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Genetics 3 and 4

This document discusses heredity and genetics concepts including Punnett squares, genotypes, phenotypes, probability, polygenic traits, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. Punnett squares predict combinations of gametes and genotypes in crosses, while probabilities can predict expected results. Traits may be influenced by multiple genes or display intermediate or combined traits rather than one dominant trait.

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218 views9 pages

Genetics 3 and 4

This document discusses heredity and genetics concepts including Punnett squares, genotypes, phenotypes, probability, polygenic traits, incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles. Punnett squares predict combinations of gametes and genotypes in crosses, while probabilities can predict expected results. Traits may be influenced by multiple genes or display intermediate or combined traits rather than one dominant trait.

Uploaded by

misterbrowner
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stu dy ing

He r edi ty
(Ch . 8-3 – 8- 4)
 Punnett squares were invented by
Reginald Punnett.
 It is a diagram that predicts all of the
possible combinations of gametes in
a cross.
 Punnett squares with 4 squares are
used for Monohybrid crosses.
Ge notyp es

 Mixing YY with yy will always give you


4 Yy.
 Mixing Yy with Yy will always give you:
 ¼ YY (Homozygous Dominant)
 2/4 Yy (Heterozygous)
 ¼ yy (Homozygous Recessive)
 If a Phenotype is dominant but the
genotype is unknown, a test cross is
performed with a homozygous
recessive individual.
 Probabilities can also predict the
expected results of crosses.
 Probability is the likelihood that a
specific event will occur.
 Probability =# of one kind of possible outcome
total # of all possible outcomes
 Ex. One allele for green seed color and
One allele for yellow seed color = ½
probability
 To find the probability of two
independent events, just multiply them
together.
 Ex. Probability that two pennies will
land on heads.
½ X ½ = ¼
 When several genes influence a trait,
the trait is called a polygenic trait.
 Ex. Horse with red hair mates with horse
with white hair; baby horse has red and
white hair.
 If intermediate traits between two
parents are expressed, that is called
incomplete dominance.
 Ex. Red flower with White flower = Pink
flower
 Another ex.  Curly hair with Straight
hair = Wavy hair.
 Codominance happens when both
traits are displayed.
 Ex. Black Chicken mixed with White
chicken  Black and White striped
chicken.
 Genes with 3 or more alleles are said to
have multiple alleles.
 Ex. Human Blood determined by 3
alleles:
 IA, IB, and i (recessive)
 People can have A, B, AB, or O blood
types.

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