SV fire kindling aU QS aSV
pump VSa furnace VQ
Tailor QU V
collar VV trousers VSa/VQQSV
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
dress VSa sleeves VSV
waistcoat VS V dress VSQ
Other occupations
engineer aVQ lawyer aVQ
barber U V shoe maker aVS
trader a V farmer VV
hunter U V teacher VQ
editor aS VQaV driver aV
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt about the Arabic names for various parts of
the body in Arabic, the five senses and various names of ailments and
occupations.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, focus has been Arabic names for human body parts, the five
senses, illnesses and occupations.
1. What is the name given to the following in Arabic
(a) A doctor (b) An editor (c) A collar (d) A pump
(e) An axe
2. Name five parts of the body in Arabic.
3. Mention five illnesses in Arabic
7.0 REFERENCES / FURTHER READING
Abdul Jabbr, U. (N.D) al-Jadd fit-Takhub wat-tabr, Books I &II,
Cairo: Dar-al- Marif
Ezzat, M. (1983). Everybodys Conversational English, Cairo: Dar
Memphis Printing Press.
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 4 SOME ARABIC CUSTOMS AND GREETINGS,
GENDER NUMBERS IN ARABIC GRAMMAR
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Arabic Customs
3.2 Arabic Greetings
3.3 Gender Numbers
3.3.1 Masculine and Feminine Gender
3.4 Singular, Dual and Plural
3.4.1 Broken Plural
3.4.2 Sound Masculine Plural
3.4.3 Sound Feminine Plural
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There are so many ways through which the Arabs express courtesy. The
mode of greetings and customs of the Arabs are dealt with in this unit. It
also focuses on the numbers in Arabic grammar. We shall distinguish
between singular, dual and plural.
2.0OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
Express yourself in a simple manner of greetings in Arabic
List and explain the gender and number in Arabic grammar.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Arabic Customs
If you please VSVVVaVSVVSV
Please VQSV .VaSVSa
Thanks SQ
Not at all SV
Excuse me aSaV-aSaSV -aS aVQV
Sorry a
33
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.2 Arabic Greetings
Peace be upon you VUVa )SQSVVQVU)
Good morning a SVS QVV
Good evening aS VSQVV
Good night SVVVVQaS Q-QaSQ
Good bye (farewell) aVVVUVVVa
Happy new year / SVaSQSVVVQ
If God wills or if God wishes VV S
Good luck! All the best SV UQVVUVV VaV V
Say peace to your family for me VaVaVVaaVVS V
I will be seeing you before long a VaVVa
Congratulations on your success Va VVaVQV Q
How are you today ? VSVS VQVVSV
I am fine, thanks SQ,Q VQ VVVa
Is the family all right? QVQ VVVQ VaVSSV
We are well, thank you VQQSV, SVa aVUa
3.3 Gender Numbers
3.3.1 Masculine and Feminine Gender UVQSVQUVQS
Genders in Arabic are two types they are UVQ (masculine) and UVQ
(Feminine).
UVQS (Masculine) denotes male among human being, animals, place or
thing. For example: aSa (a student), Sa (a cock), QV (a lamb), aSV (a
mosque).
UVQS (Feminine) denotes female gender among human being, animal,
place or thing. For example VaS a (A female student) VSV (a ewe) VV V (a
hen) VVSV (a school)
It is pertinent to mention here that there is no neutral gender in Arabic.
The table below shows masculine and feminine Arabic by closed t at
the end.
Feminine UVQS Masculine QUVQS
VaSQ aSQ
VaV aV
VSV SV
34
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Adding closed ta at the end does not form feminine nouns of some
masculine
Feminine UVQS Masculine UVQS
VQSQ VSV
VV VV
VV V Sa
The closed ta is not the only feminine sign. The long vowel Alif may
suffix feminine nouns and adjectives. The feminine proper noun VSV has
this Alif suffix.
The feminine proper nouns VS V and the feminine adjective VSV (in VS V
VS V) (Maryam is pleasant) have this feminine Alif followed by
Hamzah which makes this Alif a little longer. Therefore, the feminine
Alif followed by a Hamzah is called the elongated Alif SV
QSVSwhereas that of VS V is called the short Alif QSVSQSV
The closed feminine t is to be pronounced as an unvowelled h if the
reader pauses at the end of the noun.
The feminine ending tun occurs in many words, which have no
masculine form e.g
VSaV madinatun a city, VSVQ - a garden, VVSV - a law court.
It is occasionally, although rarely, found in words which are masculine
e.g. Va V successor Caliph, VUV - a great traveller, globe trotter.
The following classes of words are feminine without requiring the
distinctive feminine ending:
i) All words and proper names, which are by their nature feminine
e.g. Q - mother, QV - a bride, SQ - a sister, an old
woman, particles which with special meaning can be applied to
females such as aV pregnant, aSQ - suckling (adjective)
ii) Most (though not all) names of countries and cities e.g. VSV
London, Sa - Egypt, VSV V - France, Q SaS- India
iii) Some parts of the body, which occurs in pairs e.g. SV - a eye, V
- a hand, SQ - an ear, Sa - a foot.
iv) A number of words which are feminine by usage e.g. Sa a
wind, SV - a war, V - a house, V a fire , SV earth /
ground, SU - sun.
v) A number of words are of common gender and may be masculine
or feminine e.g. V - a state, a V - a road, Q a market
(usually feminine) a a knife (usually feminine).
35
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.4 Singular, Dual and Plural
In Arabic, there are three numbers. They are VSQS which denotes one,
singular dual VQS which denotes two and plural SV S which denotes
more than two.
1. Singular - VSQS is a noun indicating one person, or thing or an
adjective describing such a noun, whether it is masculine or
feminine.
2. Dual - UV QS: is a noun indicating two persons, or two things,
masculine or feminine or an adjective modifying such a noun. To
form dual in Arabic, the vowel of the last letter of the concerned
noun should be changed to al-fa-thah and then alif and nun (,)
should be added to the noun in the accusative or genitive case. For
example V becomes aVV V. But if nouns are in the accusative or
genitive case, silent ya and nun should be added e.g. SVV V if the noun
ends with a closed ta, it will be changed to ordinary t before adding
Alif or y and nn. For instance VaV becomes SVVaV or aVVa V.
It should be pointed out here that the nun of the dual must always
take kasrah. Example: V VaU aVV the (two) student girls came.
Dual noun V VaV is in the nominative case.
SVa VQS I saw the (two) students. Dual noun is in the accusative
case. SV VQSQVSQaaV This is the room of the two teachers.
Dual noun is in the genitive.
When VQS is VQ" is dropped. SVVVSa two pieces of meat is in
the nominative case S VSVVSa two pieces of meat is in oblique case.
V must also agree with QSVS in number.
If QSVS be then V must also be UVQ
VVSaVS aSa SV SV The two beautiful eyes of the girl.
VSaVSaSaSVSV The two eyes of the beautiful girl.
VVaV aSa SV SV The two eyes of the girl are beautiful.
3. Plural - QSV S: there are three kinds of plural in Arabic. They
are:
i. Sound Masculine Plural aUaUVQSQSV which is formed by
adding waw and nun to the last letter of the noon when the noun
is in the accusative or genitive case. For instance VQ becomes
Q VQ in the case of the nominative case and SaVQ in the case
of the genitive and accusative case. It should be noted that the
nun of the plural should carry al-fathah while that of dual should
carry al-kasrah. When aUaUVQSQSV is VQ then is
dropped. V VSVSQ aVQ the teachers of the school is in the
36
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
nominative case and the teachers of the school is in
the genitive case VVS VVQaVQ and VVSVaaVQ are not correct.
ii. Sound Feminine PluralaUQVVQQSV: which is found by adding
Alif and open t to the feminine noun concerned. For Va V
becomes VaV these kinds of plurals are referred to as sound
because they are formed without disrupting the structure of the
singular.
iii. Broken Plural a aSU QSV: This is a noun indicating three or more
persons or things or an adjective describing such a noun. This
plural does not retain the structure of its singular. For instance VV
becomes VSV this plural has many patterns so, a learner should
memorize as many plural as he can.
The table below shows the singular, dual and plurals of some nouns.
3.4.1 Broken Plural
Plural Dual Singular English
QQQ aVQV QV a messenger
QSQ aV VaV VaV a city
QVa aV SV SV a sea
VS aVVV VV a pen
VS aVQ Q a market
QVS aVS S a son
QQ aVSV SV an army
QQS aVSV SV a month
QQ Q aVa V a V a road
QU a aVa V a V a physician
3.4.2 Sound Masculine Plural
VQVV aV VV QVV a peasant
VQU V aVUV QU V a cook
VQUVQ aVUVQ QUVQ a clerk
VQaVVQ aVa VVQ QaVVQ a spectator
VQa V aVaV a V a winner
3.4.3 Sound Feminine Plural
QV V aV VV QV V a lady
QVVV aVVUV QVUV a washer woman
Q VS aVS Q SQ a sister
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Q VU V aVVUV QVU V a seamistress
QV VQ aV VVQ QV VQ a female teacher
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit you have learnt various ways through which the Arabs
express courtesy, their mode of greetings and customs and the gender
number in Arabic grammar.
5.0 SUMMARY
We have dealt with some of the customs of the Aras, their greetings and
expressions of courtesy, and gender numbers in Arabic grammar.
1. Give the feminine of the following words
VSVSaVV VQaV aVa VaSQ
2. Give the dual and plural forms of the following nouns
VaV aVaSQa VaV VaVQVVaVVVa V
3. How do you greet your Muslim friends?
4. What do you say when you want to greet in the morning and
evening?
Hameed, M. (1969). At-Tuhfat As-Sanyyah,. Beirut: Dr-al-Fikr
Sad, H. & Abdul-Majeed, M. (1427). Qawid-ul-Lughat-l- Arabiyyah,
Benghazi: Dr-l yn.
38
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 5 THE NATURE, TREES, INSECTS, REPTILES,
INANIMATE OBJECTS AND ADJECTIVES IN
ARABIC GRAMMAR
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 The Nature
3.2 The Trees
3.3 The Insects and Reptiles
3.4 Inanimate Objects
3.5 Adjectives
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this unit, names of natural things including the trees, various insects,
reptiles, inanimate objects and adjectives in Arabic grammar shall be
introduced.
2.0OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you are expected to be familiar with:
The names of the various natural things including the trees,
insects, reptiles and inanimate objects.
The adjectives in Arabic grammar
3.0MAIN CONTENT
3.1 The Nature
earth QS thunderbolt QVaV
region QaS desert QVSV
horizon QS Rock Q VSV
lighting QSV weather QSV
sea QS V flood QVQ
lake Q VSV Q dark QVV
volcano QVSQ shade a
39
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
cold QSV storm QVaV
soil QVQ dust QVQ
hill VSV/V cloud QVSV
snow QS V continent QU V
harbour VV Sa pole Q SQ
mountain VV moon QVV
island QV aV top QUa
ice Qa V canal Q VV
south QQV rainbow QVVQSV
atmosphere V universe QSVS
stone QV V water QV
pebbles VV ocean QaQ
hot QV zone QVVSa
bay Qa V climate QVQ
eclipse QQQQ wave QVSV
equator aVaS V fire Q V
smoke QV Q spring SV
thunder QSV star QSV
moisture QVQQ river QSV
sand QSV light QQ
wind QSa air QVV
earthquake Q VSa valley aV
storm QVVSV mud QS V
sun QSV oasis QVV
coast Qa V sea-shore aV
plain QSV spark VVV
3.2 Trees
pear tree V aQ VVV banana tree QSVQVV V
orange tree _ almond trtee
oak tree vine tree
palm tree fig tree __
apple tree pomegranate tree
cane tree quince tree

olive tree jujube tree _
3.3 Insects and Reptiles
flea QSQ fly QVVQ
mosquito QV reptile QVaV
bug U V drone SU Q VV
40
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
serpent V SV lizard Va SV
locust VVV cricket QS Q
grasshopper QSQ moth V
snake U V scorpion QVSV
chameleon Q VSV butterfly QVVV
insect VV V spider QVSV
beetle VQSQ louse Q VSV
worm V Q bee QVS V
caterpillar VV V VQ ant Q VSV
silkworm aV V Q viper VVVS V
3.4 Inanimate Objects
English
Translation
Arabic English
Translation
Arabic
mountain VV window U Q
village VS V door V
wall Qa V corridor VSVQ aS V
ceiling
QSV aeroplane V aV
roof QSV ball UQ
stone VV boat aV
ship VaV book Va
3.5 Adjectives
Adjective is used to qualify a noun. In English we say an ignorant boy
an Arab would say a boy ignorant in Arabic. Noun () qualified comes
first and the adjective come next aV VV and ignorant boy. a V QV a
noble man, aVSV a big house.
An adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies. It must agree with
the nouns it qualifies (QQSV) in
1. Case ending
2. Gender
3. Number
4. Indefinitness or definiteness
UaVV VaSVV a rich lady visited me
Q aVQVQVVV the noble teacher arrived
aVaV aVVaQa I live in a beautiful village
VQUVQVQ a VV these are well mannered students
There exist numerous adjectival patterns, the most important of which are
41
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
the following:
42
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
i. aV actually is the active participle of the simple verb. e.g.
[aV ignorant, pl. a V][UQ trader or merchant pl. UQ ]
[aV writing, a clerk, pl. aV][ UQ-learned, pl. QVVQ]
ii. aV- more commonly adjectival than nominal e.g.
[aV- happy, fortunate, pl. a V][Q VVQ generous, pl.QVVQ]
[a V noble, pl.aV][QV VQ stupid, pl. QV aS]
VSV .iii 2nd declension from simple verbs of the pattern aV
denoting temporary state, e.g.
VSV Q- lazy, pl. VVV fem. sing. VSV
VSV thirsty, pl. VVV fem. sing.VSV
VSV - sleepy, pl. VVV fem. sing. VSV
N.B. In modern Arabic, the pattern VSV usually takes the sound
endings in the feminine and plural, e.g. VSV tired.
iv. QV is an intensive from of patterns (i) and (iii) e.g.
[QQV- very ignorant] [QV very lazy]
v. UV denoting habitual action or profession, e.g. [UV always
eating, gluttonous] [UV always running, a runner] patterns (iv)
and (v) take the regular feminine and sound plural endings.
vi. QSV actually the passive participle of simple verbs, e.g.[QSV
pleased, overjoyed] [QSV occupied, busy] This pattern takes
the sound plural ending when it refers to rational beings, otherwise
broken plural or the sound feminine plural ending, e.g. QSV a
decree / a verdict, pl. SV][Qa V V a subject, topic, pl.
QSV. The pattern VS fem. sing. VSV masc. and fem. pl.SQ
is confined to adjectives denoting colours or defects of the body,
e.g.
[VSV black, fem. sing. VSV pl. Q]
[VSV red , fem. sing. S V pl. SQ]
[VS yellow, fem sing. S V pl. SQ]
[QVS- green, fem. sing. SV pl. SQ]
[VS white, fem. sing. VSV pl. a ]
N.B. the sound group being uy being repugnant to Arab ears u
changes into i' the vowel cognate to the following consonant.
[VS dumb, fem. sing. VSQ pl.SQ]
[QVS- deaf, fem. sing. VS V pl. S Q ]
[VS blind, fem. sing. SV pl. SQ]
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt the names of natural things, insects, reptiles,
inanimate objects and adjectives in Arabic grammar.
43
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
5.0SUMMARY
We have dealt with names of natural things, reptiles and insect, as well as
trees, other inanimate objects and adjectives in Arabic grammar.
1. Mention four names of each from the following:
nature, trees, insects, reptiles and inanimate objects
2. What is the position of the adjective in relation to the qualified
noun?
7.0 REFERENCES/ FURTHER READINGS
Cowan David (1983); Modern Literary Arabic, Lagos; Islamic
Publications Bureau
Jarim, A & Ameen M. (N.D) An-Nahw-ul-wdih-fi Qawidi-l-lughat-
l-Arabiyyah- li-madris-l-marhalat-il-la; vol 1, Cairo: Dr-ul-
Marif.
44
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 6 FOOD, VEGETABLES & FRUITS, DRINKS,
BANK AND POST OFFICE
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Food
3.2 Vegetables and Fruits
3.3 Drinks
3.4 Banks and Post Office
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA)
1.0INTRODUCTION
This unit is a continuation of the preceding unit on vocabulary
development specifically touching on the kinds of foods in our
environment, vegetable, fruits and drinks. The units will also focus on
some words use in banks and post office.
2.0OBJECTIVES
Identify various kinds of food in Arabic.
Familiarize yourself with various kinds of vegetables, fruits and
drinks.
Also recognize some words used in banks and post office
3.0MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Food
food QVV beef aSVQS V
boiled eggs QSVQSV salt QSa
fried eggs aSVQSV butter QVSQ
milk QaV cream VS V
chicken Q VVV breakfast QQQ
fish QVV lunch QVV
Tea QV dinner QVV
45
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
honey VV sausage aVV
yoghurt Q VSV egg QSV
3.2 Vegetables and Fruits
pomegranate VQ grape QVa
apricots VSa pear QV a
onion VV nut Q SV
dates QVV apple QVQ
dried dates QVV olive QSV
tomato QaVV/V QSV lettuce V
cucumber Va/QVa quince VS VV
fig QSa almond Q SV
oranges QVaS Q pepper QS Q
carrot QV V potato V VV
pineapple Q VVV peach QU Q
3.3 Drinks
water QV carrot juice VV Q aV
milk Qa V soft drink V VQ
coffee VSV cacao VV
juice Q aV yoghurt V V
lemonade VVQa wine aV
3.4 Banks And Post Office
cheque Qa closing of account a VaQSV
current account aV QV a mail QaV
my account aV a postage Qa VSQVS Q
credit VaS airmail VVQaV
interest VaV telegram VSV
shares SQ VS form VVa Sa
debts QQ postal order _
_
assets QQQ post office Sa VQVSV
endorse exchange/remittance _
rate of exchange _ _ cashier _
travellers
cheque
_
__
phone _
bonds _ counter __
46
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt about:
i. Various kinds of food, vegetables, fruits and drinks
ii. Names of some words used in banks and post office
5.0 SUMMARY
The vocabularies learnt in this unit relate to foods, vegetables, fruits,
drinks, banks and post office in Arabic
1. Mention four major kinds of foods in our environment
2. What are the Arabic words for the following
(a) dates (b) apple (c) nut (d) honey (e) chicken (f) interest (g)
mail (h) form (i) cashier
Abdur-Rahmn, Khiyl & Abd-al-Lateef, Uthmn (1975). al-Qirat-l-
Arabiyyah li-affi r-Rbial-Ibtidi, Riyadh: Wizrat-al-marif
Press
Ismil, M., Nasif, M. & Mukhtr, T. ( n.d.) Al-arabiyyat-l-lin-nshin.
Riyadh: wizrat-al-Marif Press.
47
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
MODULE 3 GRAMMAR, COMMON WORKS AND
SELECTED ACTIVITIES

Unit 1 Prepositions, Adverbs and Further Lessons on Pronouns
Unit 2 Common Words used in Hospital, Government Service,
Commerce etc.
Unit 3 Relative and Interrogative pronouns, and Introduction to
Sentence Construction.
Unit 4 Directions, Measurements, School Subjects and
Punctuation Marks.
UNIT 1 PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS AND FURTHER
LESSIONS ON PRONOUNS
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Preposition
3.2 Adverbs
3.3 Personal Pronouns
3.4 Basic Division of Personal Pronouns
3.5 The Terms of Nominative Personal Pronouns
3.6 The Verb and Its Doer
3.7 The Terms of Accusative Personal Pronouns
3.8 Terms of the Genitive Personal Pronouns
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
7.0 References and Further Readings
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This unit is a continuation of an aspect of unit 3 which specifically
focused on pronunciations. In this unit, however, emphasis will be on the
two forms of adverb: the adverbs of time and of place; the prepositions
and their uses as well the interrogative and relative pronouns.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
Get familiar with the prepositions in Arabic and their usage
Be acquainted with adverbs and their usage
48
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
List and explain other kinds of pronouns and their usage.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Prepositions
Prepositions are particles often placed before a noun in Arabic and render
it in the genitive.
Since Arabic grammar deals mainly with the case endings, the Arabic
prepositions are referred to as huruful-jarr V SQQQ which literally
means the particles of genitive, they are given this term in Arabic
because they govern the nouns that follow them in the genitives case.
For example, when we say:QV aSVS a there is a man in the house the
particle ( ) (in) is a preposition followed by the noun (aSVS) (house)
which is in the genitive case because of the particle () that governs it.
Some of the Arabic prepositions are:
i. Va (to )
Examples: VaVSaQSa (I came to the city)
a aQSVaQVVSVVV (the boy wrote to the director)
ii. VV (on):
Examples: VSVVVVVVV QVaVSVVV (Fatimat put her pen on
the desk) aaVSVSVVQa UVVV (the student sat on the bench)
iii. (in):
Examples: aaSVSaQaSQS (the muslims are in the mosque )
a VSaQVaSVVV (the book fell into the water )
iv. a (from; of):
Examples: a SVSVaaVVV (I am coming from home)
aVV SVaaSQSVV (this chair is of wood)
v. V (till):
Examples: a UaVSVQVQSVVV (the teacher asked about
the condition of the student)
aSVSaVQa VSVV (the monitor was absent from the
class)
vi. UV (till):
Examples: SSUV aQ QQSVV (I revised my lessons till
noon)
SUUV aaSVSaVSV V (I will remain in the mosque
till night)
49
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
vii. (used for oath)
Examples: a (I swear by Allah)
aS U (I swear by star)
viii. (with):
Example aVVS aQ QSV V (I am writing with pen)
a UQaQVSVaS (my son is playing with the ball)
ix. a (for):
Examples: a VSQSVSVV (this dog is for the guard)
aVVVa SaSa (this beautiful ring is for the girl)
x. V (as; alike)
Example: a aUV aS (a cat is like a tiger)
a aVQVQS (a teacher is like a doctor)
3.2 Adverbs
Adverbs are of two kinds they are:- VVQSV (adverb of place) and
VVQSV (adverb of time). Both of them are in the accusative case and
govern the nouns in the genitive case, adverbs of time and place include.
Place Time
In front of morning
behind VSV night SV
over VSV day SV
under VSV tomorrow V
with VSa month SV
beside VSV year SV
EXAMPLES:
Adverb of place
The boy stands in front of the mirror QVVSaV Sa
The cat sleeps behind the door Q UaSQVV V
The bird is on the tree QS U VV U
He is sitting under the tree aVVQ V VU
The pen is with the boy QVV _ VV
50
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
The student is beside the teacher Qa U aV
EXAMPLES:
Adverb of Time
the sun rises in the morning V VVQUQa SQ
The bat flies in the mid-night SVQVQQa V
I spent a complete year in Libya aVVVaa aQSVV
Zaid returns to his house at sunset. VaaaS VVaQSV V VV
3.3 Personal Pronouns (_)
Arabic pronouns are divided into three parts
i. Detached V aVSQS
ii. Attached V aUQ
iii. Implied UVQ
The Arabic personal pronoun is nominative, accusative and genitive.
3.4 Basic Division of Personal Pronoun
(a) The nominative detached pronoun is the subject of a nominal
sentence.
(b) The nominative attached Pronoun is the subject, (doer), of verb.
(c) The implied pronoun is also the subject of a verb.
English
Case
The
Pronoun
Examples _
_
Arabic
Case
Nominative I I am a student
I wrote the lesson
yesterday.
(I) I am writing the
lesson now
a VVV
SVVSUQSVV
VVSUQQSV
V
Q
Implied
Nomi-
native
Accusative Me Mahmud treated me
well
Me alone Mahmud
treated well
QQSVaVVS
QQSVVVSV VUa
VUa
Accu-
sative
Possessive My To me (there is)a
small car
My car is small
aaV VVV a
aaVaV VV
Gene-tive
51
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
(d) The accusative Pronoun is the object of a verb. It is most
frequently attached, like the ya
suffix in aVVSVV; but it is rarely detached coming before the verb
for emphasis. This sentence then reads: V SVVU a
(e) The Genitive Pronoun which is the object of a preparation or the
second part construct phrase is always attached and is identical
with the accusative attached pronoun, like the
y in a to me aVa my book.
(f) We may add here that when a statement begins with a noun or a
pronoun and is followed by a verb; the pronoun or noun is treated
as the subject of a nominal sentence; not of the verb. The subject
of the verb cannot precede it; it has to follow it
tangibly or to be regarded as an implied pronoun. If we say, for
example, SVVV V
I wrote, the statement is regarded as a nominal sentence of
which the pronoun V
I is the subject. The subject of the verb SVV is the t, Q, and the
verbal sentence consisting of the verb and its subject doer is
regarded as the predicate.
3.5 The Terms of Nominative Personal Pronoun
Attached Pronoun VaUQQ VV Detached Pronoun VV
VaVSQ
Meaning Pronoun Meaning Pronoun
Person
I wrote
We wrote
QSVV
V VSVV
I
We
VV
QSV
First
QVVQ
You (boy) wrote
You (girl) wrote
You (2 boys) wrote
You (2 girls) wrote
You (boys) wrote
You (girls) wrote
VSVV
aSVV
VQSVV
VQSVV
SQSVV
UQSVV
You (male)
You (female)
You (2 males)
You (2 females)
You (males)
You (females)
VSV
aSV
VQSV
VQSV
SQSV
UQSV
Second
QVVQ
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ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
(He) Wrote
(She) Wrote
They (2 boys) wrote
They (2 girls) wrote
They (boys) wrote
They (girls) wrote
VVV
SVVV
VVV
VVVV
QVV
VSVV
He
She
They (2 males)
They (2 females)
They ( males)
They (females)
VQ
VQ
VQ
VQ
SQ
UQ
Third
QaVS
This means: (when a boy is spoken to) the same applies to other words in
parentheses.
3.6 The Verb and Its Doer
QSV
Q aVQ aV
Nominal
Sentence
Verbal
Sentence
Nomina
l
Sentenc
e
Verbal
Sentenc
e
Persons
Q QSVV V*
*QQSV QSV
QQSV*
*Q QSV
QSVVVV
VS VVQSV
QSVV
VSVV
S.
D&P.
F
i
r
s
t
*S QSQ
*a QSQ
V QSQ
Q QSQ
VS QSQ
*QQSVVS
Va QSVaSV
aVQSVVQSV
VQQSVSQSV
VSQSV UQSV
*Q QSV
VaQ SV
aVQ SV
VQQ SV
VSQ SV
VSVVVSV
aSVVaSV
V QSV
VQSVV
SQSVVSQSV
UQSV VUQSV
VSVV
aSVV
VQSVV
SQSVV
UQSVV
M.S
F.S
D.
M.P
F.P
S
e
c
o
n
d
53
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
*Q QSVQUVV
*Q QSVQVa V
VQ SVaVVV
V QSVaVS a
QQSVQVSV
VSQSV QV V
QUVVQ QSV
QVaV Q QSV
QSV
V VV
aVSaQ QSV
QSV
VSV
QVVQ QSV
VVVQUVV
*
Va V
*VVV
VVV
VVV
VS a
VVVV
VSV
QVV
V V
SVV
VV
QUVV
VVV
Va V
VV
VVV
VVV
VS a
VV
VSV
VVV
V V
M.S
F.S
M.D
F.D
M.P
F.P
T
h
i
r
d
Note that the QQ of the a UV is replaced by the VSVbecause the QQ
of the V of follows
* An asterisk is placed over the verb in the table when its subject is an
implied pronoun.
3.7 The Terms of Accusative Personal Pronouns
Attached Pronouns
_ _
Detached Pronouns
_ _ _
Person
You treated me well
You treated us well
aVSVSV
VVSVSV
Me (alone you treated well)
We (alone you treated well)
(VSVS)VUa
(V SVS)VUa
F
i
r
s
t
I treated you well (m)
(f).
.
.
VQSVSV
aQSVSV
VQQSVSV
QQSVSV
UQQSVSV
You (alone I treated well) (m)
(f).
.
.
.
(QSVS)VUa
(QSVS)aUa
(QSVS)VQUa
(Q SVS)QUa
(QSVS)UQUa
S
e
c
o
n
d
54
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
I treated him well
I treated her well
I treated them well
.
.
QQSVSV
VQSVSV
VQQSVSV
QQSVSV
UQQSVSV
Him (I treated well)
Her (I treated well)
They (alone I treated well)
(Q SVS)QUa
(QSVS)V Ua
(QSV S)VQUa
(QSVS)QUa
(QSVS)UQUa
T
h
i
r
d
3.8 Terms of the Genitive Personal Pronoun
Attached Pronouns
_ _
Detached Pronouns
__ _
Person
To me
To us
a
V
My book
Our book
aVa
V QVa
F
i
r
s
t

To you
..
..
.
..
VV
aV
VQV
SQV
UQV
Your book (M)
(F)
.
.
.
VQVa
aQVa
VQQVa
QQVa
UQQVa
S
e
c
o
n
d

To him
To her
To them
The them
To them
QV
VV
VQV
SQV
UQV
His book
Her book
Their book
..
..
QQVa
VQVa
VQQVa
QQVa
UQQVa
T
h
i
r
d

4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt about the prepositions, adverbs, and further
55
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
lessons on pronouns.
5.0 SUMMARY
We have dealt with the usage of prepositions, adverbs and personal
pronouns in Arabic grammar.
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. Use the following personal pronouns in sentences of your own:
U-QSQSV VS
2. Use the following prepositions in sentences of your own.
aSaVVSV
3. Fill in the blank spaces with suitable words
1 - VQ.........................................
2 - VSa..................................
5 - VQV ..................................
2. Use these adverbs in sentences:
V SVVSVVVVVSVVV
Antoine, El-Dahdah (1992) A dictionary of Universal Arabic Grammar:
Arabic-English, Beirut: Maktabatu Lubnn
Muhammad, Abdur-Raf (N.D.) Arabic for English speaking Students,
Cairo: Ahrm-t-tijriyyah Press.
56
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 2 COMMON WORDS USED IN HOSPITAL,
GOVERNMENT SERVICE, AND COMMERCE
ETC
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Common Words Used in Hospital
3.2 Common Words Used in Government
3.3 Common Words Used in Commerce
3.4 Common Words Used in Sea-Shore
3.5 Common Words Used in Television Station
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Modern day activities require our contacts with other people in various
areas of discipline and profession. This unit deals with some commonly
used names and items that are peculiar to those disciplines.
2.0OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you should be able to acquire enough words in
Arabic that are peculiar to some disciplines.
3.0MAIN CONTENT
3.1Common Words Used In Hospital
injection QVSQ surgery Va VaUaVV
doctors
prescription
aa UQSV bandages QVa SV
blood pressure aUQSV patients VS VS
dentist aVSV Qa V nurses QV aVQ
pills QQQS children disease
(pediatrics)
aVSV QV SV
ointment QV SV blood transfusion aUQSV
tablets QV SV optician aQQQaV
57
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.2Common Words Used In Government
king __ ministry VV a
president __
_
ministry of foreign
affairs
a VaaVQVV a
kingdom ministry of interior Vaa VQVV a
republic _ ministry of defence aV aQVV a
constitution ministry of justice aSVQVV a
parliament ministry of finance V aVQVV a
ambassador __ ministry of public works aVSQVV a
embassy ministry of health V aQVV a
capital __ ministry of education V aSV QVV a
independent _ opposition V VVV
voting _ director QaaQ
election __ inspector
vice _ authority
minister QaV prime minister a V

VV a
3.3 Common Words Used In Commerce
money receipt
broker _ project
amount debt
profit _ monopoly _
to gain bankruptcy _
to lose _ expenses
to sell _ customer
discount balance _
capital _ consumption _ _
auction _ accountant _
agency value _
signature _ bill __ _
3.4 Common Words Used In Sea-Shore
sea side _ __ amusement _
swimming pleasure
swimming suits _ _ shallow water _
58
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.5 Common Words Used In Television Station
news QVSV tone control _
loudspeaker contrast
news in full ___ channel
studio _ television ___
4.0CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have leant about Arabic language registers that are
related to some various fields of human activities.
5.0SUMMARY
We have dealt with some commonly used names and items that are
peculiar to government service, commerce, sea-shore and television
station.
1. Use these words in sentences
Q aVQVVSVQVS QVSQ QQSV
2. Translate the following words to Arabic
balance monopoly inspector election capital
Rufi, Abd-ul-Azeez & Abd-ul-Jabbr Umar (1969). Al-mutliat-us-
sudiyyah li- - affi-l-khmis-il-ibitid, Riydh: Wizratul-
Marif Press.
bir, Abdu `l-Fath & Umar, Ali (N.D) al-Qirat-ur-Rashdat Vol.1,
Cairo: Dar-al-Marif Press.
59
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 3 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS, AND INTRODUCTION TO
SENTENCES CONSTRUCTION
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Relative Pronouns
3.1.1 The Common Relative Pronouns in Arabic
3.2 Interrogative Pronouns
3.3 Introduction to Sentence Construction
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This unit deals with relative and interrogative pronouns in Arabic
language. It also introduces you to various ways of constructing simple
nominal and verbal sentences Arabic.
2.0 OBJECTIVES


Identify some relative and interrogative pronouns in Arabic language
Construct simple sentences in Arabic
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun is the noun that gives information about its antecedent
with the aid of a relative clause. It is considered as a definite noun.
Example
60
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.1.1 The Common Relative Pronouns in Arabic
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine a aV Va
Feminine a aV a

I read the book which I bought QQ SVV Sa VV aSQV V
These are the (2) boys who played VaaaV aVVVSaVV
These are the boys who travelled QV VV V Sa VQV
The girl who danced has come SVV VaUQSa Sa VV
The two girls are playing skillful aVV a VaVVSVaV aVS a
These are the girls who are
travelling
VSa VQaUQVV a VQV
3.2Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun asks about a person, things, time, place reason,
number or quality and condition. It inquires about the occurrence of the
verb, therefore, the answer to a question. An interrogative pronoun has to
give the information required; whereas the answer to a question
introduced by V or the has to be the equivalent of No or yes QSV. For
example V SV (who is this) should give the name of a person like SV VV
(that is Zayd) and QSaVS (where are you living) would be something
like this VaVaQQS I stay in the city, but the answer to the question
VQV VVSV or VQVVV (is Umar around) should be either Yes or
No
Interrogative
Pronoun
Equivalent Example Meaning
SV Who? VVSV Who is this?
V What? VV V What is this?
V What? VV VV What happend?
Va Why? VV Va Why is this?
VVa Why? SVV VVa
V VVSVS
Why did you leave
the school?
VS Where? QQSVVS Where do you live?
VV When? QVV QVSVVV When does the
school session
begin?
VSV How? VSVSV How are you?
SV How many? V SaV V QSV How many dollars
did you earn?
SV How much? a VVU QVVSV How much is the
price of the car?
SVa To whom, whose? QVaSVVSVa To whom does the
61
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
book belong?
UV Which? aQaVaV UV Which fruit do you
like?
SV Do you? Did you?
Will you? e.t.c
QSUaVVVSV Has the sun
appeared?
(a) same as SV Q VVSV VV Has the moon
appeared?
(b) which (of two
things)
VVVaVSQVQV
VSVS
Do you prefer the
town or the village?
Note that the Arabic question mark is exactly the same as the English
question mark except that it faces the right side.
After a preposition V, an interrogative pronoun is generally shortened to
and written attached to the preposition, e.g.
Va for what, why?
VV till when?
VVV for what?
Ua from what?
Note that the noun qualified by V how much, many? is in the accusative
singular. e.g.
VaSV how many books?
VVSV how many boys?
VUaV what time is it?
is an interrogative adjective governs a following genitives, e.g.
SV which house?
Q VV which man?
aV V which (one) of the men?
is very often used as common gender and its feminine UV
neglected, e.g. VaVV which princess?
3.3Introduction To Sentence Construction
A complete sentence in Arabic is a combination of two or more words in
a way that is meaningful. Examples:
aVVVV this is my pen
V VVQSV VVV Zaid wrote a letter
The imperative V Sa go is a complete sentence because it consists of a
verb and an implied subject. A phrase cannot be regarded as a complete
62
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
sentence no matter the number of its words aVVVa SVSa (if you sit
on the mat) is not a complete sentence even though it contains four
words.
A sentence which starts with a noun or pronoun in Arabic is termed a
nominal sentence VaSaQVSQ e.g.
a VQVV (the boy is present)
VaVQSa (the girl is present)
VaVQVVS V (the school is neat)
aSVaQaS (the student is in the class)
The first noun (subject) and the second one (predicate) are used in the
nominative case.
A sentence which starts with a verb either perfect or imperfect in Arabic
is termed a verbal sentence UaSaQVSQ e.g.
Q VSVVV Is-hq sat
V VaQaVSS a Isml is reading the book
VVaVVS VVVaVQV S Ali is going to the school now
V VVQVVVVV The boy ate the apple
When the doer aV is a feminine a silent ta should be added to make
the verb feminine e.g.
QVS VSVVV Zainab sat
QVa VSVVV Fatimah wrote
Q VVQQSV The girls are eating
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt about relative and interrogative pronouns in
Arabic grammar. You also learnt about the various ways of constructing
simple sentences in Arabic.
5.0 SUMMARY
We have dealt with relative and interrogative pronouns and the various
ways of constructing simple sentences in Arabic.
1. Give five examples of nominal and verbal sentences.
2. What are the relative pronouns?
3. What are the interrogative pronouns? Use each in a separate
sentence.
63
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Jamatun mina `l-astidhah (1967). Qawid-us-arf wan-Nahw- li-
uff-il-ibtidiyyah, Beirut: Al-Maktab-at-Tijr Publishers
Ameen Hasan & Thalabi Yahyah (1975). Qawid ul-lughat-
Arabiyyah li-affi th-thlith-il-mutawasit, Baghdad: Matbaat
al-Az-har.
64
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 4 DIRECTIONS, MEASUREMENTS, EDUCATION
AND PUNCTUATION MARKS IN ARABIC
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Directions
3.2 Measurements
3.3 Education
3.4 Punctuation Marks in Arabic
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Further development of vocabularies is necessary in this unit especially
on Measurement, Names of colours and the application of punctuation
marks in modern Arabic literature writing.
2.0OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to acquire enough vocabularies
that are peculiar to directions, measurements and education. You should
be able to identify the punctuation marks in Arabic and their uses.
3.0MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Directions
East Q SV South QQV
West QSV North QVa
3.2Measurements
English Arabic English n Arabic
millimetre aS aaa yard SV
metre a Sa metre square SU VVa Sa
gram VV a metre cube SVVa Sa
inch S a mile Sa
kilometre a SaSVa hectare VSa
foot SVV ton SV
65
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.3Education
kindergarten aVS QVSV algebra VaSVS
elementary
school (primary)
Va VaSQ VVSV geometry QVVSV
secondary school VaV Q VVSV trigonometry VV VQV a
boarding school QVa aVVVSV mechanics VaVSa
languages VQ physics VaV
arithmetic Va chemistry QVaa
botany VV zoology VVV
geology VVS V philosophy VVS V
sociology QaS history QaV
hall QVV education SaS V
Faculty VaQ Department QS a
Bachelors
degree
a VQV VV Masters degree aSaVQVVV
Doctorate VQSV Institute QVSV
Faculty of Arts V QVaQ Faculty of
Sciences
QQQ UaQ
Faculty of Law QQQVaQ Faculty of
Engineering
V VSVQ UaQ
Faculty of
Medicine
aQVaQ Faculty of
Agriculture
VV Q UaQ
Faculty of
Veterinary
science
aVV aQVaQ Institute of
Oceanography
QVSV
_
Institute of
Archeology
aVQVSV Institute of
oriental languages

_
3.4 PUNCTUATION MARKS IN ARABIC _
Note English translation Arabic
After call and division (of ideas ): Oh
man, you are threatened with danger
Comma {,}QVaV
Between two sentences, one of which is
motive for the occurrence of the second: I
knew he would come; is it possible that
he wouldnt?
Semi colon {}QVaV
At the end of a meaning: The sun is
rising.
Full stop {.}Q VS
Before an expression explaining the
preceding one: He said: I am going
Colon VVV
{:}aaSV
To indicate suppression of words: The
professor came and began.
Dot of Suspension SVQVVV
{...}
66
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
After sentences asking questions: What is
your name?
Question mark VVV
VSaS
{}
After astonishment and impact: then he
looked at him with amazement!
Exclamation mark VVV
{!}aVaS
Double bracket: to convey
communication of words: Jibril said: I
appreciated silence in listening to the
prattler
Quotation marks VVV
"}a Va S
{"
At the beginning and the end of an
inserted sentence and to indicate the
change of speaker: What is your name?-
My name is Sulaiman
Dash VaV
{-}
Around numbers and sometimes for
bracketing: Eight (8) women came.
Parentheses V SV
{( )}
At the end of a foot note indicate that the
subject is continued on the next page.
Mark continuity VVV
{=}aUSa V
Around an expression needed to be
isolated. Al-Maariy said: My father
inflicted on me [although there were
many inflictions on him] while I did no
harm to anyone
Brackets VVV
S V
{[ ] }
4.0CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt enough vocabularies that are peculiar to
directions, and measurements. You have also learnt the punctuation
marks in Arabic
5.0SUMMARY
We have dealt with the words that are peculiar to directions and
measurements. You have been introduced to the specific usage of
punctuation marks in Arabic
1. Translate the following words into Arabic
Modern School Institute Hall Kindergarten Physics
2. Translate the following words into English
Q VQVVaSVaVUa aSa VV VV
3. Explain the usage of punctuation marks in Arabic.
67
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
Ans, I. (1971). Al-Lughawiyyt, Cairo: Maktab-al-Jl.
Najeeb, Izzud-deen (2005). Marjiuka-d-Dim fi Qawid-l-Lughat-
il-Injiliziyyah, Jeddah: Maktabat-s-sai Publishers.
68
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
MODULE 4
Unit 1 Five Selected Passages
Unit 2 Conversation and some simple Arabic poems.
UNIT 1 SHORT ARABIC PASSAGES
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Short Arabic Passage
3.1.1 A Neat Boy
3.1.2 The School
3.1.3 Our Teacher
3.1.4 The Lost Purse
3.1.5 My First Day in the School
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Having mastered all necessary vocabularies in the preceding units, this
unit is basically on the short passages written in Arabic. All the words
used in the passages are those you have been accustomed with.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to read with assimilation,
simple and short Arabic passage.
3.0MAIN CONTENT
3.1Short Arabic Passage
3.1.1 _
1 - .aaSV SaVQQaSVS V aV VV
2 - .aaV aSaVQVSV
3 - .SVV aVS VVS QaSVSa
4 - .aQ UVa VSaQVQQVQVSVVQ VSVVaSVV aVa SVVQQSV
5 - .a VSQSa Q VVSVQ VQ
6 - .aVVSaSa QVSa Q UVVV
7 - SaS VVVQVSVQVSV
69
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
TRANSLATION
A NEAT BOY
1. A neat boy wakes up early from his bed.
2. He gets up at once from his bed.
3. He goes to the bathroom.
4. He uses cold water in summer.
5. He rubs his hands, arms, hair, face and neck with water and soap.
6. He cleans his teeth with brush.
7. He dries his body with towel.
8. He combs his hair in front of a mirror.
3.1.2
1 - . Va VVQV QQV,Va VVQ VVSV
2 - .U a UaVV
3 - .a VaVaVS QaQaSV
4 - . Va Va VVVV VV
5 - .aS QVVQaSV QSV
6 - .aSQVVQ aSVQVQSV
7 - . VSVVQ VSV Qa
8 - .Q a VUVVUVVVSVV
9 - .a a VU aaVQUVVVSU Q QSVQVQS
10 - .VVQSQa VSVV,aVVSVaQVV

TRANSLATION
THE SCHOOL
1. Our school is big and its rooms are many.
2. I am in class two.
3. I sit in a spacious room.
4. It has a door and many windows.
5. We sit on benches.
6. The teacher sits on a chair.
7. There is a black board in each class.
8. Under it is a duster and pieces of chalk.
9. The teacher writes lesson on the blackboard with pieces of chalk.
10. I like my school and I respect the teachers.
3.1.3
1 - .a VaVVQVQ
2 - .V QVQVV SVVQ aSV
3 - .VaSQSQVSV V,U aSQVQV
4 - .Vaa UVaVQVaaSVVV QVV
70
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
5 - .aQ QSVQV,VVVSV,V aVSQ VSVVQVQ
6 - ,V VVU V,aQ QSVVVV,UaSV,V SVSVa QVQV
.a SVaVSVVVVV
7 - .a aS QVaQVSV VQ VSQQ VSVV,Q aQ QSV
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
OUR TEACHER
1. Our teacher is kind-hearted.
2. He loves us and trains us.
3. He encourages the assiduous students and advises the negligent
ones.
4. He exhorts us to be diligent so that we can be successful students.
5. Our teacher hates lies, negligence, and bad habits.
6. He makes us love truth, diligence, noble behaviour, cleanliness,
obedience to Allah and our parents.
7. We love him, we listen to his advice and we do nothing except
what pleases him.
3.1.4
1 - .a aQQQSaV VVV,a aUaaSVQ VVV
2 - .QVQVV SVV
3 - . VQQSaaSQVVQ VVVVVV
4 - .Q VVVV VVVVaVaSV VV
5 - .V VVSVVV aQ UVVVVVVV
6 - .VSaVVVVQaVV QVVVV
7 - .VVQSVVVVVaS QQU VVVV
8 - .aQSaVaQVa VQSVVVVV
9 - . SVVQSVSVVV VQUVVVVVQSQVVV
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
THE LOST PURSE
1) A man was walking in the street and the purse containing his
money dropped.
2) He was unaware of it.
3) A boy was behind him in a far distance.
4) He saw the purse when it dropped and picked it up.
5) He ran after the man until he caught up with him.
6) He told him this is your purse. It fell off you
7) The man got the purse and thanked the boy
8) He wanted to reward him with some amount from the money
9) The boy thanked him but refused to take anything.
71
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.1.5 _ _
1 - aSVQSVVVaV aVa SaQSVV ,a Uaa UaSVaUaSVS a
.a VVS VSaQQ aVSa SVVa UVa VaQSaVV,a SVQSUVV
2 - VSVVaVQSV VaaU aV.a VVSVSVaQVVVVQSV V
.VaU a VSQSVSV VSVa SaaQ QaVa QSVaVVSVS VaaSaVaa V
3 - aVaVS Va VSV aVQS V VaVV aVVSVVa,VaVQVVSVS
.VaVVaVVVaVQ
4 - aSVUVVQVVaQQS VVVa VaSVVSVaVVVV ,a VVSVS QaVV VVSVS
VVaSVVVVaSaQVVVaV VaVV VQaVVQVSVUVUQVaVUVV
.VaS
5 - QaVV SVSVaQV SVVaQVVVVaaSVa Q SaQSQaVVSaV
.Q
TRANSLATION

MY FIRST DAY IN THE SCHOOL
1) On the first day in the month of Rabiul-awwal, I rose up very
early from my bed, washed my face, combed my hair and wore
my clean dress in preparation to go to school.
2) I went to the school in the morning with my mother. I saw on the
way many children going to the school like me. They were happy
for their resumption after the long holiday.
3) The school is beautiful. In it, there is a big playground and a
garden with trees and flowers. There are benches and a table in its
rooms.
4) The principal of the school received us. He asked me some
questions and I answered with respect. He registered my name and
placed me in a class. I bade my mother farewell and I was with my
friends learning reading, writing and mathematics.
5) I returned to my home happily in the evening and I am proud of
going to the school everyday.
4.0CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have read some simple and interesting passages in
Arabic with emphasis on word usage.
5.0SUMMARY
We have selected simple and interesting passages for reading with
emphasis on word usage.
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENTS
72
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
1. Use the following words in complete sentence:
QSaS -QVQUQVVSVSQ VVSQVaS
2. Fill in the gaps with suitable words
1 - aSaVS V............................QU
2 - ...................................a SVaQS QSVV V
V SVSVVUVVQaaSa...........................-
.................................aQVVa VQVQVaV-
aSQ..............................QVa VSVVV-
Nukhbatun min Astidhati-l-Arabiyyah (1969). Al-jadd fi `l-
Qiratil-Arabiyyah Vol 1, Beirut: Maktabatul-Madrasat wadr-
ul-Kitb-il-Lubnn.
Hayhat-t-Talif-li `l-Madris (1964). Al-Qiratu `l-Arabiyyat-il-
Hadthah vol. 1, Beirut: Dru-n-Nahdat al-Hadthah.
73
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
UNIT 2 CONVERSATION AND SOME SIMPLE ARABIC
POEMS
CONTENTS
1.0Introduction
2.0Objectives
3.0Main Content
3.1 Conversation
3.2 Wise Sayings
3.3. Simple Arabic Poems
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This is the concluding unit of this work and it is a conversation between
two people. Similarly, simple Arabic poems are added to complement
this subject.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you should be able to express yourself well enough
in a spoken Arabic language. You should be able to know some wise
sayings and simple Arabic poems.
3.0MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Conversation
:QVQ aVVa SVQVV
:aV QVVVaQVV
:QVQ Q VSV VSVa
:aV aVVSVVQ VS
:QVQ VaV VSVaSVSV
:aV QQ QVSVaV VSVa
:QVQ Q QSV VV
:aV aVaSaV aaVaV VVVQ QS
:QVQ aVa VVaVQ QSV VVa
:aV aVSaa VaQQVQaV.aVVaUaQVQUVaVaV VaVQ QSV
74
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
3.2 Wise Sayings
Correct the son and he will give you
rest
aVaaVUQ, aVQ VVVV USV
Idleness is the root of all evil VQQVVQVVS
Idleness is the devils bolster. aV SVQVVaQVVS
Idleness rusts the mind aSVQVVQVVS
Idleness is the key of beggary. QVVVaSVQVSa
Knowledge is power VQV aSV
Patience is a virtue VaVQSU
Plough deep and you will get plenty of
corn
VVVUVSV
A friend in need is a friend indeed aUaaVVSVQa V
A hungry stomach has no ears aVQaSQVVV a
A word is enough for the wise V VaaSVQa
Acts speak louder than words VVSaQVS V UQ
Advie is ever in want VVVSaVV VV
Always in a hurry always behind VVQQVVVVVVQ V SVa V
SV
As you sow, so shall you reap. QQSVQVS VV
From others faults, wise men learn. aaVaV VUaVQa V
3.2Simple Arabic Poems
_

SUVVS VVQ V VVV
U VSV VVS V V
QQS VVV SQaS QSQ
VV SVV SVS VV V
S a VU VSV
SVSV VVS V VVS QQ
VS VV aaV VV SV U
VVSS VV aVSa
S V aVVVVS U a
75
S VVSV QVVV V VSa
VS aVS VV VS
VaVVaQ S QS VV VQa V
U VVSU VVa VVaVS Q
a VSa SaU VUV Va
a VaS VaV SVSaVV
VVSaV SQ aa V
Sa aSa SVVVSa VaSV S
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC

aa VVV
aaSQ aaSVVQa aUVV
aSVQ aSVVVSVV VSVSaS VV
aSaVQVSaVSV aV SV a
aaSVVV SaVSV SaUVVQ VV
aaSQVVaV Q VVSaVVVVSaV
aSQ aaVVVSaS QS VaQa
aaS QVSVVVVaVVV aVSVV
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have read some simple conversations between two
people, wise sayings and Arabic poems.
5.0 SUMMARY
We have dealt with conversation between two people. Wise sayings and
simple Arabic poems are added for learners to memorize. One should
engage oneself in interaction on day to day activities in the society
so as to be well versed in Arabic language.
SV SaV SaVa Va Va V
aVVaQ QaV aV VaV
aSU aV SVa S VVa SV
Va aS VVV V
aV aVVV V SSV
a Va
aV VVUV aQ V
VaVSVV VV VV S
a a aVVaUaQQ Sa
V aV Sa QQaS aaVV
Q Sa VSaV aS UQVa V
aV
QU aSa SVS aVQ
V VVaSU VV Va SVU V
a QS aaVV QV
QSV
V SUQ SV V S QaVV
Q aV SVaS aVV VSVVS
S V QQV SVS VVS V
76
ARA181 BASIC ARABIC
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. Answer the following questions:
VVaaUVV SV-
VQVSVVSVVQaV VV-
VQ VVQ SVVV
2. Fill in the gaps with suitable words
SVS SVSaVaV ............................................
VVVVVSa ................................................
VV ...............................................................
aUVVQ VV ..............................................
Lajnatun fi wizrat at-tarbiyah (1977). al-Qirtu `l
c
arabiyyat li
affi `r Rbi
c
i-l ibtid, Baghdd: Mat-ba
c
at Ufst li `n-nashr.
Ma
c
had at-Tarbiyah, (2004). Al-Qir atu `l
c
Arabiyyatu `l Jaddah li
`l- madrisi `l Ibtidiyyah vol. iv. Zria: Ahmadu Bello
University Press.
77

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ARA 181

Arabic Yoruba Meaning

Under no circumstance can they be joined to a succeeding letter.

minister QaV prime minister a V

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