All Eurocodes follow a common editorial style. The codes contain Principles and Application rules.

Principles are identified by the letter P following the paragraph number. Principles are general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative, as well as, requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated. Application rules are generally recognised rules which comply with the Principles and satisfy their requirements. Alternative rules may be used provided that compliance with the Principles can be demonstrated, however the resulting design cannot be claimed to be wholly in accordance with the Eurocode although it will remain in accordance with Principles. Each Eurocode gives values with notes indicating where national choice may have to be made. These are recorded in the National Annex for each Member State as Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs). 1.3 Scope of the Manual The range of structures and structural elements covered by the Manual is limited to building structures that do not rely on bending in columns for their resistance to horizontal forces and are also non-sway. This will be found to cover the vast majority of all reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures. In using the Manual the following should be noted: The Manual has been drafted to comply with BS EN 1992-1-11 (EC2 Part 1-1) and BS EN 1992-1-22 (EC2 Part 1-2) together with the UK National Annexes. The assumed design working life of the structure is 50 years (see BS 85003). The structures are braced and non-sway. The concrete is of normal weight concrete (see Appendix D for properties). The structure is predominantly in-situ. For precast concrete, reference should be made to the EC2 manual for precast concrete4. Normal structure/cladding and finishes interfaces are assumed. For sensitive cladding or finishes reference should be made to the deflection assessment methods in EC21. Only initial design information is given with regard to prestressed concrete. Prestressed concrete members have bonded or unbonded internal tendons. Only tabular methods of fire design are covered. The use of mild steel reinforcement is not included. Refer to other standards if its use is required. Structures requiring seismic resistant design are not covered. Refer to BS EN 19985 (Eurocode 8). For elements of foundation and substructure the Manual assumes that appropriate section sizes and loads have been obtained from BS EN 19976. The Manual can be used in conjunction with all commonly used materials in construction; however the data given assumes the following: concrete up to characteristic cylinder strength of 50MPa (cube strength 60MPa) high-tensile reinforcement with characteristic strength of 500MPa with Class B ductility ribbed wire fabric reinforcement with characteristic strength of 500MPa with Class A ductility. Moment redistribution is limited to 20% and yield line design is excluded, except where noted prestressing tendons with 7-wire low-relaxation (Class 2) strands. For structures or elements outside this scope EC21,2,7 should be used.

IStructE Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2

The arrangement should take account of possible large openings for services and problems with foundations, e.g. columns immediately adjacent to site boundaries may require balanced or other special foundations. 4.5 Fire resistance The size of structural members may be governed by the requirements of fire resistance. Table4.1 shows the minimum practical member sizes for different periods of fire resistance and the axis distance, a, from the surface of the concrete to the centre of the main reinforcing bars, required for continuous members (where the moment redistribution is limited to 15%). For simply supported members (and greater redistribution of moments), sizes and axis distance should be increased (see Section 5 and Appendix B).
Table4.1 Fire resistance requirements for the initial design of continuous members Member Columns fully exposed to fire Columns partly exposed to fire Critical dimension Minimum dimension (mm) R 30 200 200 155 120 120 80 20d 60 15d 80 80 15d 150 15d R 60 250 350 155 140 130 150 25d 80 15d 80 100 25d 180 15d R 90 R 120 R 180 R 240 300 500 155 170 140 200 35d 100 20d 100 120 35d 200 25d 450 500 175 220 160 200 50 120 20d 120 160 45 200 35d 500 600 230 270 210 240 60 150 30d 150 310 60 200 45 500 >600b 293 350 270 280 75 175 40 175 450 70 200 50

nfi G 0.5
a

nfi G 0.7
a

width width

nfia G 0.7

Walls exposed on two sides width Walls exposed on one side width Beams Continuous slabs with plain soffit Continuous slabs with ribbed open soffit and no stirrups Flat slabs width axis distance thickness axis distance thicknessc width of ribs axis distance thickness axis distance

Notes a  nfi is the design axial load in the fire situation divided by the design resistance of the column at normal temperature conditions. A value of 0.5 should only be assumed if it is lightly loaded. It is unlikely that it will exceed 0.7. b  Particular assessment for buckling required. c  Thickness of structural topping plus any non-combustible screed. d  For practical purposes the axis distance should be such that the minimum cover is 20mm.

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4.8.7.2 Provision of reinforcement Using the bending moments above reinforcement may be calculated as follows: Tension reinforcement Reinforcement can now be calculated by the following formula: As = Where:  M d M 0.87fyk 0.8d is the design ultimate bending moment at the critical section is the effective depth.

Compression reinforcement If, for a rectangular section, M>0.167fckbd2, assuming no redistribution, compression reinforcement is required: As2 = Where: As2 d2 b d M - 0.167 fck bd2 0.87 fyk (d - d2) is the area of the compression steel is the depth to its centroid is the width of the section is its effective depth.

If, for flanged sections, M > 0.567fck bf hf (d - 0.5hf) the section should be redesigned. bf and hf are the width and the thickness of the flange. hf should not be taken as more than 0.36d. It should be noted that where compression reinforcement is required transverse reinforcement should be provided to restrain the main reinforcement from buckling. Shear reinforcement Asw = Where: V s d fywd V b s l (for initial sizing cot i = 1) fywd cot i 0.9d is the design ultimate shear force at the critical section is the spacing of shear reinforcement is the effective depth is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.

Bar arrangements When the areas of the main reinforcement in the members have been calculated, check that the bars can be arranged with the required cover in a practicable manner avoiding congested areas. In beams, this area should generally be provided by not less than 2 nor more than 8 bars. In slabs, the bar spacing should not be less than 150mm nor more than 300mm; the bars should not be less than 10mm nor normally more than 20mm in diameter.

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IStructE Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2

Load Slab

x Unsupported edge

Effective width

0.3l

x 1.2 x (1 - l )

Load width

Fig 5.1 Effective width of solid slab carrying a concentrated load near an unsupported edge

5.2.3.3 Two-way spanning slabs on linear supports Bending moments in two-way slabs may be calculated by any valid method provided the ratio between support and span moments are similar to those obtained by the use of elastic theory with appropriate redistribution. In slabs where the corners are prevented from lifting, the coefficients in Table5.3 may be used to obtain bending moments per unit width (msx and msy) in the two directions for various edge conditions, i.e.: msx = bsxnlx2 msy = bsynlx2 Where: bsx and bsy n lx are the coefficients given in Table5.3 is the total design ultimate load per unit area (1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk) is the shorter span.

IStructE Manual for the design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2

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