Solutions Manual

to accompany

MACHINE ELEMENTS IN
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Fourth Edition

Robert L. Mott

Copyright 2004 hy Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
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Instructors of classes using Mott, Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, Fourth Edition, may reproduce material
from the solutions manual for classroom use.

--PEARSON

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1'11'111 jl'P

Hall

ISBN 0-13-140873-9

CONTENTS
Solutions Manual for
Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, 4th ed.
By: Robert L. Mott

Table of Contents......

ii

MDESIGN software Included on the CD in the book

Spreadsheets

iii

included on the CD in the Solutions Manual

Solutions to end-of-chapter

problems

Chapter 1: The Nature of Mechanical Design

Chapter 2: Materials in Mechanical Design......

Chapter 3: Stress and Deformation Analysis...

... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 9

Chapter 4: Combined Stresses and Mohr's Circle

31

Chapter 5: Design for Different Types of Loading

Chapter 6: Columns

64

Chapter 7: Belt Drives and Chain Drives

Chapter 8: Kinematics of Gears .,. ... ...

42

, 77
... ... ...

Chapter 9: Spur Gear Design

. ..

.. . .. . ...

_.

87
108

Chapter 10: Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, and Wormgearing

151

Chapter 11: Keys, Couplings, and Seals

180

Chapter 12: Shaft Design

.. . ..

Chapter 13: Tolerances and Fits

.. .. .. ... ..

.. .. ..

184
206

cted by

Chapter 14: Rolling Contact Bearings

211

ema
ng, or

Chapter 16: Plain Surface Bearings

217

Chapter 17: Linear Motion Elements

224

Chapter 18: Fasteners,

226

Chapter 19: Springs

228

Chapter 20: Machine Frames, Bolted Connections, and Welded Joints

243

Chapter 21: Electric Motors and Controls

254

naterial

Chapter 22: Motion Control: Clutches and Brakes

1

iii

257

TH

MACHINE ELEMENTS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN, 4

EDITION

By: Robert L. Mott

Published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

MDES/GN - Mechanical Design Software

Comments On Its Use For Problem Solutions

Introduction
Th.e.design of machine elements jnherently .involves extensive procedures, complex calculations,
and many design decisions. Data must be found from numerous charts and tables. Furthermore, design
is typically iterative, requiring the designer to try several options for any given element, leading to the
repetition ofdesign calculations with new data or new design decisions. This is especially truefor
complete mechanical devices containing several components as the interfaces between components are
considered. Changes to one component often require changes to mating elements. Use of computer
aided mechanical design software can facilitate the design process by perfonning many of the tasks while
leaving the major design decisions to the creativity and judgment of the designer or engineer.
We emphasize that users of computer software must have a solid
understanding

of the principles of design and stress analysis to

ensure that design decisions are based

advlsetbatthesoftware

on reliable

foundations.

be used only after mastering

We

a given design

methodology by careful study and practicing manual techniques.

Then, data with known results can be applied to the software as a
check on the understanding

of the program's Input and output.

Included in this book is the MDES/GN mechanical design software created by the TEDA TA
Company. Derived from the very successful MDESIGN mec software produced for the European market,
the U.S. version of MDESIGN employs standards and design methods that are in typical use in North
America. Many of the textual aids and design procedures come directly from this book, Machine Elements
in Mechanical Design.

Topics for which the MDESIGN software can be used as a supplement to this book include:
Beam stress analysis

Beam deflections

Mohr's circle

Columns

Belt drives

Chain drives

Spur gears

Helical gears

Shafts

Keys

Power screws

Springs

Rolling contact bearings

Plain surface bearings

Bolted connections

Fasteners

Clutches

Brakes

Special icons are placed in the book at places where use of one of the 28 modules in the
software is pertinent.

Basic Features of MOESIGN

MOESIGN soflware is a useful tool for problem solving and design. Users must first ensure that
the software is appropriatetothe

nature of the problemlo be solved. While the 28 modules cover a wide

range of applications within the field of machine design, not every problem can be solved. The soflware is
very user friendly and each module contains several textual and graphic aids that explain the technical
"bases on which the module is constructed .and.the data that must be entered by the user. Input screens
prompt the user to define the problem and to make basic design decisions. Several modules contain
extensive data bases that allow the user to consider multiple optional designs and compare them to
select the more optimum choice. Some modules also provide a parametric analysis feature.
After all necessary data are entered, the user applies the Calculate feature to cause the module
to perform the required analyses and produce the output in an easy to read format. The Calculate feature
is represented on the tooioaras an image of a blue calculator with a yellow gear. Altematively, the user
can use the function key, F10. Input and output can be reported in several different units selected by the
user. Conversions, if needed, are automatically accomplished by the software.
The output always contains lists of pertinent input values and computed results. Many modules
augment the basic output with graphical displays of the results and pictorial views of the element being
designed. Some modules include cautionary comments when results do not meet design requirements,
advising the user to redesign the element.
DeKfiptions

of the Modules

The following sections list the 28 modules organized into 13 groups and provide brief discussions
about each module. Included are the chapter where each module can be used, a basic description of the
type of problems that can be solved, the type of input data required, and the type of output results that are
produced. NOTE: The computed results from MOESIGN may not match exactly those reported in the
book for example problems or end of chapter problems. Values for some parameters may be selected by
a user from charts and graphs In the book, whereas the program may compute those giving slightly
different results. For some modules, particularly Ball and Roller Bearings, databases in the program are
different from those in the book.
Columns Group:

Pertinent to Chapter 6 in the book.

Column Analysis Module:

Sections 6-6, 6.7, 611 and 6.12

Centrally loaded straight or crooked columns and eccentrically loaded straight columns are
analyzed.lnput data required are: column length, end fIXity, material, cross section shape and dimensions,
amount of crookedness if any and amo t f
. .
.
.
,un
0 eccentncity of the hne of action of the load if any. Output for
straight, ce~tratty loaded columns includes critical buckling load and allowable load. Output for crooked
and eccentncally loaded columns includes maximum stresses. For eccentrically loaded columns, the
rnaxmum lateral deflection of the column is also computed.

-u_------------------Column Design Module:

Section 6-10
Given the required load on a column of a given length with specified end fixity, the program
computes the minimum acceptable diameter of'acolumn with a solid circular cross section.
Pertinent to Chapters 3 and 5 in the book.

Seams Group:

Statically Detenninate Beams Module:

This is a very extensive beam analysis program that allows the application of loads in virtually any
direction including concentrated forces, distributed loads, concentrated moments, and torques. It offers
visualization of the beam, its supports, and its loading pattem. Careful data entry is advised.
Statically Indeterminate Beams Module:
This program analyzes beams on more than two supports with a large variety of loading types.
Combined Stress and Mohr's Circle:

Pertinent to Chapters 4 and 5

Given the stress condition on an element, the program completes Mohr's circle, presents
maximum principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and the orientation of those elements. The Mohr's
circle is drawn automatically.
V-Selt Drives:

Pertinent to Chapter 7, Section 7-4

This tool for designing V-belt drives is based on an extensive data base of ratings for three sizes
of V.belts. The input data screen allows the specification of power to be transmitted, speeds, approximate
center distance, and service factor. The program presents a list of suitable belt types, sizes, and standard
lengths, and sheave sizes from which the user selects one combination. The performance of that design
is then displayed. Numerous subsequent altemative designs can be easily created.
Chain Drives:

Pertinent to Chapter 7, Section 7-6

An aid for designing roller chain drives, this program includes an extensive data base of the latest
power ratings for roller chain drives from the American Chain Association. The input data screen allows
the specification of power to be transmitted, speeds, approximate center distance, number of chains, and
service factor. The program presents a list of suitable chain sizes and sprockets from which the user can
select one combination. Single or multiple strands of chain can be used.
Gearing Group:

Pertinent to Chapters 8, 9, and 10

Separate modules are provided for Spur Gearing, Helical Gearing, Bevel Gearing, and
wormgearing.

Each module basically follows the procedures described in the book. Input data include

the diametral pitch, number of pinion teeth, input speed, output speed, certain material factors, overload
factor, reliability factor, and others depending on the module. The program provides guidance for the
quality number and the specification of the number of teeth in the gear and its face width. The geometry
factors for bending and pitting resistance are computed by the program for some modules, while others
require the user to input those using tables and charts from the book or from charts reproduced in the

vii

hel screens. Outputs include actual outpu t spee d , sizes of pertinent geometric features,
'. forces on gear
teeth, and tooth stresses. The acceptability of stresses is evaluated by the ~rogram with suggestions for
the types of materials to be specified. Multiple designs can be tried very quickly to work toward an
optimum final result.
Keys Group:

Pertinent to Chapter 11

separate modules are provided for Parallel Keys and Woodruff

Keys, using design pro~dures

similar to those presented in the book. Input can be either the torque to be transmitted
of power and shaft speed. The shaft diameter isspecified,likely

or the .combination

based on prior stress analysts, Matenals

for the key, the shaft, and the hUb of the power transmitting element are selected from a list taken from
Appendix 3 in the book. The yield strengths are then automatically inserted. The usespeclnss a design
factor and the length of the hub. The program determines the appropriate size forthe 'key according to the
shaft size and the stress analyses using procedures similar to those outlined in the book.
Bearings

Group:

Ball and Roller Bearings:

Pertinent

to Chapters 14 (Rolling contact) and 16 (Plain surface)

Chapter 14

This program aids in the specification of it commercially available bali or roller bearing from
extensive databases for t6 different types of bearings from two widely known manufacturers,

FAG and

SKF. The user selects the preferred type, and provides detafor redial and thrust loads, speeds, desired

hours of 'life, and size limitations. New factorsihat are not discussed in the book are also specified:
Viscosity Grade for the lubricant to be applied (typical choice is 66); Operating Temperature

(typical

choice is 40"C); and Contamination Factor (tYPical choice is 1.0). The program then produces a list of
possible'bearings, organized in oroer of the bore size. The User selects oneandtl1e

program completes

the calculation of performance, giVing the projected life of the bearing in hours that is compared with the
desired life. SUbsequent trials may be done qulte quickly to work toward an optimum design.
NOTE: The basicdynarnic /()~ data .repodedfr1r any [Jivenbearing

wiN not match those given in

the book because the bearings come from different Sources and because an additional

tector, a23. called

the Material and Lubrication Factor, is applied. The value of this factor is prOprietary to

a given

manufacturer andfypically yields

Plain Surface Bearings:

a higher value

for basic dynamic load, C, than is reported in the book.

.Chapter 16, Section 16-6

This program assists in the deSign of boundary lubricated plain Surface bearings using the
methOd presented in Section 16-5 of the book. The user enters data for radial/oad,
diameter, and the desired ratio of bearing length

speed, minimum shaft

to diameter. The program then computes the required

pVvalue and recommends a material from Table 16-1 in the book that has an acceptable rating for pv,
NOTE: Data for the wear factor, K, and the coefficient of dynamic friction are not available in the
book version of the software and are repOrted in the output W!'th I
-va ues of 0.000.

Vl1l

Power Screws:

to Chapter

Pertinent

The procedures described

17 Linear

Motion Elements;

in 'Section 17-2 of the book are implemented

Section

17-2

by this program to design

a power screw with Acme threads having a 14 1/2' thread angle. The user enters data for the load to be
moved, the distance traveled,
lists of steels, aluminums,
automatically

and the time to move the load. The material for the screw isseleeled

from

cast irons, copper alloys, bronzes, and zinc alloys. The strength data are

entered by the program. The design value for the coefficient of frielion is entered. The

output includes the dimensions

of the standard Acme screw threads from Table 17-1 in the book. The

program checks the tensile stress in the screw and the shear stress 'in the threads. The minimum length
of MQagement'of

the threads with a nut is reported. The program also computes the torque required \0

raise and lower the load, the efficiency, the linear speed of the nut, the rotational speed of the screw, and
the power required to drive the screw. !fthe screw is loaded in compression,it

should be analyzed for

column buckling using the Column Analysis module.

Joints Group:

Pertinent

Fasteners:

Chapter

to Chapters
18, section

18
18-4

This module completes the procedure outlined in Section 18-4 in the book for designing and
analyzing bolted joints that provide clamping loads. Input data include the total load applied to the joint
and the number of bolts. A Demand Factor, k, is specified that gives the allowable percent of the proof
load of the screw material, often taken to be 75%. The factor, k1, is based on the lubrication

is setteo.tsfor

typical conditions urness the threads are thoroughly

process.awmoowasks

fortheSAEmaterial

grade forthe

present and

cleaned. After starting the Calculate

bolt as listed ln Table 18-1 in the book. The

output includes the required size of bolt, taken from the list in Table 16-4 in the book, and the tightening
torque.

Springs Group:

Chapter

19

This group contains three modules for Helical Compression

Springs,

and Helical Torsion

Springs.

Springs,

Helicat Extension

Each module implements the design procedures developed in

the book and uses data from the book for spring wire sizes and material properties.
Helical Compression

Springs:

Section

19..0

Method 1 for the design of helical compression

springs illustrated in Example Problem 19-2 is

used in this module. The user supplies values for forces and lengths, end type, wire type, type of service
{Iight,average,severe),and
stress (typicaltyinthe

an inilialestimateofthe

range from 60 to 140ksi).

mean diameter of the spring and the design shear

The program determines

an appropriate wire diameter,

computes the actual stresses, and outputs the geometry of the spring.
Helical Extension

Springs:

Section

19-7

The method for designing helical extension springs illustrated

in Example Problem 19-4 is used in

this module. The user supplies values for forces and lengths, end type, wire

type, type of service (light,

average, severe), and an initial estimate of the mean diameter of the spring and the design shear stress

(tYPically
..

In

the range f rom 80 t a 140 kSI). The program determines an appropriate wire diameter,

computes the actual stresses, and outputs the geometry of the spring.
Helical Torsion Springs:

Sect jon 19-8

The method for designing helical torsion springs illustrated in Example Problem 19-5 is used in
this module. The user supplies values for moments and angles of rotation, end type, wire type, type of
service (light, average, severe), and an initial estimate of the mean diameter of the spring and the design
bending stress (typically in the range from 11010 190ksi). The program determines an appropriate wire
diameter, computes the actual stresses, and outputs the geometry of the spring.
Joints Group:
Bolted Connections:

Chapter 20, Section 20-3

This module determines the minimum required diameter of the bolts in a connection subjected to
direct shear and shear due to a moment applied to the member similar to that shown in Figure 20-5 in the
book. The bolted connection may be comprised of any array of bolls for which the distance from the
centroid of the array 10 any.individual bolt is th.e same. Examples area rectangular alTay .of four.bolts or a
circular array of any number of bolts. The analysis considers only a single force to be applied to the
connection. If more than one force is applied, the resultant of all applied forces must be determined by the
user for input to the program. Both the magnitude and the Orientation of the line

or action .of the force

must be known. The program assumes that the bolls are subjected to single shear. If they are in double
shear, the applied force should be divided by 2.0.
Inputs required are the shear lead, the number of bolts, the perpendicular distance from the line
of action oflhe load to the centroid of the boll pattem, the radial distance from the centroid to any boll, the
x and y distances from the centroid to the bolt, and the angle of inclination of the applied load. The angle,
Cl,

is zero for a vertically downward load. Graphic and textual helps are provided.

The output consists of the forces on Ihe bott, the required diameter and the nearest standard boll
diameter as Shown in Table 18-4 in the book.
Welded Joints:

Chapter 20, Section 20-4

The method Of Section 20-4 of the :book is used in this module to compute the required size of
weld to carry .a specified force using a weld geometry selected from those shown in Figure 20-8 in the
book. This figure is included on help screens in the program.
Inputs required are the type of jOint, key dimensions of the joint, the location of the load, and the
allowable force per inch of weld length taken from Table 2Q,3 that 'ISshe
hi.
th
wn ona e p screen In e
program. The term, bending console length, ab, is the distance, a, shown under the Bending column of
Figure 20-8. Similarly, Ihe term, twistirrg console length at, is the d'istance a f
th T.
I n
.,
. , ,rom
e J orslon co um .
OUtputs inclUde geometry factors of the weld pattern, bending momenl, twisting moment, forces
on the weld, and Ihe required weld leg size.

Clutches and Brakes Group:

Chapter 22

This group contains five modules for Cone or Plate-Type Clutches or Brakes and Short Shoe,
Long Shoe, and Band Brakes. Each module implements the design procedures developed in the book.
Plate-Type Clutch or Brake:

Section 22-11

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-6 is used in this module for the analysis of a
plate-type clutch or brake. The user inputs the desired friction torque, the nonmal actuation force
available, the coefficient of friction, the rotational speed, and a reasonable value for the ratio of the
outside radius to the inside radius (say 1.50). The program computes the required mean radius, the
outside radius, the inside radius, the frictional power absorbed and the wear ratio (hplin\
Cone Clutch or Brake

Section 22-13

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-7 is used in this module for the analysis of a
cone clutch or brake. The user inputs the desired friction torque, the mean radius of the drum, the cone
angle, and the coefficient offriction. The program computes the required axial actuation force.
Short Shoe Drum Brake:

Section 22-14

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-8 is used in this module for the analysis of short
shoe drum brakes. The user inputs the friction torque desired and proposes the drum diameter,
coefficient of friction, and basic dimensions of the actuation system. The program computes the required
actuation force.
Long Shoe Drum Brake:

Section 22-14

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-9 is used in this module for the analysis of long
shoe drum brakes. The user inputs the drum speed, friction torque desired, drum radius, coefficient of
friction, design value for maximum pressure, and the basic dimensions of the actuation system. The
program computes the required width of the brake pad, the actuation force, the frictional power, and the
wear ratio (hp/in\
Band Brake

Section 22-15

The procedure illustrated in Example Problem 22-10 is used in this module for the analysis of
band brakes. The user inputs the drum speed, braking torque desired, design value for maximum
pressure, drum radius and width, coefficient of friction, the angle of wrap of the band on the drum, and the
basic dimensions of the actuation system. The program computes the friction torque, the actuation force,
the friction power, and the average wear ratio (hp/in2). Subsequent iterations are quickly done to work
toward an optimum design.

MACHINE ELEMENTS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN

Fourth Edition
Robert L. Mott
Prentice-Hall Publishing
Description

of Spreadsheets

Company

Included on CD in Solutions

Manual

Introduction
The Solutions Manual for this book inciudes a computer disk that contains 26 computational aids that are
keyed to the book. The files are written as Microsoft Excei spreadsheets uSing Version 2002 on
WindowsXP.
Many of the spreadsheets appear in the text. Others were prepared to Produ~ solutions for the
.Solutions Manual. The given spreadsheets include data and results from certain figures In the text. from
certain example problems, or for certain problems from the end of chapters containing the analysts and
design procedures featured in the programs.
The following sections give brief descriptions of each spreadsheet. Many are discussed in the text in
more extensive detail. It is expected that you will verify all of the elements of each spreadsheet before
using them for solutions to specific problems.
Using the Spreadsheets:
It is recommended that you maintain the given
spreadsheets as they initially appear on the disk, considering them to be master copies. To use a
program for SOlving other problems, call it up in Excel and use the Save as. command to name
it something different. For instance, the Original program cal/ed Column Analysis should be
considered
the master.
Use problem
"Save as" and call it, for example, Column Analysis _ Working. Then
use
that version
for general
Solving.
You should study the concepts and the solution techniques for each type of problem before using the
spreadsheets. You should work sample problems by hand first. Then enter the appropriate data into the
spreadsheet
to verify
In most spreadsheets, the data that need to be entered are identified
by gray-shaded
areas the
andsolution.
by italic type.
Descriptions

of Spreadsheets

The descriptions are given here in the order that the Subjects for the spreadsheets are covered in the
text. The files are listed on the disk in alphabetical order.

Co~umnAnalysis: Chapter 6. Analyzes straight columns of uniform cross section to detemnine the
cntlca~ buckling load and the allowable load. The spreadsheet shows results for Example Problem 6-1 as
given In Figure 6-9 on page 242. U.S. Customary units are used. A description is given in Section 6-8.
The process IS esse~tlally the same as that shown in the flow chart of Figure 6-4. Note that a short
macro program In Visual BaSICISused to decide w~ether the column is iong (EUler) or short (J. B.
Johnson) and to complete the calculation of the cntlcal bUCkling load Be
th t
Excel program
enables macros.
.
sure a your
Column Analysis SI: .Chapter 6. Same as COlumn AnalYSis: exce t SI't
d The solution to
Example Problem 6-21S shown as given in Figure 6-10 on page 243. p
UOis are use .
CirCUlar Column Analysis: Chapter 6. Special version of Col
A I
'.
t .c
properties of a COlumnwith a solid cirCUlar cross Section are c umn na ysls In which th~ g.eome n
spreadsheet can be used as an iterative des'
t I
omputed When the diameter IS input. The
to
a circular cross section to carry a given load Ig~ oOF determine the required diameter of a column with
. ee Igure 6-14 on page 249.

xii

;
Crooked Column Analysis: Chapter 6. Section 6-11. Analyzes the allowable load on a column of
constant cross section with a given amount of crookedness. Data from Example Problem 6-4 are used
as shown in Figure 6-16 on page 252.

Eccentric Column Analysis:

Chapter 6. Section 6-12. Computes the required yield strength of the

material and the resulting maximum deflection of the middle of a column that is loaded eccentrically.
Data from Example Problem 6-6 are used as shown in Figure 6-18 on page 256.

Chain Drive Design: Chapter 7. Design of roller chain drives as described in Section 7-6. User must
obtain rated power data from Tables 7-5, 7-6, or 7-7 to specify a suitable chain number and number of
teeth in the smaller sprocket.
Contact Ratio-Spur GeatS: Chapter 8. Computes the contact ratio for spur gears using the procedure
shown on page 317 in Section 8-4.

Bevel Gear Geometly: Chapter 8. Computes the geometric features of straight bevel gears using the
formulas listed in Table 8-7 in Section 8-8 and illustrated in Example Problem 8-6 on page 337. Two
identical programs are shown side-by-side. One shows the results of Example Problem 8-6 and the other
can be used to solve any given problem.

Wormgearing Geometry, CD, VR: Chapter 8. Computes essential geometric features of a worm and
wormgear, the center distance between their shafts, and the velocity ratio. Uses procedure from Section
8-10 as illustrated in Example Problem 8-7. The spreadsheet was used to complete Problems 52-57 at
the .end of the chapter.

Gear Geometry: Chapter 8. Computes the geometric features of spur and helical gears using the
relationships

in Sections 8-4 and 8-7. Can be used for Problems

1-9 and 41-44.

GeatS VR Design: Chapter 8. Aids in the specification of the number of teeth in a pinion and gear to
produce a specified velocity ratio. Uses a procedure similar to that shown in Section 8-13 on pages 350357 and illustrated in Table 8-9. An integer is entered for the number of teeth in the pinion. The
program computes the required approximate number of teeth in the gear to produce the given velocity
ratio. The user then enters an integer for the actual number of gear teeth. The program identifies the
combination of numbers of teeth that produces the minimum differential between the desired ratio and
the actual ratio. The spreadsheet was used to complete Problems 62-65 at the end of the chapter.

Spur Gear Forces:

Chapter 9. Computes the tangential, radial, and normal forces on spur gear teeth
of a given design transmitting a given power at a given pinion speed. It uses the method of Section 9-3.
The spreadsheet was used to complete Problems 1-6 at the end of Chapter 9. The results for Problems 1
and 2 are shown in the master.

Spur GeatS-Design-U.S.: Chapter 9. Performs a complete design analysis for a pair of spur gears,
including the essential geometry, tangential force, required bending stress number, and required contact
stress number. All modifying factors for stress calculations as described in Sections 9-8 to 9-12 are
included. The data from Example Problem 9-5 are shown in the given spread sheet as illustrated in
Figure 9-28 on pages 416-417. An extensive discussion of the spreadsheet is given in Section 9-14 on
pages 415-419. An added feature of the spreadsheet on the CD is the computation of the required
hardness (HB) for through-hardened Grade 1 steel using the equations in Figures 9-10 and 9-11. The
user can then specify suitable materials and list them at the bottom of the spreadsheet.
Geometry Factor-I-Pitting:
Chapter 9. Computes the value of the geometry factor, I, used in the
calculation of contact stress for spur gears in Equation 9-25 on page 401 of the text. Program uses the
algorithm from Appendix A20.

Spur Gears-Design-U.S .With I: Chapter 9. Same as Spur Gears-Design except the geometry factor, I,
is computed within the program instead of being input by the user. The program Geometry FactorlPitting is integrated within $pur GeatS-Design. One additional input value is needed for the pressure
angle.

Spur GeatS-Design-SI: Chapter 9. Similar to Spur GeatS-Deslgn: except SI metric data are used as
described in Section 9-13 and illustrated in Example Problem 9-6. Data from Example Problem 9-6 are
used in the given spreadsheet.
XIII

Spur Gears-Capacity-U.S.:
Chapter 9. Section 9-16. Determi.nes the ~ower transmitting capaclty of a
given set of spur gears considering both bending strength and pitting resistance. The user must Input the
allowable bending stress and allowable contact stress based on the material specified for the pinion and
the gear using Figures 9-10 to 9-15 and Tables 9-3 and 9-4. The spreadsheet includes the computation
of the required bending stress number, Sat, and contact stress number, sac, based on user-entered
hardness (HB) for through-hardened Grade 1 steel using the equations in Figures 9-10 and 9-11. The
user must transcribe these values into the spreadsheet if, in fact, this kind of material is specified.
Plastic Gears Design: Chapter 9. Completes the design of plastic gears using the procedure

from

pages 440-1. Data are shown for Example Problem 9-6.

Chapter 10. Computes the forces on helical gear teeth as described in Section
10-2 and illustrated in Example Problem 10-1. Completes the design analysis for a pair of helical gears
as described in Sections 10-3 to 10-5 and illustrated in Example Problem 10-2. Used for the solutions to
Problems 1-11 at the end of Chapter 10.
Helical Gears-Design:

Helical Gears-capacity:
Chapter 10. Similar to Spur Gears-Capacity: with modifications for the
special geometry of helical gear teeth. Used for the solutions to Problems 12 and 13 at the end of
Chapter 10. The user must input the allowable bending stress and allowable contact stress based on the
material specified for the pinion and the gear using Figures 9-10 to 9-15 and Tables 9-3 and 9-4. The
spreadsheet includes the computation of the required bending stress number, sa" and contact stress
num~r, s~,based on user-entered hardness (HB) for through-hardened Grade 1 steel using the
equations In Figures 9-10 and 9-11. The user must transcribe these values into the spreadsheet if in
fact, this kind of material is specified.
'
Bevel Gears - Design:
Wormgearing

- Design:

Chapter 10. Computes forces and stresses on bevel gears.

Computes some geometry values, forces, and stresses for wormgearing.

Shaft Design: Chapter 12. Computes the minimum acceptable diameter for shafts using Equation 122~~n
':th bending and torsion are present and Equation 12-16 when only vertical shearing stress is
~odifyi~9 f:~~so~~~~~~r~~s
:or torques, forces, bending moments, pertinent material strengths,
at several selected sections of t~en~~'ftand .~tress concentration factor. The program is typically applied
given spreadsheet uses data from one I as ;. ustrated in Design Ex~mple 12-1 on pages 548-552. The
lonon the shaft .In.Deslgn Example 12-1 as illustrated in
Figure 12-19 on page 561. A discussio ocath
no f e spreadsheet IS In Section 12.10.
Foree Fits: Chapter 13, Section 13-8 Str
f
.
between mating members assembled ~ith e~es or Force Fits. Computes the pressure at the interface
resulting stresses and deformations for the ~ I~terference fit (See Section 13-6.) Also computes the
from Example Problem 13-2 are Shown in th a Ing members usmq the procedure on pages 587-8. Data
e example.
Spring Design-Method
1: Chapter 19 Section
.
method from Example Problem 19-2 to
19-6. The given spreadsheet uses data and the
to fit given geometrical limitations. See ~~J~rn~~f~ helical compression spring for a given loading and
Spring Design-Method 2' Ch
. e
on page 753 and the accompanying discussion.
. .
.
apter 19. Similar to S rI
D
deSigning to a set of geometricallimitalions
S Ex P ng eslgnMethod
1 without the restriction of
and the aCCOmpanying diSCUSSion.
. ee ample Problem 19-3, Figure 19-17 on page 753,

d'

xiv

CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE OF MECHANICAL DESIGN
Problems 1 - 14 require the specification of functions and design
requirements for design projects and have no unique solution.

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SY.&ks

CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN

1.

Ultimate tensile strength is the apparent stress at the

peak of the stress-strain curve.

2.

Yield point is the value of the apparent stress from the

stress-strain curve at which there is a large increase in
strain with no increase in stress. It is the point where
the stress-strain curve exhibits a horizontal slope.

3.

Yield strength is the apparent stress from the stressstrain curve at which there is a large increase in strain
with little increase in stress for materials that do not
exhibit a yield point. The offset method is used by
drawing a line parallel to the straight part of the stressstrain curve through a value of 0.2\ on the strain axis.

4.

Many low alloy steels exhibit a yield point.

5.

The proportional limit is the apparent stress on the stressstrain curve at which the curve deviates from a straight
line. At this value, the material is usually still
elastic. The elastic limit is the apparent stress at which
the material is deformed plastically and will not return to
its original size and shape.

6.

Hooke's law applies to that portion of the stress-strain

curve that is a straight line for which stress is
proportional to strain.

7.

The modulus of elasticity is a measure of the stiffness of

a material.

8..

The percent elongation is a measure of the ductility of a

material.

9.

The material is not ductile. Materials having a percent

elongation greater than 5\ are considered to be ductile.

10.

poisson's ratio is the ratio of the lateral strain in a

material to the axial strain when subjected to a tensile
load.

11.

From

~Q.

2-5

G
G

E/[2(1+Vl]
42.9 GPa

(114 GPal/[2(l+O.33l]

12.

Hardness - 52.8 HRC (Approximate; Appendix

13.

Tensile strength ~ 235 ksi

J~)

(Approximate; Appendix

19)

14. -17. Errors in given stat_ents:

14.

A hardness of HB 750 is extremely hard, characteristic of

the hardest steels in the as-quenched or surface hardened
condition. Appendix 3 shows annealed steels to have
hardness values in the approximate range of HB 120 to 230.

15.

Hardness on the HRB scale is normally limited to HRB 100.

16.

Hardness on the HRC scale is normally no lower than HRC 20.

17.

The relationship between hardness and tensile strength is

only valid for steels.

16.

Charpy and Izod tests measure impact strength.

19.

Iron and carbon. Other elements are often present.

20.

In addition to iron and carbon, AISI 4340 steel contains

nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. (Table 2-3)

21.

Approximately 0.40% carbon in AISI 4340 steel.

22.

Low-carbon:
Less than 0.3%
Medium-carbon: 0.30% to 0.50%
High-carbon:
0.50% to 0.95%

23.

Typically a bearing steel contains 1.0% carbon.

24.

Lead is added to AISI 12L13 steel to improve machinability.

25.
26.
27.

Shafts are often made from AISI 1045 4140, 4640, 5150,
6150, and 8650 steels. (Table 2-1/) ,
Gears are often made f
5150, 6150, and 8650 rom AISI 1045, 4140, 4340, 4640,
steels. (Table 2-lf)
The blades of a post hole di
resistance, high strength
gger should have good wear
steel is a reasonable ch ~ and good ductility. AISI 1060
Ol.ce.

26.

AISI 5160 OQT 1000 is

hi
containing approXimate~
gh-carbon, chromium steel,
It was heat treated by ~ O'fO% carbon and 0.60% chromium.
temperature, quenched ine~i ng above its upper critical
degrees Fahrenheit
It h 1, and then tempered at 1000
ksi or 1040 MPa) a~d
as fairly high strength (Sy ~ 151
good ductility (14% elongation) .

29.

In general, a high hardness with good ductility are

desirable for machine parts and tools subjected to impact
loads as seen by a shovel. A hardness of HRC 40
corresponds to approximately HE 375 and is considered
moderately hard. While this is a good level, even a higher
value up to HRC 50 (HB 475) would be better, provided
ductility is fairly high, say about 15% elongation.
Appendix 3 shows some forms of oil-quenched AISI 1040 and
none listed have sufficiently high hardness. Appendix 4-1
shows the same material quenched in water and tempered.
AISI 1040 WQT 700 has a hardness of HB 401 (HRC 43) with
approximately 20% elongation and a yield point of 92 ksi.

30.

Through hardening involves heating the entire part followed

by quenching to achieve the hardened condition. Except for
some variation in thick sections, the part is hardened
throughout. But no chemical composition changes occur. In
carburizing, the chemical composition of the surface is
changed by the infusion of carbon. Thus, carburizing
results in a hard surface while the core is softer.

31.

Induction hardening is a heat treating process in which the

area to be hardened is subjected to a high-frequency
electric current created by a coil, inducing current flow
near the surface of the part and causing local heating.
After sufficient time to bring the surface to a temperature
above the upper critical temperature of the material, the
part is quenched to harden the surface.

32.

Some carburizing grades of steels are AISI 1015, 1020,

1022, 1117, l11S, 411S, 4320, 4620, 4820, 8620 and 9310.
The carbon content ranges from 0.10% to 0.20%.

33.

The AISI 200 and 300,series of stainless steels are

nonmagnetic.

34.

Chromium gives stainless steels good corrosion resistance.

35.

ASTM f\qq:t
structural steel is used for most wide-flange
beams.

36.

HSLA structural steels are high-strength, low-alloy steels

having yield strengths in the range of 42 - 100 ksi (290 700 MPa.

37.

Three types of cast iron are gray iron, ductile iron, and
malleable iron.

3S.

ASTM A4S-S3, Grade 30 is a gray iron with a tensile

strength of 30 ksi (207 MPa); no yield strength; less than
1% elongation (brittle); modulus of elasticity (stiffness)
of 15x106 psi (103 GPa).

Problem 38. (continued)

ASTM A536-84, Grade 100-70-03 is a ductile,iron with a
tensile strength of 100 ksi (689 MFa); a y~eld strength of
70 ksi (483 MFa); 3% elongation (brittle); modulus o~
elasticity (stiffness) of 22xl06 psi (152 GPa) .
ASTM A47-84, Grade 35018 is a malleable iron with a tensile
strength of 53 ksi (365 MFa); a yield strength of 35 ksi
(241 MFa); 18% elongation (ductile); modulus of elasticity
(stiffness) of 25xl06 psi (172 GPa) .
ASTM A220, Grade 70003 is a malleable iron with a tensile
strength of 85 ksi (586 MFa); a yield strength of 70 ksi
(483 MFa); 3% elongation (brittle); modulus of elasticity
(stiffness) of 26xl06 psi (179 GPa) .
39.

Powdered metals are preformed in a die under high pressure

and sintered at a high temperature to fuse the particles.
Re-pressing after sintering is sometimes used.

40.

Parts made from Zamak 3 zinc casting alloy typically have

good dimensional accuracy and smooth surfaces, a tensile
strength of approximately 41 Ksi (283 MPa), a yield
strength of 32 Ksi (221 MFa), 10% elongation, and a modulus
of elasticity of 12.4xlO' psi (85 GPa). (Appendix 10)

41.

Type D tool steels are typically used for stamping dies,

punches, and gages. (Table 2-5)

42.

The suffix 0 on aluminum 6061-0 indicates

condition.
the annealed

43.

The suffix H on aluminum 3003-H14 indicates h

'
strain hardened.
t at ~t was

44.

The suffix T on aluminum 6061-T6 '

treated.
~ndicates that it was heat

45.

Aluminum 7001-T6 has the h' h

~ 98 ksi (676 MFa)' y' ld ~g est strength; tensile strength
, ~e strength = 91 ksi (627 MFa) .
Aluminum alloy 6061 is one of th
e most versatile.
Three typical uses of t't '
structures, chemical pr~can~~m alloys are aerospace
hardware ,
ess~ng equipment, and marine

46.
47.

48.

Bronze is an alloy of
phosphorus, nickel z,Copper with tin, aluminum lead,
, ~nc, mangan
'
ese, or silicon.

49.

Bronze C86200 is a manganese bronze casting alloy with a

tensile strength of 95 ksi (655MPa); yield strength of 48
ksi (331 MFa); 20% elongation (ductile); modulus of
elasticity of 15x106 psi (103 GPa) .

50.

Bronze is used for gears and bearings.

51.

Thermosetting plastics undergo a chemical change during

forming resulting in a structure of cross-linked molecules.
The process cannot be reversed or repeated. Thermoplastic
materials can be formed repeatedly by reheating because the
molecular structure is essentially unchanged during
processing.

52.

a) Gears: Nylon, polycarbonate, acetal,~polyurethane

elastomer, phelolic. b) Helmets: ABS and polycarbonates.
c) Transparent shield: Acrylic. d) Structural housing: per,
ABS, polycarbonate, acrylic, PVC, phenolic, polyester/glass
composite. e) Pipe: ABS, PVC. f) Wheels: Polyurethane
elastomer. g) Switch parts: polyimide, phenolic, PIT.

53.

Designers of parts to be made from composite materials can

control 1) base resin, 2) reinforcing fibers, 3) amount of
fibers, 4) orientation of fibers, 5) number of layers, 6)
overall thickness, 7) orientation of layers, 8)
combinations of types of materials.

54.

Composite materials are comprised of two or more different

materials, typically a resin reinforced by fibers.

55.

Resins used for composites include polyesters, epoxies,

polyimides.

56.

Reinforcing fibers used for composites are glass, boron,

aramid, and carbon/graphite.

57.

Sporting equipment is made from glass/epoxy, boron/epoxy,

and graphite/epoxy composites.

58.

Aerospace structures are made from glass/epoxy,

boron/epoxy, graphite/epoxy, and aramid/epoxy composites.

59.

Sheet molding compound is typically a glass/polyester

composite.

60.

SMC's are used for auto and truck body panels and large
housings.

61.

Reinforcing fibers are produced as continuous filaments,

chopped fibers, roving, fabric, yarn, and mats.

PEr;

.,...------------------62.

Wet processing of composites involves,the layup of fabric

reinforcing sheets on a form, saturat~on of the sheets
with the resin, and curing under heat and pressure.

63.

preimpregnated composite mat~rials are ~roduced with the

resin already on the fibers ~n a conven~ent form, called
a prepreg. The prepreg is layered onto the form and
cured.

64.

SMC's are preimpregnated fabric sheets formed in a mold

and cured simultaneously under heat and pressure.

65.

Pultrusion is a process of coating the fiber

reinforcement as it is pulled through a heated die to
produce a continuous form such as tubing, structural
shapes, rod, and hat sections used to stiffen aircraft
structures.

66.

In the filament winding process, continuous filaments are

placed around a mandrel in a controlled pattern and then
cured. The process is used for pipe, pressure vessels,
rocket motor cases, containers and enclosures.

67.

Specific strength is the ratio of the strength

material to its specific weight.

68.

speci~ic stiffness is the ratio of the modulus of

elast~city of a material to its specific weight.

69.

ManY,c~osites
have significantly higher values of
spec~f~c strength and specific stiffness than metals.
70 73 refer to P1gure 2-lZ and Table

of a

2-~.

General conclusions from Questions 70 - 73: The specific

strengths, of the metals listed range from 0.l94xl06 to
1.00xI06 ~n approximat 1
f
'
stiffnesses'are very e y a actor of 5.0. The specif~c
approximat 1
nearly equal for all metals listed,
S in
e
y
1.0xI0
' strengths of th e
composites I'
d
. The spec~'f ~c
~sterange
1 .87 t0 4.86xI06 ~n,
'
,
than any of the
metal
much h~gher
stiffness about 2/3 t~t G~ass/epoxy has a specific
composites listed ran
0
the metals. The other
the metals.
ge from 2.2 to 8. .3 times as stiff as
See Section 2-18 for

answers

to Questions

74 to 78.

CHAPTER 3
STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSIS

Direct Tension and Compression

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S
".sf
7. oJ'
= - b 7Z.11'!>i COI'1PRrr~'s/'"

As,;,

J..L"., ...

-Fit ;. ~=:!!!L~ ~'1qfJl.

A
5
i'J7
7.ft.

= - . -..J!!L ., -.!.a -~

(T Z

uS

/I.

J liST /SELo" c.:

a:

F;r F

B;-_-.J~

a: 58// Pr/ r~"s"",

t:r

Q,..9r%,,:9=39.8

....

L.4

i3

0::
....,

zs;Do/?ff ....,.
I'

ZD833/?ff~I.su

p------------------F~'" U.oS. 3 -'13: /'I'" COllr,.NT ~ 931SDII'"""

Fx. S1'O'"

F~,.,

~*"'-li
-~5
A
_

-.suo-!1

'1.5' z..: 6'3ZJ"'_

A-

.st.ZS'"__ ..

T3~-~#~---.ll:4==~tH~~--+=1~Q

n C

s- zft ')fJ.3/3_'

_'1~?SDN._
70313""

....

'"

<;;...... -o,ogq -I, 313 =7.Y~ZI'f'''' C,ftltw,s.s"..,

ON TO' 'I_eMotE

f'1t4"

ro

'~OI$

3-$0:

~/t$Hr
;J

tJF
,

.s~ 1tO~31.J
e/l.Qt.

PO/AIr 4

Ii

A1tIi? d

"RI/<.""

IS IIJII /TtU

4; /I'I=1I8/t,/J'/1I

')

(T

'o/S

",.pr OF.:
o: br.i!L

,fl=/.'1ll.l4.JN;

s - z:w
'106

II-TTllcJl6's

;'126QbS~

"/'69m

D:V3Z#/;r"{1L{~.Y'1,)AJ.

TlI

/I

,,.rw~N

r/le.JI~s.~
:1I$I:D=/,1r.",,1

F~''''14DLIJ

+ /tJ1lz

=4'112
~ ....
~ ,..,3

~o

trO*',,'1II"''''

~&

S$17O~

".S2.. = ",

+ Z0711 =" ~"!c4D'r"

'.J2,'...?

Stress Concentrations

63.1

LEpr

'*'~:;ttY

'= .7~.I"(I=~,.Sl

ApP. ,4-ls-3 (A)

iT;, - :l.I, '~l.J>o) '" 39 ,so list" ~
f!M> - -n";I.s .
~.=z..18

MtDOIS: J/'v - AV~.'>'o

d.Z1-,i:pl..VO

eIi-:: z''IoUuli! .: Z-9 7~

PsI

f/oVD-.VO',s)
Rlf,lfn

.ylv=

,r~ 1", D.3' -.k. l.30

0::, - /:!oUlM)
'I,-.SfJ(;s;)

..:::::Il>4

= Vl../J.

I\./J = 1,.51lAo

~::::

= I. '10

.: 317(10 PSI

.: 4,0$" AP" A-Iro!

,zS')(.J0lllO)AI

"ao)~

J:.c: 1, u-

""..iI>

..

",.YM'",

0h

Z.IJe!I.ZS' /.60

A..!.I.

~J4e-.2.ZS :

1.38/z. .....

"M .. 14 CWIll'l k~

()."

-K. =/.39

f1 Mtf'l.
h

r:

ZvAtftl-ll.

;;)0.0--1.;

>"t.J

:J.}"It AI

18. ,S-AtN ""')I/D'!<I

",Ax'

~Ecr/.;v

7/Y'

It!. 7"-;(/0

'1

tJf'

A;6 =

tzo,... -) ".

tl!4~/Jo......
~
'100.....,....

rfll t c-o
o

/AN) f)

'H.__

110ptiLIU=S:

/1'l

~9680 Psi

e ~7.)4.J
C z.~,...

Lo

/oJ_ ....

e.

eo

fl. SJ SEen .; of-

0
1:; Iv

5= In.3 ..........~
AIi!El'l

/l.slt;J LY."Ito) - tel!~' $",...)

hs)i'l.0Y2.s'=

='

[@ ,y-e3SPJQ.1?

Problems of a General Nature

f? z:

API! IS-3 -conr

6"""11' .:: (/, 3V('J{I2.0fJO)(Z

(W1-J5}C

~ 1'1, = 0 =

32 i'/S'O Psi

I. JjYft

O.O~2S""I7.D'IgjAPP>lS"-f

ef'w

f'c

-t.~:U~O)U; =

Oi; ..

n,

~l

-1.,!
MO~I

(Jut.~) !

~.7~

Pl?oP.u.P cesss
See TIO,",

OF CO

III-----------~LIZ.

'y, 'y,'Yo
#

""

v oX

:'

,/1..

L/2.

,I'
"

Ie:

Yo't.

'1/.

d_

~.l'f"'/Y

oS. toll~,

'hi

~I

-"'l

:t~2oo

Lr""AI/s

,}I ,.",

I(l

,~

FlIo

I' -roD AN

-(;~ e.,-,_

",o""/z-

VV
0

f>"'" V ~~

,.

II

1111
I"
./

80

V r-.'/

0.'1'"

-i,

O.IIS,

0.110

II
a
()

8fJ

/1.tJ

:r{_"" )
FRoM
(1'"'"

"'~Ot5.

k~ M

70 l M

= 0.60 AN.,..,

: 5N~~

IJ ....OeIL Loft-o. I1pl'. 4/s-~

1
(..,.1_<1 )t: ~,,1-L~~)(l,,) '!1J11",...'J

5N~

J/..w =

~o

6..w

=a.6ZS;

&= (;.2.,>XtJ.,O.l",._)
'1031,... ... 1..

6 (,,)

4=/'2S"
J.3#

JoJ........

'"b' .- ~/86 npa..

28

J-t-

1'0

11

~/~

A']

..

lzp
lI'

11,-ZPt.l

'
&01

"'0

IOU

I)

!fir:: ZP1,

0-

t:-S_,.,

L, ~
~L~-

-p

S,. 8W~'-m"....

Sa Jf1')~/1JY

"
SI!= !!!!!.2)I1Z
,II",...,... "'~
.8
I

V
t?
I~

0 14 if

..y

.310"""

Z"'l-- J.-IL"O

z.p

'>c' 6fZYJ':.,lU

m=-!

'-

S .. t:A.%

I,

/II" .Z80'~id"')1'
/'I ~ = )'11'.,1.1 P

"-

..

Z,.

'"

~
~

PARr

PIllar A-T" 0.

p------------....

0 r A-r A AT FJJI.-l./f.v;,'.

c/. :. (p. 7s1l..; =0.111,</1

Pili

OJ, =

Ar

M _

7 -

13: Icte=

tTi =-

6-

5=

5"2.00 U'I"

:/iJ 'Idd

D.SO ltV'

J,~/

~$/

.3/ l.tJ
[

S,vn-<=0.,318m:J f'1l.eU.

Jet; f1 =- /.ZS {IS(6) =.5/ft) pr/

5

CSia.

0.378

=- /.

2S (:JIl-D) z: /tJ 3'2-t> 1'5/

oJJ8

PIVorA-.,..l.

.4.,.. I"-UI.-CIlVM:
Cip =

n
S

5 = IJ. so IN r
2&0

L./!I'"

5"600

pst'

UJ

O.SOIN J

+
r.JN

30

CHAPTER 4
COMBINED STRESSES AND MOHR'S CIRCLE

z rAT rs: (:710) ,. fSO J

J,~ n.s'

zr. 90' ~4,.= JlS'; Jr ~.S'

&o.J

cCIAJ

"",:loItS.

z.

z~ = rO-:' fY6z.r) " 2.$'.6'

z'r-

90'

2.fAr~

; ,.;: /2.e

CIAJ

6Y-Y',; r".3l.Z.' CC.4;

~ =-'IU/lJf

31

ey,Q)-=z""j'Prn,y'a:",,

z.~= I~I

90'~2r=

lfJ,..

<+z -J{~

IZ.6"!

63.f' '"-IV

j'~'

.,.,~ ?OI'$t'

r;,~=1/I!iiJ i
__-r-_,"-y

&Z'o-.(]y~ S'.3
z,fJ,= /~ol~9_/2J.?fJ. f/Ir.II.~ccw
~a-l'o

-2164"= ro:..'

~Yvo).. 2""'/10"

/J.J' CW

tli aloS;JJ<jj

~1:Si

-r:.",.

(,2. V/lsi

__ -t-....

-roW.,...v"
1'-

"'

-0 Ptllf6",.IC/IfA/t
11l p~
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ntr,A""~
--tt--~+--....,~....",,~_-.,....:..

IT!

OKal.oJtsi; r~./'laltsi.;r,.,=ldICS:
a;= ''Il.'l.sJ<sl J c1'i./6.?,r.csi' ~ -0
9"

T~'(l.Y,~,",

l.;~,/10:-9dj.=lo 4'

/S.Y3'

I"/'~'J' r=6'o,e'cw

CAoa
Z.o

OJ''o

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f1t;~_It."""

7"11 PI4~

'71., Jl.si

.4T''fS n
do; 11/10

32..

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z.t1,::

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<r,'_Y~

=.$1.14; tP,.' ~7e'"

'11.M"; fIJr=

Pr=2.,CI;J

9,-Z.(J,c .3~0.;
ra"

Zp,..

d"",,=YoM5.

0-,.

zP.,..o rO:(Gtl/s-j .. sa.O',j

9.

".3 ac....,

CCI.J
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-I~HII:-o__

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o
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2167"'" 90'_ 2fJ,." $"6.3'./ ~r.Z9.IS

.rye. -80"'~

"'t
ZlDI'l"""__
/I.

~ c-IIJ.311A.

CW

eGW
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~tr: /1Jo".... (""ltS)=:J1.4'J cr=lS".a"CW

2.;"."

q,'-2?,. =- sa.Vo; ire Z.9.z.C'c-w

~-8eM'"
I.

di .....,I.".,,...

dA,' -1Si'l4

CT,(=

$/NlilPo.

23

17';= /1~foS3.t

13.

1'8.2.""t'.. jl1i.,/If"-SJ.Z 61./J",f4,.

ra:! (otO/)S)

Z (Jrr=
cry: eUMt'...

= Ve-S',' fJrr=Z"CW
0&.6/.,,,,11.
'i" 0

p,It'.'"

D,,~LIM

TO PA~
-r:.Altz f1VJI1"-/I'r '1$'
tI;
1tN"4)

ro

If.

9-''';' ('"/")=JI."

Z(,a-a ItO'-9

'.3

11i= IJ~+

cr,.= ISol1"-

.. IVc9.V';cj,.=7!tt' Ca-J
al'1l.JM 1'", j "i .1I$"-74.J =JI.1l'1fo.

dJ rO ~'Qf"IC_
TO

'AI''''

'1'""", -'1$:7 ",,, ...

A.,. 'IS" n iii
If..., "i

/5.

Z ,.=

90'"

<ry= ...

~r= liS'
-9'I'I#\"

ec.w

1
-r-t-----~
i
I-""".Jr...,.o

J't

z tilT" rAN -I (ID'YJsO) = z r;. 7;'

t/J"..- /'1.9 'cW
q; SJ+-'IDJ~)ls:!

Pr =)0.,-

Mt'...

CCr,J Oi. - 5" -Yll3 -:35JMP ....

. /00

OA., ;:

--+

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//

2fJ,,'" 180'-"1'_" f'YLS): IUo; tilT'" (,I'eN

2~$

'10-fit""(lyzr):= )z.'; ~ .. " cw

tri.2

-sz..1.

OJ = 1M'

2 tfltr:= o: ;

tllT-o

2 r- .. fldo.

f1.r- ,sO c c w

in...

"'1',=0
GIVEN ~
ST!lEa

PH/Nellt'll.
eLEM/!"Nr

= ZlO""A...

8'"t=

-1l.OI"!P ...

~r ..Sl)M'"

N Ax //"1''''
J'rREU

!:116f411..
ELEME",r

C;:

'iS3nll

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;2~'"

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..z'tr=dj ;tr"b'

O""z. ;: t1'j ;: OI<.S;

or= ..

---@--;~--_--':f-*~+~-""'Z.lai-+---tr--.l...--ir-~
0".. "
O"y=

1';1;:
GiVEN' ~

ST"L6~

zz:

t7Av =2IJICS;

PIJNCJM~

JlflflClMUM

:z tPtr = 'lb'
;lr=Oo

;
;

S/frAR.

,srRIi'SS FLEMeKr

IFLFMENr

rr

= 'l.$"CtI'I

4-0

q;= ~= 'Io;a/
az." -1'Q'= -'IoksJ

;=;=,a;=oy=o

,2~"TAN.,tYJ4S)=2'.,,: ~(f'.1P.9.ccw

23.

Z4-:r 'fo'1-Z~tr= 119.,v'j tJ,- S'I.'.eCIV

'S+-JL,J = 'Il..S~sl Gl,: 6S-.1U :-1.7.

err=
"-y .. -Z$/q"

l7'L )

,=:t:!:;.~y=-i,/(5i
a:...

o;;v

8 ~~.
TN.'

('f'htJ);63.V; rJoJ'31., .ce...,

,;14,.. 90'1-lAr= /S3.y':

~"';7&.7. t:e1N

OJ .. ss: '1'1.7 = 7'1.U:s.;

Ol

= lS-'I'/.7=

-9.7J:si

"'y

36

l.zs'

';UJ'tT:'

('% )::31. 7l; tr:' IS;'

711#-'

cw

2f).r-= '1o'-2.'tr=S8.l7' ;r=Z","

ccw
a; = ~ + 12..9=2.3.9,a/ J &.. 1/-12.'/= -I. '1ks-:

u-"'''o

---.,;.

--i:::~=LUS:.
~~=6.8~1
O&.-I.,~

U.

dl. o-'"

J&'-

Z.r '"lPtr

fe'3,.stJ) =1'I1.~;~ 7/.6CW

711H"

"'9D'", S:J.2S-;

/JrsU.'

CfII

0;. -SOO+~'c!b
'f180 fS/
1T"a. = -Soo - '1480 = -sBC I'si

~Jl.SD'sl
trr=
~1"'"".. 19

27.

z .... +-1l.9-

0; ...

J.2a

1'1""-

G"c.'" 200 -/28 = 7Z M'o<1'", ., 0

7"..,......

ot/z =16

2~lT= TAN-t
a; =/oo/'IA..

11./"11'....

F'YJoo)

=36.b(','tr"I?Jocw

11j(:.

'1'Yy

37

~ ""'-

p--------------a; Zoo +' 'I ,. 2. 6'/ ""PII0i = 2llO-611' = 1361'11'0.-

t'

a
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d}:'

1JIH-< (lrSfJ) =18.,,'; ~tT:aI').Jcw

2~tr=

rry: ISfI/'fP.,

0; '"0

02-

; t1)

:= -

Oi.~/J'I'1?!Jio.!:...t-----_tt:;:;___:;:oF~_ttr::.l...::.".

cT,

S8[j-l8tJ= -8hBhl' ...

-S81!J+ZBo",,-30fJJ.J1.

1"fVfM Oih:= 'I3Y U..

:If)o-= /80 - TitN-f {'zr2S2.)

~17.Jccw

=/.$f.SO
a:

CTy=~

0;"

03= -18U-ISD=-J31.SJIA..

eJ/=O ;

11'"z.:: -IS?S 1-ISlJ= -37.S.JlI' ...

ilrlll'l'

:J. tr

fJtr

::

= 16B.BA./ ...
= /80 - r,w /'%J1.S)::
q-~

12

78.2

1.s6. 'I
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CC IN'

-331$-+F:::::::::==-=~4=-_--r~-!I-tr.=
o

_rq
Oi

38

us/!"

D::: D.stlo

III

FIG>. 3-11:

FRtJM

1""6((: SHAFT

l'1iJ

= 2.S2. LINJI.

~ = 17'/)~.J.1:: 1rfO.sIJI_;//Zl

"8 = .Me
i!

2SZ. LINN.
",t)IU 71N i

ABC. SrlZ~
;

riI2tJ1)

GtEII1I;NToN SoTT/JM.
LINN.

~ J.tJl2Z7IJJ'

= Zo5.J8 ~

=Gif

Z!, 1l'D~~:..2r. O.OZ.V.sI//II~

-ra
R=
0;

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~e

r;,,~"//0

2..0

La/JI

= /1.2L.S~'

IJ.Dl'lSY/N'

'03:

Z'9z+IZZU'l..: IS"'"

= /IU.'" r /.r96'" 2." z rs- hi

-r

Oi .. /026' -IS"'''~ = -56" ,~.

2 . .. 1AN-I UZZa")= '19. 97 ..
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LlOU,f

rr - 2.'1-.98" ccw

24-

ITi

=Z~(T +-9II'-I.1'1.'n

fJr-=

69,98"

Oi.

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-1;,,,,

-7$,,,,~

(JSE o-/.,stJO/!J.

F=~S".HAPrA8c .rrtewa

rtr"",

IrLEIOfDllr

tJN4.rr.".,.

SOLclnlW Foil. PR,tJUl'f J-3D" Fl6.J 73' :He='l:s7l.U./6; ~="~DO

lQ./il.
jZ .. ffDYi~ =- /J.J.1I.1/IJ:!; 4" 1'11l/A:
'Isn.Uo/N/a.:J.J/J/"lc a s(){) I'J/ ""dj(

r, effO~/'
,f.. T;.,AIf

='22-0.66Z7111.:J/'h=

= Vt5,Dfj ....,..f'-SS s:= 118 70 l"Si

=
741~,= 6J'OO/O.6t.2.7

OJ - 6'100 T 11870 .. 18 770 I'SI

dL ~ 6"100-// ell)::: -'/'I70l's;
2 rJo- = 1M'"
.5Y,/{6
tfJo-=2'1.l"

t:",;:):

0;

2,..= 2PtT~"tJ"/W."';4=7l..Z.

-96.SCJl's/

Use 0- Z. ZS'm. rOlf: SIIAtt:rACt:.. : .sreess eLCAfENr ON I1Dm,."

rlOH S'/UvnMI ~

ffoUG"1'I

2-3/, FIt; .1-.J~/'18~86'1oa.,w.j rc'l~IJ~

C .: lrD:&J. - /.118 IN:' J _OJ - "'Ie- = 8l~(U.lNN//.llaIN] :: 71U ;Os/ rt!llS/I"

tp."'D'#' ::;lZ:: ';'.J.J 7/1/; 74" -r;/b
tlJ'III/z.2Jh~ = 171~;

=~

... Je&,po<
Cj =.38'3 +-.11&7 77JO'Sf

/i'cr;.".l/- VI111+-JI631>

trz. "1~61-3361 ..

-'1,s;

Z~IT''"rA-.J-' fl%ea) z.cs:

~ = j,jjO
24- .. '1o'-Z;r =87$'
4- '1.1.1.1 CCw
C lI>J

386J

us 0:> r".o.- ... nut

Ro,.,

.J"'CJTlW

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SrRt:u cur.NeHr ON8.TTIM.

1'01 Pte4/JU", 3-3l..;FI6< J~8:

t = /Tl)Y.h .. a Z1Z._!;

.!- % ::.2SbN.....

/'f;4

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J' /O~
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,
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%,.\\5

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2al,..:: 90
= flo'
2 tr

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0

rl(

Ill,...:: 60

CIA)

'10

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e,l

1 iT"I=

A"

7f'0

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IZ.s?IN"

%,.12..$'71

Nez

-S"9h8's:

200CfJt.'IN

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FLEI'1EH1"

+- )18'Z. = 3?8'si
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0; = -Z93Y

01

(1;-

r = 30/" ccu

3/,/__

J:.. :1kJoiJ N ... IIY. bill'..

'IN_''

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1?" 1'"",..:: {n. 3

~4I::

1-r-J4X!

--286.'I8,41f14.

29'r

z.ac.~

2'1Z.Zf1 1'4-

C7i z 5"?,j 'to Z9J. ~. 3'19. 5 M A.

0- 57.S-Z'l.l::-G3'1.'1I'lPo..
2tP~= r~/f8'5jS7'1)
;;78,7'; 0'=J9.~'
2r.

11FAI.[I,#I

IS1/ _""S

l!,.:..!L!!.. ~
/l,

ta.."t-::;~

2,., ..,9D-ZPtr= 61.'IL

4i

D=1.o_ ' A" ~~

.::..-==.:.;=~
I
'I

tr

2t!a=Zlfj.08'
ltr '" IV. DY cf/J

P.s;

lPS9l + UfJI/":ds82

1{s-r,.,"ll;;

zrJ ::

'70- Zilla-'" 11,'"; ,.=,s;65

'-1/

cr. ,./
\
\

1';.A'= 2'l..l "'''''

'lOU-

\ OJ-

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADING

Stress Ratio

Fh-! :A=:

0-=

=-

trH;4J<

TTlI~_,,)t..:78,5'lhI"'~

3 S"ttJ AI/

/1",sYM/Of

=- SJSAI//1:::'

(7M'"

r"" '" OS-a>

6.31 hI',,"
STIf:ESJ

~2"poAi

rS-{)())j2

0....:: 2t'oo~

= '11,1. 11 IA.

Z$,,s n I'D..

'"

a-a. ::

O'"nA)(' - 0;;,:

R ""

0"'1'170':MltJl .,

'IY'-6 -

j,5;S '" /1./4

6.37/
- a __
1'13
/~J'.(f; -_.

cr: ~

; A = (;o......Jao__ ) s: 3a:J,..,,,,, ~

O";,/W

11'1.' AI'/.,

= 2IJ

tJ 1---------:7)"1",,:':"1::-

111'",-

/~D'''''_~ =

66,7/1 I'D..

0"'11":: -8,4X103% .: -26,7/1'4-

F .....=1J.o -8)/z. :::.&J2,;

6"XI',l ~:::.

0""_ '"

0-a.- ""

R ::

:20.0111'4-

t7)14J;. -0-... ::66..7

0-""10/
_ -;,
/trI'1Ar-

'/A : A '"{o,'1o IN )t..::

(j=

an.,.. =
tr,
11,,.,

-ILo L8/
/fJ./'IN

c::. 370l4/A:::.

(J'.. ., 0-" A,,(

R '"
()=

tJ

I.,Z.

A::.

'

37tJ LS

23/3 PSt'

/7"_ '" S:i7S - 231],::. 30'

-

/lTnAJt'"

/A;

0./,

- _ 7."-A
........,IV'S,

crl"llN /

P.
O"MIfI'-

/~6.7=-O,

o h'----~_.,f_--T;:;;;

860lB/
.. .: .s:J?S" Pt .
/".'6//1
J

r_ ::(abO -/~}i =
er_

-Jo.. ;:;(,7~PA.
7/
'I

i psi

7>p /
/531'>=-0./'11

lTDY\, = TT(O,J'S)/Y.:o.t/OJlnv'"

J840U/0,1I1Y11..r:: /,

2.'17/'s,'

trmlN= /SlJUh,H.YIN~= IJSBI'S/

F..., :: (LeOo+ISO)/l ==97r-LlJ

CT :: 97S"L8/A::. tl8z8Ps;
tr '"&-M4,or- 0-.....=/I.Z'7-,tn.9::
k'''

crhl/~

_ IJS8/

tJ"'1t4.t.-

0'"....

7'17ops;

_
//G ZJ/l- O.OB)

I-+--.....Jr--+---'---\--

-----------------F'il ' 14.= ffO_';,

tr:::

/,',

7.

IT 0.0,..-.):

'I

"

erMA,.-;:'

780N ,1,.117,..",,1

cr;, I/O

360

/10.3

...

.",,,""-

n~1A.

%=

a":..... :::: f7o,vM

=:

tr4- = Ilb.l - 80,'

R =
8~1't"':

1-+__

.0

1-----------::=
n...r

.IJo.6 1'11"'4-

=-

2'1,? /'f1"A,

SO.

'Y//I.J

::: d. '162

.a:
:
J'

5 = 1.5'I/,IJ:J

cr

Fa I(

y
HAS n,.,.,r """ ANi)

PO/NrC

1')( 1 )(:.tv rv liE

16'006

L"Ulc.~sr O-ev.

/ tJbOl.-a

:-:::-..r".......:...:...._..L..=::-_ ..0

~ rl'lWl./J,N ~ qJSII'~:

r.

/"SYj;r.)

MAr

a;",,, =

38'/0""" s: 2'19YI'S;
1.Sl/ IAI J

18 ;----,

:J:q=======:J

If

0-... =('1ZSI t-L,/9' ): S'Zz..,s,

2.

0-...:: o;..A:r- 0-,...

..- =v.,

,1/"-) __
./;':':::;,.1_,-

'----'

3''Ilfl':>1

'USl-ftll.-=

R= tr",%-_=Z'I%S-I=O.Z.7

:_

."'\

M:~
o.

c.
I3EAn!

nh4t<

o-:~

c:

=(500l~)(&J1"')=

30Q:l'Lts'A/O="',

Doo

-17S/JIJ

=: 31NDtJL,.'N
$. Of/N'J.

0;..
nl

I--+--~--f_ .......
~r--

STResS

= '1S{,SI'5,'

17 SJl~. cY ~ 57511"5'-

tr_" /2.sD~oY"
j(:

= 12 SObL-B'h'"

IY",,,, " S'OO%.Oy /6VS-'s;,'

".."" =

Co

CSo~ ~5aIlY2. =/7$, L$/,..

1'14. = 30

trhAJf

:5=3.0'IIN3F'LSY~1.7

1'1",,# = (sOOI.l)OI/N)= S~LI!./t'I

)1_

I_~.

-/1/10

[1J

+__+-"_+_

0;.

SO. 9 )11"'4Fm = (f80~3'l/z =: .so N

=:

~
cYnAX

/"v,z

'11/l I".sl

qIJ6B

=0./67

17;. f-+----'r--+-..L..--'r-

[-I -~--J
c;:IL-'
1 ~{D~Sll<l----'
l=:t$<=Qo ====:j

-Go

<>...------'7

/'1

5nlE55

~a.lN)

o f-----------:T<"'I""N'"'I!:=-

-30000= J1,~111'11tJ<

'--

-5000

~,..

t.=r1 HI'"

IVoN

''IS01tl

.l1r .....

.171''-'!

.2.7S,..

8fiI;

!~

.",,=

lSS\SS'l

.s.~;l6<lJ't ..

01

b
J
.5= /11'10 _,.,

-~v

i1

1/7-

f-;;..~--l T

~.,

bS.J

5e-ntJ#/

c1

~8sa,.i ,

14~&""

eJj(.1I

SEAM

. US,...

:""'../S5A1._=/"'ft

cr=.

/'1
:

D!

0"'""".4,,=

M.:::

un.,
S

0',.. =

/)If

I'IIJ~""""

R:

rro,v)!;!., S'I.lI1/....

.....
=

o-~~

.s,tenu;

lo.'1hfJ/1..

= tr,.,."-tr,,, : 1II7,I-Sf.I:

U-..

IS A

1'1'L

10,........::: 1d7.7f7p
..

IYYIJ~"':S

= ".,~ = JS,.Xlo'",._

O"""'N

51'/(55

'18./,111'~
:0,"47

IO,~I7.'

Cfhvr'Lflrt<1l..
- CJ4J~(0) Itf'P AIIf-3.

SuPP.tlTED

OEFLI:z." o.J PRoPDf>n ouJfL 7D F=OI.CE. BEND/N';' /'t IltE"''EJEFc: WCfh'"

Ar: Lal>o 17:
Nt-

-,s

-IJ

ILEI

1
lZlZZ,:Z2Z2Z:12zaZ;2~"

r"O--j

1, :b

LJ

'3+6)

L~

-J.L
O.&D

{).OfO/lkAo."

L07'f!0"

A//_,.. z.

I>

f---if------~

f------i: .R..

11.EIL 3.."..
4-~b z (3Ltb)
p:: '1(".'18 JlIYa

Fa
~ ~ : 0.25".,,..,
j
MDI1ENr;1
:

P, ="11,7&fa-z f) =11.7
N:
_,...._

U. ) rt. -

(1z){lD7x!l)(d.oQol{lfalN/'o

M"

-Pf/s}as>
{<tn-yo}

'L{Va)'-

I'il'l',.,. = O. '10","_,

=-7.6/7 p

'as) Z s: z.(YO>]

:l('Io)3

ill'
SUM'" JI(lf

AI

osJ'fzsf[x,/oj+ zsJ

h 8 = Po. Lh (j, -ec) == P{JJ

l'

1i~/8.7.v; I1AL 7.617(11'.2) -= IY<t.rN

........
;
/11#'"

eJ;,t!!..=

IT.. : 'I7r-386= 8'/.0 nt9L

f( ~

.-",.,/

fIM,= 79/''17S = O,6l.S

fif. .16'.7 AI

MAIOl'7I/",

.. 611'
r

1'IL.5#--.

8'
s
11.'.14_"
r t -.
"It, s '1,1 AI.",,,,,,)
6;1,::: Z97 111'11.
"O"'MIN
Ir,... "(y7S~2'il J/.z. :::386 Nt9r...
D -

n l'iJ'UI',

5= SltJ~D.JO"",,,"J
t::

- -P4.b
MJf2L ~

P/l4PIC T7o...l/'

.r=~=:
/1.

So Lye AJI{ P:

11 &NiJlilG
S

I rrH,..

,
I""".........

/,/S;o#_':=.

7Snp4.".r;tA>I

Endurance Strength

/t'

f/

10'10 CD;

SA:

lJol<~i )

'AO'"

15~S"

(F/<f.

t! s =. 0.90 lfd:;. 50 q} : t:_ =;'0,

R= '19 Yo / C I!= O,~I

0. 7S-/lvON! -

5_

.r,..

I",

Cr

c.:

s-v

c~ .:(Js,KS,)to.9/)f/-o)(/,oJ[

tsr

ItIS/

Ol/r/30{)j

'1/30

S....=79J-M

W (Jr /30D

.5-0(=

C,..-/.o,

20"6of/ecr--Cc=".tJ7;

S 1'1 i ~
At5/ 301

L O.!J7 -)(

Sm"C/Las

O.60/#Il/A

......;S

6761'11"'.... "

j,o) ( 1.0) (

Csc""/-a.;

tJ. fI)

~:n.: S-'<=/SlJJ<.s/;

(!s e (1.93;

C ....

=.

/.0 /

5.....=:.
=:.

Pl</~nt~,,_)

P.K/)

= /8.t ~~,.

/'1AcHINElJ

"'I

PI--e.Je=O.1?1

zeo HPJ:<.. I1/tCHIIJa>;

1>e=.ZB.D""'"

R"99:to-CJt"'(J,1?1

/83 11t7A.-

S'",=

t!sr -:'O. so

/l.OLLO?

C~r: /.o .err. 8ENru",~

...:3acnpc.
l.o -PIA. ~ t!~= II. "Ie ~ C .. , I. 0 I C s r =. I. O'J I?:::.
$",' - (~oo)(".'fO)(J")(/.O){O.K1) =U'f ""A..

ItIS/S)60

/for

Sz..~;/

@YllttJ/

M'+CH/A/t;.7J
Ii?

"'1. .,,r-C'1l.

,t). ,}S'

S ....' ; (s;;l)(o.93){ 1.0)((JJfO)(~.?') = ~9.o K(/

"1M..:

S..u =- 6J "'5// 5...e- Ji/.oK.s; I'7ACHINE2:J

/).)J;r"" -1:.=1-0 J ~-" /.0; Ccr-=1.11; ~=. 9q % -t!L.(J,EI
S_
f;l t(o){ I oJ( /'01./. d)( ".rl) ::19.VKsi

Itsrn

1f2-'1Z.

(=

Design and Analysis

Problems 15 - 18 are open-ended design problems for which there is no unique answer. The General
Design Procedure from Section 5-10 should be used. The loading and support conditions should be
compared with the cases described in Section 5-9 to determine the appropriate design stress. A design
factor should be specified using the guidelines in Section 5-i When needed. the endurance streng1h
should be computed from Equation 5-4 in Section 5-'I.
15. The link is subjected to a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also the
solution for Problem 1.
16. The rod is subjected to a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also lhe
solution for Problem 4.
17. The strut is SUbjectedto a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also the
solution for Problem 2.
18. The latch part is subjected to a fluctuating normal stress. Use Case G from Section 5-9. See also
the solution for Problem 5.

r
9

af>, '"'

De J/(f;./V'

f7 ~LE""

SutSGot:rTl'AIJ":

coes

DEPTH

nr:...;

5'1./

LDItO

0-...= '18.6111'1-

- Ho UNf OvEr >OLU T1IJN.

60 """,,,,,"",pTH

Ke:1'

/O~~ IfI~HBt..

rH

~rfZE;J~

'l:H"'~

CHANNEL

171110/,
rL'Cnl~llNn

$;o,-U

c seo

r#/AiNETl- S7DeJ;:

1'1A-rEIUALJ

F- --=jf.

- f)EEIf'8'- Ar

Foil S1't-r A-f7I1LICAt'/M/.

Cov~ /OE~

Zess DCl:lP AI~

rdltl'lerJ .INTO

T/tf'E1ZJII/Gr CRo,.> seeLnolV

Srll"~tJIlT.J W;f&2E nOM(;.rr

/ S S /I1I1-LL GI-.

PItDe. '7 Wlfex~ A IV .$"/)( 7.7 s ~

lSa4M
ivAJ PILCtP'S~I1. FLlJt1VIffJNIf
5TI2IK.J IIS~ CArt: q.
"tr =2.Z",.},
.L ~
Kr ~
. ~ .$r#s/
.N = S
+- s.:'
'SPECIFtASTNt'13t.S.78:L
S;=3~'7
'"
~

DA-m

sAnE M .IN

IM

4"-,

.5,.,

=2oi:{;"j ;PII.. s--t1),

cs;

A95=O.lJ~A'r'~

0. =t/o.IIJ/O.07"

o.DS{;J.,:J-'IIJ1.);;O,/I:J/lJ~:a,.0766Pe

= I.ur

~CJ=tJ.e6

C_"",f.o; Cs.,=J,o; LeT 12:-0.91- CIl=d.8/.

5jOOb(.86)6.sIYzoj= /1.'1 I<-S;: 0... = 5"7.5"7f7S;; P#,=/'//IZ.PS,
-L. =5757/ls/+Id)(////l)1's/
= 0.)9>
11/

cltrO<

/ oJ

58 l\9O f7s,
Y/rLPt

9tJo'Sl

~t

..

N - ,l:tC~.. t-O"__) -

/'I .. 2.53
Of PltrA

IS .1"'flsI'A''('Otlt
I1X/ST'.

-1"/totl.7.

AI:;:l S'3

J
'060

1('111.:1.1-,>757)

~3.,S'

IF no UNVSlIlI'CONilJdJDKJ

olt. UI{(~llr",,"T'/

1:z~1
ArO:
lin'

D!/-r/j.
(T""" '"

6. ru)c17I1H1"'1fi A/OIl.I'lAL srl{Er.s

J't-J f'R.D6.

810<1rs)

t1I>- "" /2'17

f?s'- ) cr ... - ~'I'U

0-_ '" slfZJ.

I'I.,.~ J.5

ArC:

~J4-IIte-

or

6.0)(

s $Anrp.1c.rolt.

SH{J(}LQ

IF OlffYr ~

J(NO/;J,.)

V.Jc AIil'tl.LoY

(OULP

slflfl"t=

PISTON Roo.

cr,... =- f''''k =~8o

I'ftvO

PII't:

/10/

TD

SS/J<%.l.-81J/\/'z

tf:.., =-

or1300;

/AI

0.... +- fk-rc){ 0-...)

5 .... '

SlIr

Hlid/.

J)cot_~r~

o--,...,=- 2801";';

Kt:':

1193's;; t'A-

9,~~,.

01<.

""h =". 29311'1'"

c"'St' &'

of-

P3-1

CnEt.K. Foill.

a. SO/tv.

1'0

= (z..6"L Y7S'DQ).4)

9'1

'11' N.lJfJ 11f.)

FIt>.r~)

(j,()Ja3S7'~)

tt. 300

I's;

'100<>0

q5lJl%.;g3//,.~=~3S'!'s/

F<;/R=

; R=~1 % -CL =O,il

n,3 Its'!

19113'5<'

='-

)'y= 8'tI.l::5') S,..~ 37.Ksi

J'

cr~="'&31I'S/i

,4

WIT]f-IM I'l4CTA-,vO

1'1-=0.

Kt

/ej{

N=Jf.J5"

/oN

,AI ..

L5~.VJcO""(},S7J/N.

MA-rERlltL -STATU. LOtk) -c~.U: A Z: AI::

BRl'rT'LF

_ '{,"2

~f1(ESS.

A::

bOll'i.

~IfOIJt-() At-fl>

I r 1200 OM. 1.1 RIfl?VlS'?

OMAX"

flPPtI~

'/--

1(3'lZ.~~:f9n)

r .. =- ./5lJo-SSb-= ss i.1!>

sru.l!>;

$')M.

S/lFE

SII,tfpET_ ("""LD At-oS"CHO'SE I'!

t~= tI,'l3 ; c.". =/.o..i t! s r: '=0.80 f4'tII'zJ

=: 6. ,3){/.o){().8tJ)(o,lJ)
3,~!oi :
H

Lc#""",

c- . (,1ft-V

AilE: NOT

5:',..'

-L :;

2.8"

,1.7.6.1'5;

o (tr.8V){.8/){zo)

Lo sa. FI'1A"=500LtJ n;-NJ.; rAo" = -'ot13 CIi#ll'.

= ~SOO-ro')!l::

A,S",

I.IV:::-

'

;>,

P$'-Z'l.. Dlh=O.

~/d

FLlurVllnll6

,c""

.3"

5::'

d.8Y;

NI17f (o";l"Io.<J~.
1"0 A-cHI,,"Vl: AIfIl,hEll.,v)
57!CL WItH I1I~HOL5At,sy'.
,4/S/ '1/30 J911/"

.5 7/-.s/N3

WIT?f

Y If" /..I)IIOS

AIlIf;LA~Le

'IIYo hlt

.N24l

IJ ~o

6-.

cMe

A:JIlfsr,., ~Do &MoeBf 5",,- 5BiCflj 5'/-=-'16/1:5/

5,.." ;i.e"'s; j R >O.~7-. e(l: o. 8/ J' Cs FfIA. II,,(/;<}lr rt.($t!

://.07"".,; p~: IS;J//I-7'(}:

(J.Of(J.s9):O.180,4'

1M'j Ijq!';

-L
'" ,8000
S9Z'lJY

P$!'
I
I"s;'

= /2 oSS

psi

..r~,,1tr~

Co,,",PtESS/iJAi

= O.2S'N/iI.-4I/II" tJdJ6l..S"; l>/d -= S:1J/)'..yf'.MI"''' J.z.r: 1iI~ K(;=2.02

u~
~
ItPp' !S-J
N = S""'.. = /7V ""fJ
II. b
!4J(/,fi. L.,,./:J
0-_
/Z. as::.- 4':1/

A./d

r",~

f!~/rn.E

P"'A1f

J'I -

S .. t: _
trMN

If17ntJltL

-.IT'lH7c Lolto

Ps/ [k't:

,,,J ~/y = J'Il8

Kt-'" .. a..I2.){ 12 tJfJlJjJ.)

A

". (I/...

'ID IJIJD I'Sf

l"l.t9~i

I1S{' MID,fIEO

/IlOfftl-

C';, ~

S7Z~.u

MEffiOO

ClJ""IlE,u/yE'

N- S~t:/o-M"J(
S"t't_A.l

P1!o6..

IJ

.. .2.0.1

B'/T7"L IT MI'1rE1l.Iil'tL - .i/AJt'/A'-

AK/AL

-CAS. AI:

SrllEU

s:rltEsJ
FfJlJND

-CJ'f.rtr

A.:l

Fob,.. nIHil..

C~CL.8

Iin.E~NT' IN F/L1i'r AItEA

FIlDAr

J'1lDS.

o;.,,,,r'''-/26S'S,:;s;.=

CON-rINIEtJ -NerT

'17

PI/fic.

or

\17.1

CON17A/Vea

-r

7'"OA.SlON:

,...

~ ';/,lS'

I'

M"

501-1117.1'1
&~"P t'l.Altf'

It 1'1'" rr;, ysn'>;)

L IM~ 0 It e {2SUI (lsi

"'.f

Pr

2.187 .

20 '1o

IS A./t/ll/c(JL

Pr,

O'i=o

1-::?r,ry=

f-'''SJ = 'Isr ,~iTENS/OW

-~#-i,02B-b'lB1 =-li.Slll'si
{)D"'~,
,

= ~.,

II

-l-

tJA,+ K = - bola

()""j -

'-/ rH

/S-I-rtJl!S/DA/
~0'/ =-IZ.()~

r= (;..$0 }{ZP 000,1, 'IN.l//.J.,S'I/JIJ= zser Ps;

F~QH N/HIIt aeae: E-JZJ87"~ 602/J'' = {/Idl i"ro

{flo.

cs

J )(~;

CP
Sa: fWo6.
I
{'J
.lJ
Ir 7.100/
" ....,
1
/6
3n.~ IN

11 OJ
_:

rp#

()

r : r~ ~. O,(J61.~ ;

/(t

cr.. -/Z Gil r

OJ

.. ", ..

(Jt.

-'I.

IT

~A"u.! 1'61"'L.mlE t! Af ~fl. ~oo'$1 (rcAL/")

N::

1$

OA';IoA

= ~. 60

-Af-

-11Jl

vI!IN SM~

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-()NE" OILEc...nl1111-j(UUIONItr-

o.SZlA).,o = /'67,'

1/"tJJ.:JcU#&

"1"..... =1"".= '=

.sS"... ~

().S7?'':' :(O.s7J)(~%f)(~~)6oest c Z

oar

7'"" to ke r....

&

$_'

S'4:a

AT M /()OI.E - B~"ntI

EfiJl

e .o ,,,"i.i

9'/31
/3/300

/.ys-{ql/JI) :: 0

zs ov

CAse- A-/

Iz

A ,

'fee. ,,..;

>=/31.3 KSi

=2

.05

'3

'I

'3
B

1~

7JlJL'

C-

7!P

La

.....;.. = O-2D;7.JS" = D./6 j( /,Sr"

/(~ = 2.~ZS~/8tJ
.+1'1'. /S"-z
t:J;,N"
At~ M = /.sr(';.soo):: II'IdDtP.r1

I
- - - i>

r-.

t: ,.

! -7SO
,

UoIII

4.19.n

SMt/o-_

3,3b

'100fD/1/1IfJ:::

Re-fJot1B1 tJllt:D'~Ell1o~ I CIISE & t !:(;J.!:-ZO

[)'::O.SDIN. : A.: 111~Yv; ()./~~
IN 20 ; AU,"'E" Jt,,-I.b
0.... ,. 0;.. = % .. .J.SDiJL.a/,./~'~N""?619P.f1
UT" rrVAL I AIU lOYDCo : f"y-7/ ~I J $" sa"K.s/

S'"

...L;:
II

Z]O

K.51

!:JA,

J ~5"....

{F/~S~
Kt:' tr...

5...'

7!lJ

z - bJ, /6 (o.75){"'l-~l76 =fU'1S]IJl3

/1/'

.'

1~=

=3SS"61's/

liT 51EP- PtMA,r E;

'i-

S ... :::6tJIU/ FIG..s-fJ)

1/fD/

Sr,4 = D.7rS....o.trtrrr)

=IJ.~/NJ

"'h~'Z2.SlJU"/lYI).6JS~

= .sOUIN.

/lPP.IS'-/

t ifill) D :

.b.H~ -(o.7S.Y2.U'J~

0==

IIXJU'.I'YJ.

AIeI= fJ.fJ15/o.Jo:;.o.083:14 =/.'IS"

/O/JO: S,& /67~; j S-... :IASxsi;

ST~A(J)fLDltfl -BRITn.F I11An.;

r'"

r;.. =-

:1'1J1fJsi

SDLt/IM().IJ'G'~N3

~I"

81'/0

~HEI'IP.. srl2~~

=- a.oo.sz a 1N7

A,s/
..L

/.J yaY 1!/.,v.;Vo P~c:..~-+1SIt/AL

SHEmc S'Tl2tUJ - CASE }/ : T,:, -

FLIJC77IIrT7AIf.

CASE D: A/~ ~/.,-

r4'i!" 116"',g~",..

L 01kJ IJ" ;;~"l!1'tr1!:i:1

A, rltLer'

s-s, 7;;'4

Flt!i

ilJ

=(clI.l(~sr)s

76J'I
80000

=Ul.BI)(tJ.,)(3oJ=

1'1.'1~I

J,D('),s.,J - 0 ""'q , H- Z
1'1 '100

S7

'fJ

.,0

.,

58

reoes,

RE~E1lT1J

%, ='

: .AI&lA.aD,,;/&,,6;O'~Il=d.20

3.~.o ~/.SlJ J' k~I.'IJ

a...:o

IF

~/J6Z.

_,_:

3c-& + J,;Jf3oSl.) -0.218'

ZI f(DU

I<t;: tn-

~t-

S...

$.-

DIt'tE#rlDN

3 an. PsI

At 6tVEI'J j "n= ZI{/K)U1.//f h'r II) It'"_-~=

!?'.DdH4

901110

""II.rrlH:

rrt!'TN~

I2EPlfc.B:J Td

K#I(.2./.J

.so

kATe..

a.,' a..}I. 1(.21/'1.50 .: e,O{(). '13') == 711' '" j t.er a 7.Z~ IN.
r/t'EltJ M -= (7.Z5')!JoDl ~ Z'7~. [6'/#; a: A'A - 2,711 -I"J/
:0

_I

2..1.1/- oflQ2tz 7'7 /J

Soup"
2/906

=a

REPA-rEtJ -ONE D/LEcl/oN:

/oYO /I~:

A/sl

:s, = YZkS;;

h'.: . 63 . .o.K.

2/6

J"'"'-_'--';;;""

Ft..IICT71.+-nN~ ~Ttf~:

SA

= ?1.K.Si,;.s:. = 23n;

Dut"c1' 'fItrll.oJjf:lt~(J.'8t,'Cre~tl.lJOMAG

C& -j.O

s;.,' :::~,gJ(b.elilJKs;)

a:

:0

WtlA

~ 1'1.'1/<:,j

..L =

0.:..

AI

S.(.(,

b) A-r

+-

Flt.L.ZrS:

25rJOLII
UrI-4.U't".U)/N"'

...L:
H

..s;.

=/.1JJ.31's;

7 Z 4JJIl
&

O'~ll'"

/'1 9IJD

t).OZj

1. -_ (j,1lO){J).z&~'"
~"1 = /,~

J't

K =0.3

rH/CKN~J)

NI#'1l51t/A/....Jr.)/JJC~E1UlZ

1Jre ,J1tl.r:

IN I"1IPOI.I: ()F"
5:t=c.n6..J NEI'tJt. /IUPDLE"

I'IA'~

t1P 'ALr

j!.Z

~/fI{'l/te.

2.)/IKLE14.urrll.i.ef"RAP/i.tJJ
f'/~/fau:ni'I!F-OIl.-

CHANG~ t11I1NAle1tIJ~A"'I..YJ"1fr l'7JIl.ce< 77J

E:UI'1JJ1lfrE HDL.E -o~t"1A.t::r "/M:r~/c.KSt.

ELJEwHsz.e.

FAIt.lllt.c.

~::Z-o/f." z.o

IS;

10000.,.. (ie,JrJDD4G)=2.6'1
JrI 9.,0

7U)oo

IJ.rE S'n,/tI6e-1t

' h'=tl.2':f~
) / ND' CAn:-:1

/Iofl' /$'"-2.

II1(1J(OVl:MtFNrr.: /'J/IIC12EA-JE'

.l)

2QIIl+-f-+Ilirl--l-lL--,-

(JJ.)

& tZ_ = /.u:n ~ (/I..3o}(I.U33)::r:03

Kt::irla -()t-PCHH-r.
tr,,1.. ~

F/6-S-tl#llrll4u..BD.

F .:
t.r-d)t

Cr, t?GJs-zo

L~IIO

a.) AT P/AIHOl.G: d ().U,II. OM.,.LIr= /.aJlN.

=- tl.U1 .t't-::: '1.30 -CUIA!F 81At:'" /s- .3

4".-

eMf:

me f'A,f!'fro
Arl11E

!ltJLE;S !7I6A/
IH/f~ Be- /i!6HOI/5lJ //V .2.o0/N.
TIl OPPJ".
ApPS7 ;tM17!!:/VAi..

---------~
/661

rWCT7JMIIJ6 NORA/At,. rre.e.rS

USC-

S:

~ - eo.

ZOo

._

/0'10 CD: S-y:: 7Ikr/;.s....:: 8otii;.s:. :::20.KS~ r/I.S71.

W=/.O, C~:tJ.8()1I){1I#':
= O.!Jfo.81)(1o), 17 ~oo~I
(.jUI

.s:'

r;., ==~r.8?-J.D)j~

.:: 13.9JAI{f.UjIf.YIAlj"JJ.2n..;

2f.<!

J." (.oo/'/4'(,AI)= 2'1Jat..6

F~= 2'/,8 -11,' == /P.9

'1;=tJ,:J7.riN. i ..JAr==/.nJ/~ j d =O.6ZSiN ~

J
Itr PiAl l1oL.erJ:4- =-2.8S AI'P./s~.

i?'117

~ 1-.....,...

a: .1=... '" SIU

::-tJn'l'Ji
.... t:W-cOr VoSD-d.t.zsXa..J7SJ
a;. '" Fe. .:: 2~.so
= 1f67 ,,~/
" ..Jt

1.==

s:l.I.

.Ke-=2..ZS;

Hou::

9.ny.,.
O{)()

.J'Mrtrlll~t1I/AAI-

()FJ66
. J AI=

~.ZSJl?J"61)::;'1 'Ito

&l

I'/fLr

1,J;l' #={j.BJ
, FAk1J2c.

~re1fI5,

I. IS"

LiJCAI

B~ I?FOE!/t!fA'ED.

/'lInT

[671 /?cPt:"I'tTl:O .evetl.It:1J

-C4.r~D:

LOH-k-NJ1IN'6

N==S"'/~AA'

AlJ/ /..!Yo oor /300: Sy=S/7fl1Pa.j 5./.4:: 6foI1lP",; 5..,=

cSt)/"'o.; CIt~O.8/

Cs o.'1~ c.r=/.o, C... =l.o ; S: .:~. 9~)(().tI)(ZSl= /981'11'0..

R.. ".N (lsIl/.y~~
2.slJ1/I Cs Ar B: ~"o.808'i:6.o.8'J8j,

,fit ...~AI(/.SlI/l'Q,d::'/$Ao'

pp,~,eoe(tz).po ......

IV '"

.Z18
/'1If/

::

&:lo
::
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_/

1---(-,

ol---t--t-t-...,

""

u~

~''1

i:

n '4. f- /Ire.

1'1

-J

~, ...

AT 0: F/i?OM /9,.p' /S-3 - "'/_= /~"

0"",,,,, ~ 6;0, oUr
== E.(lS-OdO)(2~)

!2o'-IY')rn)

~'-J J)(t)

"'k!t' .:?N,.. -=d.'10)('I7'&}=66.l.I1,

1'11111..,,,,.., AI ~
"fr- 11 fi:.ow)

I.,.,

J ,="'
...";''''
r"""",. Su2"'1lZ),::.

N,

J;

~/S()()

=- /l.lo

-t=/,Yo
._

=: '11,fd11'4..J~J(-K.:-dM~ ..
..

t (,A-rtl.)

50':K--_, IlJtI2JJ) >.?''J''~'f>9.(M/) M,

0'1"'4.

OItZ;WI!;:S;

4IS/13'10

r...

_ \

Lrt6j .5 8 J

,f

PP3'

IJlJ

f!I)

IUZoJ'x=aoo",,,,,J

4'"_~37SX){/.o)

'bY

.4rc: 5z'/'A~=

1'14,;

ISDN

' _r ....

~~~~~~~~~~~~/-

O"NIlI'

,IrIO

,s

s..,/

ISll

WI/('~Vl!'I.f{rD)

"c

Cs"'-O.98

erg: s= s~~.: Il?6 '" 288",,110, "J

/1..1 = 2..:1//2.0= 0./&;7: "4 == 2y't. '" "~l
Kt-- /ss: .4?1'. /S.-z.
a;.,
K". 1'1 = V-z)(ZZsiJo ~ _ /21 / ...
~J( '"

_-~-

0'

COt'0-.. ==
tl.s-l.Y r e.8S"){7'/61).::
!"", I
80000
I'J'I~

"'IDOL"

..L
.AI -

J.OI-

d.so-().u~J(P.J'!J

0-...

1/1

/'1-r

('/l.-MI

OQr 700

60

IfItJ

s"... " ZUksi

'1ft,.,,"'"

, ...
Olt

!.FloJ'r''''

-2.SD

. FL.uavArtJl6

)JOTlMAL. ~7"R~sS

Pm .. (:foo +-100)/1. =S4os

s-

0;.. '"

~=

..

Ihll

10.5Zl

.N
)
T< ZIID LINN,;

~=
5

F1-+---

~;:c":r;~~~f
V D~----.J..

=O.I'lZJA/'

~;;::6~',q

a.19l-IN'

u~

~=

O""a.. '"

Or ,.;.10"

9F_.. l{{stJo) 1#'" ..b/flo If/

0,0'1-8;%.. z'/{./S=/.ta

/5-1

1T(/,ZSJ/].

ffcl~z.=

t-"",IIN

~ F~" 7'0""96 -o()u

""IJ .. O,"%U"

11, ":It.urr:
,l(t;'= 2,2tJ /lI'p'

F"AJi"" ?aUB

CAsE 6-: F"".. =.100UIJ

'117l

o~------,";

cs=o,q,

......

fSI

'- ~F

",/~z//I~

II': S"

'='

'!'1~s";S"..=9ok!.;

SAl =Z61<Si (F165""tI H/{C/lI.1lf!r); s.,,'={I,'?5)(MI) (z...6)<10, o,l::Si

.J...

cr...

I<trO"_

of'"

J....

/0'110 [email protected])(I//ZZJ =a..n5"

90 000

Se~fl!Ds,6"j (INC~SE'
8~Sr

..J...: cr_ +
S'"

5c~ peal.

fRY

k~ tr..
S.. I

6'1:

AISI

1/

i/=/.1'f' U~
'.:.:.......;.....;.;",.

3.4:0 O~1//6HGIL BJ'VSlN6 A(((frS'l- A...

IAIDUL.OeC Ki;' =/.0 411""{At(~IF/l..

TO

IMP~ollr;f1EAJr

'AlSll!lE'

).tUiIiO

= 0.32'1

/1)'930 t.t;,,){t,!/7z)

.20 IJ/JO

'10 OfJO

' /y =;'08

OK

) ~..:..::.:...;:..

/NCIlEIU~

J'lA-reJl.JAL...S7'R.~trrH TO

/31"0 QQT /000:

Sy= 13t,4(~; 5.. =IW~i

G-~ N Z3.0.
(11M II'-~) 17:'"t!l.4V(;.

~e /'IACHINSI StlHAa:; S_=Sl>lai j s..!.. %ftJ,fs){If"eJl(~h' 38,S-oKSi

...L:: 0;.. ~ ka- ... = /o'/Jo +-rzJo){'II1~) =0,'31/ N= 3.;2.j,
H

so

,f'", I

l?t:tPt:/rn;o

3B soo

NOlo

CASE D:

RE'V~LSS7 .S'TI!.ES.!:

SPE'C-IFV A1/H7:~/AI..;

~=s..IA1

cr,..~~!+r8: t11 0::= 6tiOU'IIlI

5 -lTd'ih.:: n-{/."0~ :: 0,Oft2.I/l3
hr F/~1
Aoh O.Il~o ::17,0';

Kt:= 1..0 ~
Ler o;;a (J;.

% ..

j.J~~

= Ii$'

ONE POSSJtlLE SoLV110ll1 !lISI

or

=-/..JI:J

IS-I
.. I<~'" ;:'2,D(fea:O." =IZ2Z31's!

FJ6.S-a J RG/O SA

.N~.3.

Oe.r/litol Fa/!

'"'" 5
00!1I8l /~~
REG'O 5"~':: /II tr ""b.DY/}. 22.3;= 36 b70'S,'
CIL'O.~JCs::=IUiB) S"~:. $"",'[email protected])(O.BI) ~ S-I S'60f~;

F~o('of

()J::

) :;.:.........::;;.:;,;;~
O.

1u too
b

10

'I

-,.+-f.::=:::t-l

Ii

o:..--....:....~

Ui'

leO

O()/)/Ps! (I'VICHlJJlJ
,f'tI~A(l,)

31'1' oIJr Ie> J 5 .....=-JS;2.ooc(Sl.; l7t.el.IMI&.

Gl

O~~/6N 5FCm~
,fIPPi

= BoJ{<{,Jr)

:0

/fr' B' FDIl.N ~ 3. O.

-tlJz.u)

= BCD (t,l.7J'1/z.zs-=

I?,

l1uLn,ur

/6B'ILS

SQLUT1'~.sPosr/~LE;

L ErlUmT71 :::2,IJD/Nj 5AM"~S

Dn/6J1

,.,It

/1/=

CIIJ~ D:
HUT

rtfE"

& ~ /oSD.

N _

s;,7

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trllllll__

=.L!!""~,

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s:.46H_
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1,

6,5D IN

- tI, 2'lJ

'/li8 91J1) v.Z.

A=

;
a

AV/{MD)

!tJLV71D,a

DO )

:J

.;I..Dy'os = '1.00

: FtJe.

IA. I'lll/.

it.,.=1f,$D ) ~

-UP

re

IfJ.!SIJlI.F:.

B/.EAJ

1.6.1"

= fJ.z.'I esr-

=- 0.17..IN

71 -83 - A-RIF: DE".!/&,N

ARE' MIlL"""

"'8"~"89(/~)

!f~"'J
~&.o)1,.saY6Y2n])7 ~ (J.""I(

V - .>... j,

me-N ~

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SO,..' All ....

Ir = /.;'1
A~

01--++-----4

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L er

If

F~ fAJltiUl "11JEZF

CHAPTER 6
COLUMNS

l>/y= O.7r;/ya Q.!6'81/1J: xL/A.- Ao(Jz.2 '0./88 "/71

.;. - 'tz.o(J()PJ/ : Cc f21T1-e= 2q~(3e,!fl!'J% 1/9-LoM!i

1\..=

Ac

ITDn

1'<:-.",

/(1./".-

tr"'SA

(/71)

1.'(,1$'>,#.1".

?,./J

<CC -S/l~lZr-.fbN..,S"6iIJF"tJt&1r1~

L'

::tfl:'L/A.t]
=(. y,/zX'J'z.-'i_
Jtql.~
If
Sy;: Z/()(J~n;;

~ ".0

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e--

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{/7U

p~ -(d.Wlo)(J;!lO'O) [i-

<.Cc._

!UI(I'I)Z.

tlqa.(SOiV' )

&'QMIlIi'

~ -

'1'173

J/i;i. -

ce.

= ///12.

1..4

z.

0....
es =- III

{tit 69 (az

'/A.

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;r:lph,,4)(.p. Wz.)

~'/A.)a.

PCIL"

tI~e)'Z;7=/f'~?.3

J;!81.($M'06)

1~1rL[/DJU' ~ Q?-o,,"~ ....

.Pelt ... ;;r'&.e"

k

... '1y'7.$t..8

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(1<1./",)'"

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Cc.

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Pc: :A ~I'r/_
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A- rr(Dl.~1.)lr.#.s/IJ'/N&.:
I../Il.= '/%o$.z.,. NZ.
S1 = "3lJ , ,on; J c; =/t''' (~4.'-.5)
d

-""Ii\."

EA;()S:

pc... =

1,,11(4'o1J= 1+'2;><::' UN" -EIli.41C.

rrI.C:JoJlAJ')(II1S/tJ6!

= 1'/18U,

tV;).&.

b)

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P.:.e.

= (tJ.S'//lJ}(JDDII~ [r-

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t'17' "(3')('11')
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4.~c.-.J/I'~r-J'H"'s,,u

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d)

10 ...

(1)

....
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b-f.J: ffSS"{/ ... ~

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1,'tIS'//'fIO"'~t+r PIt .... ,) vJtrl:)~/4'# :k.-t.=I.33 <-Ceo -JO)/~'N

6"7'0) _
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sy

[!-

ASy

.,. '/oGJ-tL"'5SY{A)

1r'7!'
+-

Cl1"/1t....JO

~S"'r ilt'L)

&.

"'''1:" "rtt.~J

66

1.

_7~

0f?'.1j

~2.

j(.L."

S'"

t:,6SC'I/)

".. (I'

I< .II) /(JD

o=

sy=:

,. tJ.li:

ASS-If,*,6 ~u6";

1L] ~*;,./.1/23 .w -()SE

use

YO/tS/: .c.e1J/'1 PI4 (1-6) t'c

(j-~~)-

W67qH'r

-.I

~ a:

Wr.

rllS6'

A .s2._~.S())
, A- -F(t>"'-J":}

Us /NT

.:

ASS"M"

& /.

3/

''I

f111J"~Ib.x/D~d..my)

0.8/)=/,20/,<,:",

ctJ""~()AJ:

Sfill~

Ulltrr ~k

~''f

t~~,J3

[6S'OX~DD)I'lM')""

= 7D

... '16.1

O..$"'1D'I

:z.]~
..
(t-'-'!J
Fila,",

D-/,50/N

,r-4fl>D/,<J

/,so/J7i. = (},I/33 : J<LA,. =w.~.+'.lJ

[6 1/11' (J4)

l ~J'T.G

uS'=e(IJ;VPf'<.t.fl-]
ff1.e

)(/0 ')

)'ir"

FfJIl ~o6l- r6

P~oB,/1-:

'1M, IAI C~/XIFD GNlAS)

[12CSJ( J.s~/J'j'l/.l,}

CHGO:: .A.'"

lIt.. I

t.~v,,:FtCtfl1

CdW,",N IS

!+-$jV/lt,.

P.2,p'A'r/4vlf(.

Z.2S/"'616"

2...

~
'n)

1.

-=-d.'I8,1r:&:f!7~N"
A..

Eli.

Z,l,S"/~ ...

-JF (J,SD~-/'2j"')=O,6$6/N~

3 ,Sf!

nair

I'tVcJ>I ""1&6

GPFICIIEAn

etp.u.-'1J

Ct1~ .. ", II t.11N<i-:

=f"I'..v1' (j<LYI.]?'
TrZ 6

/)

D ..

'Y(M,,){Sl7'
1rJ(30~G")

CH6C.l' Ii.- 0/"

~D"1.~

I.

~'/II

J =vs~P=I.~7JIN.

a.rrs"

)C4.- ~V'.J2S"=I'~o LoNt!r. ~

Ce :::= Go

Now:

117.1

Mill..71l1l.tr

F,s' F"/~""9-

Fj.

7'D Z~ VoIer1 If-reONNae:n'NJ n E~IC6'-1I'M' UN.

D~~AS-N~ POS~Jet.4".

MVC.T)PL6" DE&h;lIIS

1/9.11'111'-"I'Ltr

/I"""

CItIZG" WDII~O

C/tEfII'u ,..,tf'f'Eil.lA,-

"e.1

S'J'= /$7)4/

F"/~.~ -5).;'

D~/t:AIt

9uo
'D-.A'"

""'/fy

aJ"sIPe~ ~

I1LSO If' USS,

~Dt;SltJLE

90flO
t)....3lJ'

..

ISS9au

,.000J/II,tr

:= 3:3.s:"""
III
<TO to

b7

Tt/66-IlD/I,,1}

4~S"~IIAi&E.

a ll.o4CtrD
It. ",.Dh..

A,.ed,08; D=0. ?!"/~J c ".D/z.:o,.1m~

",18~/~ 11.~~ ~.~~
/,,(I~; Aap.WZAI; ~ .. rJ'1J~
CIJLIJIff"':

IN~.'-I/:
.

C. =:

c
&

fS,'1A+ (. a.c:)].

__L
N

C. -

trio (P'IJ:.~:::a.'~))(YJ3)7::

ffJ.II'I?JO''IY)')

SOyAPOle
/'I"

So

-B"/S7

'12.'110(4 'IY'L)(Lty1.,)::

(3J a.

p. (U[-C-81S1) C~(JIr#l:) C.OLVI"IAIf4.~

CP/fo6.,-11

/-1--,0
.....
~~

9. 2UXID '

Y~f;"8-'S1.-~:""!'L""--f-:(9:-'Z-U-.x-IO-;:')1" //99 ~

",oy",.,;c .. (/J'Ja. "II,

ZS".,NI' p~.l'Z'7SL6
I

4= ~.ll'Y/AI;.c.. ()'/)2d'/JY~~'A &(/,~""""~$/=/'1

C',

(I901lIl)(IJ..r,){

(.,) ...
;0= ~.S[-C-S/Z.Z4) ~
RcDIt:6D

/1,.-

Ct t./lI"IN

4fZ' 1SJ.

(3

O"1::06)(J";:l

p .. .?'S{(..S&?'V

t'.z'j/

X/DS .

0% .. lJ,kJ",,~ R: ... 1'1geu (.", ... ,..,

1t
1f=<, .rIIJ,..I,q"'; Sy= 4001JOPS;

=OolS'/H;

c. ...f[ftooooYloS,II4J +-{I+
Q

&

lJfs'n.Z4)~--Y(~21'/M~7=/o.rn.LIJ

(/,.s-.l9;-r;.A-"'.".,uo/,q':;

01-

!IiIfJJls/

= -f'fr'/ IJ''.J{(J,JD)~ (Ir ;~;~,UJ)

(1'U1S'~a_S"/2'ZD

C'1.:'

(J.

1:40")

~,.

rrff:1~1(7'1U;J~-.;'(,71

.I.~?,x~'/

-1(-S(,7?J"-'I(,<z.."x,.1].
68

/~nL8

*,2-'"

A...

0!....

COLIIMN: L~'IZm.jS=J,2SIJI.;C.~I),&2S/N.

~Alrl.lc.

.h.:t- ().!JOIIV:t; A =Sz.

8.J6IIN.;

/cS'l.JI",~e=O,60IN

L=,S/fz. ::O.ZD1~/A"';.sy""J30OOl'si Fo~ltt.. 6D63-n.

FRo'"

OH",,- 0"'Yz. -

e(;}.[6-/2J

0;,.. =3'1$8 PsI'

E&.('-I'I) =

211

1.563

I+-

660 o,6JSj
0.130

I:;

~D

.t I.J2. LaS/)
S~C(2.(D.3IJJVO..5bJ:-==~YIl~'1A/O---;-;")

O.60[see.h.~~3W)Ib.~/'N#')-0 =t1.1J9ISIN.

1'/'1..

t=

ECC~NrJ!"

Il..SO[

L=~.1._

CtJl.lJl1N:

S,zDDMoA-f;1'-3a.s".11I1 c.Io.!2lJA/

=1.7SIAlf:'''-,.,.)='IJ'..s.....1J. <t:868"..._; II c2..2JIN'/!S;Y'j-ln,_

3-11'/SQi,VO ; j).=~DIN,C=o.,&

Ii -/,/6IN.(,zS;Y)#Z'l. ~l._ j
I 3.02/'1" f2,s, tj '1)= J,2S'1Jt/O'.- ...'! ~=/S/)"......
1

'1.

;IIS/ /oZOHIl.: E

a:...= oz. =

edl-l2.):

""

o;,A1t

= 2/Z//If

,1.

= S1==o.tJ6z.S'1l/1-

P:~.rL8

c6J((-;'!):

"1',..4f

n,HIIN.

IF ~TL Don N,r Y/SU1~

e=

'\1 I s I
5e-c({;;;':~)~:~1S1z8Kd)11=6{,8S"~/
)-tl=tJ,'utS'//I.

f/,.,.='O./Zf.lHo

,,'::;1+ ~-::::~l.S)

=to.Jo)[s~q

~-jF11-'1-

rl?_IIPp.lt.-3; 1/- 3.s9.1Ni 11.= I.S1.IH; h. ....2,Z8/IIJ~= %.~Z.dO'N.

Le:TN=3
LET

OJ

4i::

1 T71~K

rr: " I?/GHr.f~

s~ ./6667's/
a': F:~ (G-/?) = 7.soo0[1'" h..sa]fl.,I)"s;_.1 '16

'=a3l.;Q]YtI's).?Qd

",.

~'3/

1.,2.9

IN.Fe: I.xt 1I?L Re~b:

Frel..""/A'")~/91..1/'f;
)

111/007
'9. -2lJSJ)'iiUlfl1J

sc, (J.sl(l1zt
h~

JH~"COLlu.AI- .1oH,,/SIJAIFblZ_1.4.

Pc.~: f5.~'I){J, 0") ~_ 8'60/l6){//1.7)"'1

AI
.J
[.-n" b'o 11/")

c;/='nJer/

ArT,., 113'.JSjl:36d

A= 5:5'1 ;" .... I'y,,9.1.J1AI'I; A= 1~"=1,Z8;

FtrOH FIt{, oS (<#:: /2S;

/'4::

s...s?

U~5AFE'

CEil/rIAL. LLvto: L=I/..o

ItflP

I 'f ,-

5'y:: SlJolJIP.r/;e=.]oXIO ('S;

....."

F~'>l1

=-.1.172"LIJI)",'L-o,I)()S"Zhr'-

.:r ~

eCCE/l/r~1C. COWNAI ~ L = 'IOJ"'; ~=O.!:lJ.lH"P='JS'/JIb La

lI.rr,., A2I/2.:

0-

L sr/Jj,JS'"J.N;C=OJO)N;S-/J,2SlJIN

;,h- 7'1ii

or, = 207A111?d..TdstI.r71lirJ.lf

e=2BIC/6'1Si:

f({dlJ: ~M'.

~J~

) -;J = ZS; 'I /lit ....

eCC~N7TlJC. COLIIHN:

fitL'

fQ. : 8fJ r:

1!tA - PS6)[Sec!

1281

__=207~.Vp .. =l.61D.oM'~.'=2D7DD.N/'1.
?D.SDO
~SlJJ(?'Is)
UOSDO
/.".19
868
~ztz1,Y,j V(I'IJ9X247t:D#J

:< 20761'

=- 37sbb

LEr

L6

A/

19. 7

=3

CENT"lf!ALLO~D: 51'./1"{ It 5'"~

A~rll"'tr

C&l..lJI't" S'fJPPu:a

ASSu""G C(JLII""JI If LOAl~

13'1

~/'I=S

'-=S:SOOOU.,l. -2:lSl1JLB
HPa-t'KLJ

L.

C,::.IJo

lT~F

s.e: KL.~(iJ.IJX/8'..s7''rJ 'F':'"I?U,

V~Y"YL".r=/Z,ll1/"

Qg Il=r, rv81!!' "~fJ/-lv,Z:y=II,71"'_L/~Hrrt

LOAD: C-5,-J(f sren.clMt.'IV6l.: A -a. (,Y/N'; 12,=t1,Y91/11;#=-3

K,-/JJ. .. 1.(J{hJ!p,'I") "'2.Z,: AJ'r... IfJ' -s,=.s~0C0 ('S;J Ce o/:JD -LoN'8t'1L.
Fa. = P<:Jt/Ai = rr~eA = /I' ~(JOX/t')U.N) _ '1U;UJ

CeHTVtL

)/(J:V ...)"

1(2UJ&.

--:....:..:==-

CC"NTRALLoArJ: SIf,f(E"

AJ Jy UCCPr rle:/ swar,

I<LI/L.:=(~6sJ{/ll.)/O. 'td9 =lrA.9 - LON" COLIJ,.,A/
P.
IT"! lox,,') 1..)./'1)
~

U'f~"J

VII!' G'Q('-/J):

OJ''

.&. r/+
.;J,6fI

L:

/3'( IfFR.+rJOl!:

k~tJ. 'S

= /I?SlJL8

CCc.GHT7tIc. LIJItO : e=?( FRD" /fpP./, -o.'l7a'N,

tti .. .rY4- ~J60~=120oo~i

I9ND

~<

@'Y)8lo.'I)8)S'~ 1.//2.
Jr--U~I':!""A)~-ll
<:(.2(0.'1")
tl,6'1YJ.,(Ii'J/J
foR. PIL2 WOO L, Od ~ II 1z.o~"

/J.",.,)....

70

111.),

~4~4

,..TII_"

H (3DlIO')

Sy=J'ocoPslj

)(
~
2~SllO /n.6) 8.7"IIN'1'USES

YLo 7U-'Z. LtJAO:

: ~Q. 6-8: .I.or

F 1Xt;t)-P, JI~6D C(JL~"'IJJ K.::

1i,ulliOl,
x-

TLla,:

from:RI5.~ii;;;,l;

ECCENTRIC COLUMN ANALYSIS

Data
Solves Equation 6-13 for design stress and Equation 6-14 for maximum deflection
.-~'dBt!iifQi\.'V4i:!l!QI!i!l":!i1'~~"Qi..
Use consistent U.S. Customary units.

:::_-.:i~_$!'

Computed Values:

Eq. Length, L. = KL =

Column

const., C c =

126.0 in

113.5

Argument of sec =
Value of secant =

0.769 for strength

1.3913

Argument of sec =
Value of secant =

1.1073

90.6

Slender. ratio, KLJr

0.444 for deflection

Column is: short

FINAL RESULTS
Req'd yield strength
46,929 psi

Must be less than actual yield strength:

s
46,000 psi
Max Deflection, y....
0.322 In

'It

ECCENTRIC COLUMN ANALYSIS

Data from: F~~'-

Solves Equation 6-13 for design stress and Equation 6-14 for maximum deflection
Use consistent
U.S. Customary units

, .--d.T~jL]jjll~lnr,_.~~!,

Com utlld Values:

NOTE: This solution considers the eccentric
load with bending about the horizontal axis.
Eq. Length, L.

= KL =

Column const., C c

Argument of sec =
Value of secant =
Argument of sec
Value of secant

Slender. ratio, KUr =

40.0 In

70.2
0.855 for strength
1.5236
0.494 for deflection
1.1355

92.4

Column is: long

FINAL RESULTS
Req'd yield strength
39,964 psi

Must be less than actual yield strvngtl/:

5

= 40,000 psi

Max Deflection, y.... =

0.237 In
See also Solution 38B for buckling about
the thinner vertical axis.

COLUMN ANALYSIS PROGRAM

Refer to Figure 6-4 for analysis logic

\":j!c!lQ!!iEfQl1t'!!m,,:JlJi'$:m'

It$',

Use consistent

U.S. Customary units.

Computed Values:

Eq. Length, L~ = KL

40.0 in

Column const., C c

70.2

NOTE: Cross
respect to the
central to that
about the axis

section properties taken with

vertical axis because the load is
axis. But buckling is expected
through the thin (0.40 in) section.

Slender. ratio, KLJr =

347.8

Column is: long

Critical Buckling Load

4I91b

Allowable Load =
183 Ib
This value governs the design, not soIutlon 3BA

AIYl1L.YJ/J" As

7?tA'T

reHOT

h.:::

F~n

A
m

rrr:

S'rli;q-II,

IJv~ LII

-L ~ ~,"'III
rtr

vn

t:iUtGlt-

ClVritAl.L

AriJlIl
$

Y Lo/ht:laJ CUt..V,AfN

1'rtnv .4XI.r I

t:=

a,va III

i/J.//o/N

l''''ol.l'1t1LA

Wl1I11V:>:!

73

P.. " /6.1 ".

-------------iJ!I
Pfti6renf.~

ECCENTRIC COLUMN ANALYSIS

Data from:
Solves Equation6-13 for design stress and Equation 6-14 for maximum deflection
,. i'it8r,d~iI!!I?Silil""'''~''!''r
, ...,'''''Xes",
Use consistent
51Metne
. unit[
.
. ". '~'" "....
"."."J..... ..'tV.
...A..

Com uted Values:

Eq. Length, L. = KL =

Column const., C c =
Argument of sec
Value of secant

750.0 mm

63.9

0.811 for strenglb

1.4512

Argument of sec =
Value of secant =

1.1205

Slender. ratio, KUr =

102.9

0.468 fordefledj~

Column is; long

FINAL RESULTS
Req'd yield strength ..

389 MPI

Must be less than actual yield strength:

..
9" MPI
Max Deflection, y.... ..
2.41 mm
Piston rod Is safe for p .. 6200 N.

COLUMN ANALYSIS PROGRAM

Refer to Figure 6-4 for analysis logic

.l!i!4.~:,",i!!I!,r!fI*~!ii~inj_-':~";:~.$'~

Use consistent

U.S. Customary units.

Com u18d Values:

NOTE: Analysis of straight pipe. See also
Solution 40B for crooked pipe.
Eq. Length, L.

= KL =

156.0 In

Column const., C c =

128.3

198.2

Slender. ratio, KUr

Column is: long

Critical Buckling Load

8,101 Ib
Straight Pipe
Allowable Load =
2,700 Ib
See also Solution 40B for crooked pi

75"

CROOKED COLUMN ANALYSIS

Solves Equation6-11 for Allowable Load

Use consistent

u.s.

Customaryun~:

Com uted Values:

Eq. Length, L.

= KL =

156.0 In

Column const., C c

128.3

Euler buckling load

8101 Ib

C, in Eqn. 6-11 =

22074

C 2 in Eqn. 6-11

3.483E+07

Slender. ratio. KUr

198.2

Column is: 1000g

StnJlght Column
Critical Bucklin Load
8,101 Ib

Crooked Column
Allowable Load.
1,711 Ib
This value governs the use of the I
See solution for slrel ht pipe; Problem 4OA.

CHAPTER 7
BELT DRIVES AND CHAIN DRIVES

V-8ELrs

a ,

2YoO.IN;

J)z,~ n.'1S"/N,J [)/ =-,s;ZS.lN.1

E4l 7 -3 I

f!'U-.s:zsjz.

..

t.: '"

2(~'+/.r?

~V Ba.r

C!J.,r+s:'ZSj~'/(

:7tP.'D/A!

USc L:: 7$ 1'1 -SnfHOIftlO LeH& 1H

.4terIfAt.. a FIt.4I'1 EfiJ 1-yt L=7S"

2.#)

8 =' (7!1 -6, 2.1CI.J.,r~s;zs) ;::;/:J9,Y

_ 1'J9.Y or
9.11/- :17.(/3--9 r-e: U)

Vb

Co S,

0::

/J't'

r-: -I
2.......

is....
:: IltJ+Z.s;;.."'f

o
o
o
[1J

/~

1
J.

/:1,I1,s- -.s; z.s:'

Z( .a..2.o)

OJ..

= ;<~.tJtJ/Ai
~.:"'I
cE~'
7 ..S',;
~.-n .,)

/S7, ,-

J:l.4.1"'~2..rJ .. 2.4;.,94

".t._.II'J

(' ~.

7 !I

e:= '0,0

IN.J /)1,-" ,77,7":' j /)

r'8'.Y ;~; sr 84'l..'
alh"II'v76D z: /,a,Z/N.
(,I/tF t...==/;?o/,N

~I

= /0./4;

92,= 199.'

c.~/'IY/H. ~ 1};).=
~/'1

'f.8/N;J)I=/3.8/N;
'UTln7 L = 'T(, 9, 9 /,</.
tJJ ~ L

BY&z.-r

= S'lL/H.

~
~

~
~

~.

~ / Gl.i'"

If; 2 Y6S Pr/....,w

<!"r2.S" A,./C 17m e.>fv urMII)(.

2.
/"'I.lI4J)t
~
/3-

IV"; - ~ UJ.::: tf. f/N

1-

;1Ii .. (?,

w, ~

Jf. U6(J ~v

l3.r",,, ffl
i1-

)4

2Jr(lM

;tIN
U?l/)t.
,or..-v

~
IZtrV

-.2-S'S'J

If. /pr

~"'~
",Iff
I z.//V.

pr/I'fl"t'

3i'l3 Pr/"""N

/(A-110'" 13'iS/Sou-- 2..uj P == ~ 2S"Af> ; c!.,; =0.9$1; C.. -/.tJ3

CO~~
I'D .....l!iIL =. C6 CL. p ... ~tO.D3X,"2.J") ,~QS' Iv'

11

--_ ......--------V-BIFL.r5
iIe~770:: ;1.7.7/8./f"" .3.3 fJ; P::~r+
C1UBc.Te?7 IIflW$l.-=

4. C(.

I!.AT14c.

1'1.8/ /3.8 ~6.aJ;

~TlW

'fJWllt.a

/",14 -/6.'1'

I.,.; ('.-.9$"j

~.II~r
p...~9SJ(~AS")(/~,7') ..../~.7l-;"p

p= ~3'/..,3

~~::-.'111' ~ ~:

a. ~/'::>~9()1')(/."9){iI.9)=z

78

j.fJ9
'l'1.j,{,

.s

V-BtfLr

/.'1 ;

S.F. '=

J)t::r/~AJ:

/)~.l'd""El!.a

/t>Oi]/ 6"S'O~ A.,7.:J;

1!A-T/0"

1,1'('14) =:S"~'<'I'-.sV

o, ::IU

=/d. Z,/h.
,,/DY,z..~7 = oSZ-ll.I';er

Y06D)/trt/SW

P. 27.' HI;

PoL O. '/0.'1./"'0'

047-i

/f1z.=/S"4D
~
PDWtr~c U,,?i,6Y /p1SV~,'"
"N F/60 /3-vo /1-, AS"6' q"

~rrrtJ

&.

2'7.'7<~< //t' ,; us <:

3~ /N.; Le 133,'/#, -/lItr /.PIn/A.

At..,.VftL = 3S""IN. 5 9,,, /S7..t-' /&t.? ZO'l.~~ C .. ",9t.~C,.-f,(J/
CcU. lowlTll.=: '-,;J{J,")(U,1)=Z-3.,
h/lJ!EZ.r
No. 0('& B~

""'z..3r

SO/Z3.9

=:

S.t".:::1.1': J)~"'6W_

D~/~ItJ

M'no = /~/
Fot. D,;,:

~9S-

VStr 386't-rS

-/,V(Z/))=Ub

c es.r

= /.34 .; D,:t./2.(Y,eY1l'(/2.S'I) = /1.,Z./N

/h.&ltJI.90IV; /11a, -/2.S"D"/''S0",,r= ~9.r.,~

~
14.1',("
,INn;lLIlI-AfloN ,,, RIf./3J:1 A-r/z.nIVA
; /It, a ~ZO/H ; I. :l:87,l,,,---l1se- i.-90"",

er

sz.-za-,,'; c!9 -.9'1

/4~~

AC1'"lI.tt..
C. -=.'2,J.lIIIN ; ~/-/S7.'I';
C(J~, fOIlFRLa '9'f){J.47)V(),y)=--/IJ. YI,(I'

IID,OP Be-t,"r.S.: ze/lM"

D~/';f/=

Bez.:r

-$V

/O.S,uAJ

' 'IIII"st.

J!A7'El1
/r,9r<C

:l:

~r.= J.D

J C..~/.4?

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Problems 38-42 are design problems for chain drives for which there are no
unique solutions. The general procedure is illustrated above for one possible
solution for Problem 38. This and the other design problems are shown on the
following pages using the spreadsheet from the CD-ROM that is included with
this Solutions Manual. Data for design power from Tables 7-5, 7~, or 7-7 must
be used to ensure that the selected chain has sufficient capacity,

8/

_r------------

CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

Initial'n ut Data:

Actual chain length:

Computed actual center distance:
Actual center distance:
Angle of wrap-Driver sprocket:
Angle of wrap-Driven sprocket:

102.00 in
39.938 pitches
39.938 in
173.8 degrees
188.4 degrees

_ ~

rSIl.@Id,be' ifl'lt~teNlfaifj20!m~.

CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

Initial In ut Data:

Com
Actual output speed:
Pitch diameter-Driver sprocket:
Pitch diameter-Driven s rocket:

------------

.. 00

CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

Initial In ut Data:

11.95 hp rating at 2200 rpm

from vendor
Actual output speed:
Pitch diameter-Dnver sprocket:
Pilch diameter-Driven s rocket:

8S

CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

Initial In ut Data:

from vendor

CHAPTER 8
KINEMATICS OF GEARS
Gear Geometry

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PI"''' e.

Housing Dimensions

f/o~$/"'t; 1"1 ~srC.C'llft. A1JO~JlOV'" C/~"I!!"

4.= ~..,,,
_

~6' ..

"./z.r/N.;

/)o~=

Y s.zr/N + 2,(I,/t)

X"

1/oJ.

P"

(1,

ItU-

1(/!1'tICS

11)1

t:!,/D/W/.UI1t;

f4.""l-)/~" "/e=e.U/N

8.'/./1/.
+D + 20. -r2.Cll"O):O
C:l.

10.700

()F'

+ Nt. + ~ to ae = Z.ZSHI.Of+,ZS'roZO
Pol

f.l

-------------WCliT1..}lP
.. = zr;V6Y=

Do.;=

X== cl+O

t-zp,+ZlD.()=

3,1.381/11': Y=3.938~tJ,z

~+~r~

6'/

O.t; '"' Vv~r7.)lt\=

6'1

1j,761,w=)(

~a,lD=

61'

lfo.a_ ....

$0(0.1):0

='f,/3$/N.Y

y=

r1f-,"""1

YtJ.()rZ('Lfot-J=

= '"' IY', f Aft H,f + 2."" +-Z( 1,)

X = o,'(lr) r ue'!t) t-z.(tJ.t)+- 'to. 0<9.1/"""'-...r
)( "" J t-D t- 2A- +- Z ll.)

D.t4~ 97('{)=-/e'fltI-

:YlltrZC2.J=/9Z.",_

+ 'I"

X:: oJ rD.,.. 2t1- +- 2.C'2-) = ~ ;\1'''''''''#4 +-lh..

X = I'IYt-/i'Or.9+Y=3Jf:."..-.=)(
Gear Trains - Analysis

Alo Alt: ::-~2.

.MJ.d
--. 0_._
_ ,~.
_ =

IV ~ - lie

Nt;.

AJ,t

"

= -~
.

III,.

At_=

/I1,..

IV~ Ale.-/fI.4
'-::
AID

0..

De.

z.lJ1r, Z.l?r,
/,J.S'l)

1fJ~

;'UO/N

hI_ ...

~.

~A

~Ale =.t.
81J'

h1/III/TV

'"'

/.9

-;;-..

17~A.D 'I

Z.2.ftI.~=IZ,JJ.9

I,n$

1'11".,..'"' ""',....

rv

IJ D N,/'If!_
2.371"
IJIf' ~ /II~/IJJ~ 18/12 .. =: I.Sla
of. II

=.-2D~~'h CI:.W

~ . .MJi.::

20//6

e~"J

6
-.;:<.
2.2.
z.s- -.- -6'. .y", '"' ~"h.,fir

OF

=
34/'/1 =

f),.. AI.../~,.

ry-

- 6,g

/r/,/ '"' /7SOlttl'''f/-8.V07

'TV::: + Ds ..!!..,

2.y

"

111",/rv ... /7S'O;<'Yf/S;7j::::'l//iel'l'1

/11....
TY

IfJIT

m'/JJ/~
,/

-/S;,.r::"

/9

/,.$'1JO

J7sp
1.2,/39

ra, 09
='

If! 'Iyy

~t*1

Cw

IflY

tf(.M ~

EJ

Helical Gears

f;, ...8, c" /'Ih,

HEl...lcAL ~E"Afl.

er o/~.: 77"/0''= O.39Z7JIJ.

~/TUt

NaRltfltL.

C,lGIJLAIl

1717r.1+ P#v

NDKMlfL.

DIIf""e:rHrt-

1"1 n:H- ~aI

I'd:"..,

A;rIJ1l,..PI1Z.H:: ~=
P/Tt.H

DIAMw1"F7t..

IV o.e 1'1I'tL

~~.

JV:: fB J

~",,J'"

Stir p.! .. P_

,~_

/t-.T

FIIS-=

5. 6L1;"/1V.

... = r"" [tzJ,... Pot

c.,.o...,]

-I

r/px=

... .1~

1IB-ICAL Ger/tfL

1.2.c"sf.',r)=8.'I8S

.. 0. '" N/6
.~
/1,,-

.f)$"AK//h..

; ~

f<s/
1&'I4rc,1';6S""1"f

fll'rutlti IN FA-c~

WID7

(A -llf1.,, Ifr~ F =/.OO/N

= p c.o."If. fe-.!Ir):=

0,.170 //01.

J:t;M.'/'= ,':r-if = O.SZ;'.IN .

,.....rr..-'[i:..rlt: e- yJ = If). U

a,6.,/,fS';

= '.1J0f) /11.

JI'= ~.

LG=I/.r

r~{/S"

= p- e-1'= %D&' ffdz=,o.Z.6/~/i'.

1I::.1~,!?J" &.J

f'x=

:. /,'1/ AOItt.. ~/rcllt:J,/1/ F~U Mom (t..ow)

P...d =2'f J' tP.. = 11/'1.' j r'O.z.$/NJ f= 'loS.

)1'72.;

Blrr!!t. :

F=I.S01N

(C-1.D~]= 21.2

1.00 '%..5Z3'"~

1":# "";'4.1

y=

0..110'/01

% ...tJ..5236IJJ.

PtI/CAsy
~~

/:1.) ...
alD~

CQJ

-_

b-Y

/.SOO/Ii/0.3'bIN

.1::-# lT/~..
f",,,::

1).3'O'N

HELIcAL GIFItIi.

I"+'!

p;.""J-"""~'
e-

tP~ r--I

.!2. -=

o.6BO/N

= D,.= )I//~.. Y.5"/a

p.= tT/".'I8S# O..3i"i11'l : ;'...

F',.,..

B~.')=

[t--.I17',.r) c.ro.tJo~}:= 12.'2

Gel'll

71'/1"11-

.. fJ' CN rr-~.J9Z7)CIJ(?IJV O.:J'IO/N.

'" !?J/GDS
1'- 'Ycosf!o'): 9.Z.1ll

Z.o(Jn~/O,I.&J'Ii= 2.9'/ -",.;rIAL I'ITCH5J IAI FAeFWIO";'

Ht:LlCAL

fJ'.

fill G~SV.t." /+)1/ ~ I. t;'

...= ,-.-1
FII"",

F=2.00/N

1/1a 30 o.

#ELlJ{ AN61-C""

Clt?CPI.Att..

1V::.~.rre-1?I,

e..d CI4 1'...z we 'If" --/6.91

r- ~1.97 =- O.18$'1 IJII. j 1"'", = p.C<rS"'. p./,gs';/J/!D.I,/r"(},/Jp,?/M

~ ...'/t<- t ...o.IMf/I:;-,s'='tJ./t9S7J1lI.; Dr;,:% ~/.9'J= '/.2n.lp.
.1D, -t(ti- fJ#IJ]= 10-4 [G-liYS) 7,: 20 ()-. FL. o,zS/
_
.J.
e- Y
e-'IS- J
';
/~. /11Jas-./
.1f
0-

0-.

Lgw

Set?'" I'.lZO(!,lt:rI

I.i9 tJ'" Nr

PII6E

Poll. roaM/lt4-S

A-NO Sjl~64U

BEVEL GEAR GEOMETRY

'~~fJ~:~f.f.~WgllfM~ili~f@~:~!~jMtnf:~I~;fJH~:;
GIVEN DATA

N.oD'llileui)i' .

fllt41mfh'Iii'

Diiinrell:al ite

e'mtJiL~~
COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio
Pitch diameter: Pinion
Pitch diameter: Gear
Pitch cone angle: Pinion
P~ch cone angle: Gear
Outer cone distance
Nominal face width
Maximum face width (a)
Maximum face width (b)

3.000
2.500
7.500
18.435
71.565
3.953

COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio
Pitch diameter: Pinion
Pitch diameter: Gear
Pitch cone angle: Pinion
Pitch cone angle: Gear
Outer cone distance

in
in
degrees
degrees
in

1.186 in
1.318 in
1.667 in

Nominal face width

Maximum face width (a)
Maximum face width (b)

f!ff1!l'!IE~~9~t~~:~[il{1JFfW:W!]~~~!!\'!!I'i]:I\WiijJ!!il1!f
!l1Ir?OfFace widtlJ
Mean cone distance
Ratio Am/Ao
Mean circular pitch
mean wor1ling depth
Clearance
Mean whole depth
mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum
Pinion mean addendum
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
Gear dedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum
Pinion outer addendum
Gear outside diameter
Pinion outside diameter

2.000
2.500
5.000
26.565
63.435
2.795

3.328 in
0.842
0.441 in
0.281 in
0.035 in
0.316 in
0.242
0.068 in
0.213 in
0.248 in
0.103 in
4.257 degrees
1.774 degrees
0.087 in
0.259 in
7.555 in
2.992 in

Mean cone distance

Ratio Am/Ao
Mean circular pitch
mean wor1ling depth
Clearance
Mean whole depth
mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum
Pinion mean addendum
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
Geardedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum
Pinion outer addendum
Gear outside diameter
Pinion outside diameter

9'1

in
in
degrees
degrees
in

0.839 in
0.932 in
1.000 in

"

O.llOQ i~~ ~
2.345 in
0.839
0.264 in
0.168 in
0.021 in
0.189 in
0.283
0.047 in
0.120 in
0.141 in
0.068 in
3.450 degreeS
1.670 degrees
0.061 in
0.148 in
5.054 in
2.764 in

Given: N = 18; NG = 72; Pd = 12; 20 pressure angle.

Computed values:
Gear ratio

mG = NdNp = 72/18 = 4.000

Pitch diameter: Pinion

Pitch diameter: Gear

d = Np/Pd = 18/12 = 1.500 in

D = Nc/Pd = 72/12 = 6.000 in

Pitch cone angle: Pinion

Pitch cone angle: Gear

r= tan-1(NplNc) = tan" (18/72) = 14.03

F = tan-1(NdNp) = tan" (72/18) = 75.96

Outer cone distance

Ao = 0.5D/sin(I)

= 0.5(6.00 in)/sin(75.96) = 3.092 in

Face width must be specified: F = 0.800 in Based on the following guidelines:

Nominal face width: Fnom = 0.30 Ao = 0.30(3.092 in) = 0.928 in
Maximum face width: Fmax = A.l3 = (3.092 in)/3 = 1.031 in
or F_ = 10/Pd = 10/12 = 0.833in
Mean cone distance

Am = Am(] = Ao

0.5F = 3.092 in - 0.5(0.80 in) = 2.692 in

Ratio (A",IA,J = (2.692/3.092) = 0.871 [This ratio occurs in several following calculations]
Mean circular pitch

pm = (wPd)(A",IA,J = (w12)(0.871) = 0.228 in

Mean working depth

h = (2.00/P,J(A",IA,J = (2.00/12)(0.871)

Clearance

c=0.125h=0.125(0.145

Mean whole depth

hm = h + c = 0.145 in + 0.018 in = 0.163 in

Mean addendum factor

Gear mean addendum

Pinion mean addendum

Gear mean dedendum

Pinion mean dedendum
Gear dedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum

Pinion outer addendum

CJ

in)=0.018

= 0.145 in
in

= 0.210 + 0.290/(mc)2 = 0.210 + 0.290/(4.00)2 = 0.228

h = (0.228)(0.145 in) = 0.033 in

ap=h-aG
=0.145 in -0.033in=0.1l2in

ao =

CJ

bG =hm-aG =0.163 in-0.033 in=0.130in

b = h -ap = 0.163 in - 0.112 in = 0.051 in
&:;= tan-1(bdAmaJ = tan-1(0.130/2.692) = 2.76
8p = tan-1(bP/AmaJ = tan-1(0.05112.692) = 1.09

aoG = ao + 0.5Ftanop
aoG = (0.033 in) + (0.5)(0.80 in)tan(1.09) = 0.0406 in
aoP = ap + O.5F tan&:;
aop

= (0.112 in) + (0.5)(0.80 in)tan(2.76) = 0.1313 in

Gear outside diameter

Do = D + 2aoG cos T
Do = 6.000 in + 2(0.0406 in)cos(75.96) = 6.020 in

Pinion outside diameter

do=d+2aoPcosr
do = 1.500 in + 2(0.1313 in)cos(14.04) = 1.755 in

9~

u-'---

-------r
BEVEL GEAR GEOMETRY

-~

COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio
pnch diameter. Pinion
pnch diameter. Gear
pnch cone angle: Pinion
Pitch cone angle: Gear
Outer cone distance

4.000
1.500 in
6.000 in
14.036 degrees
75.964 degrees
3.092 in

Nominal face width

Maximum face width (a)
Maximum face width (b)

0.928 in
1.031 in
0.833 in

COMPUTED VALUES
Gear ratio
pnch diameter: Pinion
Pitch diameter. Gear
pnch cone angle: Pinion
pnch cone angle: Gear
Outer cone distance
Nominal face width
Maximum face width (a)
Maximum face width (b)
width
ti'

1191i,g;r;~~~~~~:jj;4l~~g,!~~f1:'II!!mr'H;,~t,illfiii
!!\!~ce
Mean cone distance
Ratio Am/Ao
Mean circular pitch
mean working depth
Clearance
Mean whole depth
mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum
Pinion mean addendum
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
Gear dedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum
Pinion outer addendum
Gear outside diameter
Pinion outside diameter

2.692 in
0.871
0.228 in
0.145 in
0.018 in
0.163 in
0.228
0.033 in
0.112 in
0.130 in
0.051 in
2.767 degrees
1.090 degrees
0.041 in
0.131 in
6.020 in
1.755 in

Mean cone distance

Ratio Am/Ao
Mean circular pitch
mean working depth
Clearance
Mean whole depth
mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum
Pinion mean addendum
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
Gear dedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum
Pinion outer addendum
Gear outside diameter
Pinion outside diameter

4.000
0.500
2.000
14.036
75.964
1.031

in
in
degrees
degrees
in

0.309 in
0.344 in
0.313 in

l!l~jn
0.881 in
0.854
0.084 in
0.053 in
0.007 in
0.060 in
0.228
0.012 in
0.041 in
0.048 in
0.019 in
3.113 degrees
1.227 degrees
0.015 in
0.049 in
2.007 in
0.596 in

BEVEL GEAR GEOMETRY

'!l~;d~'~~f0~~~g,E"J"l!ilP~ftf!{'t'6;~i7},t,*!F;2
GIVEN DATA

fiif

&SlI~:~'
COMPUTED

VALUES

Gear ratio
Pitch diameter. Pinion
Pitch diameter: Gear
Pitch cone angle: Pinion
Pitch cone angle: Gear
Outer cone distance
Nominal face wid1h
Maximum face width (a)
Maximum face width (b)

COMPUTED

3.000
0.250
0.750
18.435
71.565
0.395

in
in
degrees
degrees
in

0.119 in
0.132 in
0.208 in

!fl!!f!~iiffi'@~IM~!li:1l!r,'i!1!1:liii19f;~~~lmiil!1111:111',i;
Mean cone distance
Ratio Am/Ao
Mean circular pitch
mean working depth
Clearance
Mean whole depth
mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum
Pinion mean addendum
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
Gear dedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum
Pinion outer addendum
Gear outside diameter
Pinion outside diameter

0.333
0.842
0.055
0.035
0.004
0.039
0.242
0.008
0.027
0.031
0.013
5.316
2.217
0.011
0.032
0.757
0.311

in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
degrees
degrees
in
in
in
in

VALUES

Gear ratio
Pitch diameter: Pinion
Pitch diameter: Gear
Pitch cone angle: Pinion
Pitch cone angle: Gear
Outer cone distance
Nominal face width
Maximum face wid1h (a)
Maximum face width (b)

3.000
2.000
6.000
18.435
71.565
3.162

in
in
degrees
degrees
in

0.949 in
1.054 in
1.250 in

!B~lflT1!ll~iilW!i:!!h~)!filrl~W,~j];r~:l1';Q@,~fiir,~r;11l1::111)1:
Mean cone distance
Ratio Am/Ao
Mean circular pitch
mean working depth
Clearance
Mean whole depth
mean addendum factor
Gear mean addendum
Pinion mean addendum
Gear mean dedendum
Pinion mean dedendum
Gear dedendum angle
Pinion dedendum angle
Gear outer addendum
Pinion outer addendum
Gear outside diameter
Pinion outside diameter

'17

2.662
0.842
0.331
0.210
0.026
0.237
0.242
0.051
0.159
0.186
0.077
3.992
1.663
0.065
0.194
6.041
2.369

in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
degrees
degrees
in
in
in
in

Wormgearing

WOlMGFlffi/Jl6:

Nt; .. '10; F-

Dw=/.lSo'N,:IAlw"/,

o, 62S/K.

-CS/N6LE"

,(IDPe-NO"",

'T1f1?G/fD

%.:: tJ.YY2hv'.
A= rs: k~)= r.... L,"~~)-_~_.r_7

LEAl? =ANItl. I'lrc.H~ OeCdJAl. P/nJ+ ~/1NGtC=

!?J.::/p.i ......./y,s,

-a..= Yt&. Z&=O.lO{)/N.j

WtJbr DllrJ'/OE" fhA ... D,w=

J/pcJ =

lJFDENO""". ~~S1:a/iS"1/N

DIN ~la..:: /.l.rtJ rJ.U./I.J" /. '1SD/N.

WtJil"! ROfJr OIA,'"

D"w" J)w-l6 '"1.l.m-Z{P,IIS7)

C;~1h2P/f"CHO/A,

DG .. H6k ..

6I.tJ/8'/N,

YOllo.::-Y.tJd/N.

CeHf7T/t. OU rtf/KeF = C .: ~(f + b",,)h = f!.,Od

VeuJc.lTY RA-T7o = V, = 1Y4"w1u"" -Ofi.:: ~

rczs

)/2.. =2. 6ZS'/JI.

NOTE: On the following two pages are the results of Problems 52-57 giving pertinent
geometric properties of worms and wonngears and their velocity ratios. The detailed
calculations follow the pattern illustrated above for Problem 52. The equations come from
Section 8-10, Equations 8-33 10 8-38.
Compare the results to discern how variations in geometry such as diametral pitch and the
number of threads in the worm affect the overall results. This is especially pertinenlla
Problem 53 in Whichthree different designs for wOrm!wonngear sets provide the same
velocity ratio. The single threaded worm produces the smallest center distance and overall
~jze of the reducer. But note, also, that it has the smallest lead angle. The lead angle
Increases as the number of threads is increased. On the positive side, the small lead angle
makes ~e redue:erself-lacking. On the negative side, the small lead angle results in lower
mechanical effiCiencyas will be shown in Chapter 10, Section 10-11. The designer musl
balance these advantages and disadvantages for each application.

'18

WORMGEARING

PROBLEM: 52

INPUTDATA

PROBLEM: 53A

INPUT DATA

Worm pitch diameter =

Diametral pitch =
No. of worm threads =
No. of gear teeth =
Face width of gear =

1.250 in
10
1
40
0.625 in

COMPUTED RESULTS

Worm pitch diameter

Diametrat pitch
No. of worm threads
No. of gear teeth
Face width of gear

=
=
=
=
=

1.000 in
12
1
20
0.500 in

COMPUTED RESULTS

Circular pitch of gear =

Axial pitch of worm =
Lead of the worm =
Lead angle =
Addendum =
Dedendum =
Worm outside diameter =
Worm root diameter =
Gear pitch diameter =
Center distance =
Velocity ratio =

0.3142
0.3142
0.3142
4.574
0.100
0.116
1.450
1.019
4.000
2.625
40.00

in
in
in
deg
in
in
in
in
in
in

PROBLEM: 53B

WORMGEARING

Circular pitch of gear

Axial pitch of worm
Lead of the worm
Lead angle
Addendum
Dedendum
Worm outside diameter
Worm root diameter
Gear pitch diameter
Center distance
Velocity ratio

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

WORMGEARING

0.2618
0.2618
0.2618
4.764
0.083
0.096
1.167
0.807
1.667
1.333
20.00

in
in
in
deg
in
in
in
in
in
in

PROBLEM: 53C

INPUT DATA

INPUTDATA

Worm pitch diameter

Dlametral pitch
No. of worm threads
No. of gear teeth
Face width of gear

WORMGEARING

=
=
=
=
=

1.000 in
12
2
40
0.500 in

=
=
=
=
=

1.000 in
12
4
80
0.500 in

COMPUTED RESULTS

COMPUTED RESULTS

Circular pitch of gear =

Axial pitch of worm =
Lead of the worm =
Lead angle =
Addendum =
Dedendum=
Worm outside diameter =
Worm root diameter =
c:oearpitch diameter =
Center distance =
Velocity ratio =

Worm pitch diameter

Diametral pitch
No. of worm threads
No. of gear teeth
Face width of gear

0.2618
0.2618
0.5236
9.462
0.083
0.096
1.167
0.807
3.333
2.167
20.00

in
in
in
deg
in
in
in
in
in
in

Circular pitch of gear

Axial pitch of worm
Lead of the worm
Lead angle
Addendum
Dedendum
Worm outside diameter
Worm root diameter
Gear pitch diameter
Center distance
Velocity ratio

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.2618
0.2618
1.0472
18.435
0.083
0.096
1.167
0.807
6.667
3.833
20.00

in
in
in
deg
in
in
in
in
in
in

/00

Gear Trains - Analysis

FOil PI2DItL~'" 58
IlllTltrt.s
~

C.L()tJ:WI!~.
VItLIle: .:-rJl

rI!A,N
TV

N~

!!!.!.... ~

"'1.#

rv

- 1""./

/r:

nre:

JZ Zvo te..Prl ~ rlNO

TV =

!!.!.

HP

tt... .!iJ:L

N".

N c.

/'(1'

-rv

/7lt,

Ne
s:

Yo

2B7y/?PI't;

""'1/ ~

=
I'I~

6/3'10.;

7'11

IY=

.f!. .l!. .JB :-//1.1

18

CDV~fL~LDCKw,s

J'Z

tJ.'10t.71t.I'M

;Yo

;Vb

N~

Kh

II,

I'IE

/1'1,

TV

=-

-r

'18

'/8
/8

hi!?"'"

F/.vo

;'Vii;

~"

-=.i
J

'-:1....,1'

60:.

YO EKACTLY

/Z

EXACTLY

: TY=- ;t1~y
90 8S- '" 5666.7

Z.

Z4

Z137S-RpM :: 0.01)1'1
SUb,7

/0/

.el'M

IF

rne: ,V lJyr

ot/rf't/r

~?]..
I
Z

12.

/{,

Ib

Sd/lFj",

TV=- At'/",5'

H&

; FIN/)

~.Itr

NA

AI'"

17

30000

TV =- Ns
~

""

/8

OF f}tE

A'ls-:

11. ZOOR'I'1:=

=-6 8to ~/'t

,of,,:

-..stl:.

T)av h'lrAI"FFd

PN(EC r/oi/

/11,-=-

/H~".t!!.!.

3V$f)I!.,.", -/7.~L.eP/'t

G~MH IS MIDlli1f-.
Cfl!1t1t.EJ

)'I1I,-3YSOfU'/'t

JlF , niH Nr
Nt'" /Vii
Nil

~ -A1JJ , AID,

Mt

~ /TII'~4

$'0 000

Gear Trains - Kinematic Design

VELOCITY RATIO FOR GEARS PROBLEItI63
DESIRED VR = 1.7321 " v'j

PROBLEM 62
VELOCITYRATIO FOR GEARS
3.1416;: tr
DESIREDVR

NP
16
17
18
19
20
xxi 211
22
23
24

NG
50.27
53.41
56.55
59.69
62.83
65.97
69.12
72.26
75.40

NGAct VR-Act DIFF

Des VR - VR Act
0.01659
50
3.1250
3.1176
0.02395
53
3.1667
57
0.02507
60
3.1579
0.01630
63
3.1500
0.00841
166 I 3.1429
0.00126 XX
69
3.1364
0.00523
72
3.1304
0.01116
75
3.1250
0.01659
Min dill

16 98.63
17 104.80
XX 1181 110.96
19 117.12
20 123.29
21 129.45
22 135.62
23 141.78
XX 1241 147.95
.,-",D l!(Wit\.
SDL<ln,",s

VR
Actual

28
29
31
33
35

1.7500
1.7059
1.7222
1.7368
1.7500
1 714~
3R
138 I 1.7273
40
1.7391
42
1.7500

DIFF=
DesVRVRk1
0.01795
0.02617
0.00983
0.00479
0.01795
1).01m
0.00478 XX
0.00708
0.01795
0.00478

VELOCITY RATIO FOR GEARS PROBLEItI65

DESIREDVR =
7.42

NGAct VRAct DIFF =

Des VR - VR Act
99
6.1875
0.02309
105 6.1765
0.01206
1111 I 6.1667
0.00225 XX
117 6.1579
0.00652
123 6.1500
0.01441
129 6.1429
0.02156
136 6.1818
0.01740
142 6.1739
0.00950
1148 I 6.1667
0.00225 XX
Min dlff =

27.71
29.44
31.18
32.91
34.64
36.37
38.11
39.84
41.57

NG
Actual

Min dlff =

NG

16
17
18
19
20
21
XXI221
23
24

NG

0.00126

VELOCITY RATIO FOR GEARS

PROBLEM 64
DESIREDVR=
6.1644 e
NP

NP

0.00225

IOz.

NP

NG

NG
Actual

16 118.72 119
17 126.14 126
18 133.56 134
XX 1191140.98
1141
20 148.40 148
21 155.82 156
22 163.24 163
23 170.66 171
24 178.08 178

7.4375
7.4118
7.4444
I 7.4211
7.4000
7.4286
7.4091
7.4348
7.4167

DIFF=
Des VR VRAct
0.01750
0.00824
O.02AU
0.00105 XX
0.02000
0.00857
0.01091
0.01478
0.00333

Min dlff"

0.00105

VR
Actual

DES/GAl:

TV:

ft1.Jr=:J.

~ ISo.1lI"M

MIA,

16'~:.

90()E%A-C1":

J'tIo"'liIIAL

rWiJ P,flltS I ( 8.91.

77. B

S""A-LL

.s h '" LL

r:;-6lJ 7
F'olhl. ""1-IICS: (8.8l-)"666/
THR: l'tl"u ~

,..

VlfJ=&.)

.. ...

IN

",0

r-

JY,=16

"'_

,g.,-

rteD", 774~l-E

AlF-80

L~
I

S'Avl N'

/F

Is-

l,-

NA~/'

AI/f-=8I1f
F4IZ.

IAI rr:-IZFEIl.,,,vCl:

JY.. .c/Ol.

80 =- '1/S()

"

/6

/~

/~

E;( ~c:r

ZI ~A'1ovrL 22..: N,..,....r/$b /20~'OISDYar!JI.8

TV,..".::

/5lJ~7::

.9'

,NO/N~FFnE"NCc

~iLPI'fJ'=

N/! 'It

96

EJ(4l.r;

= 83.?

I6

., (,

IJ/::

= /8""U,..

IV",,,. = 180'YZI.f"

8-'

T7481E

'-

=- 91.

#e;/~
ND~'Jb

r-. .. 6r"

-: ~~

N.

'x"

eeo'o .

I :3=-.5".1 1Ij('1=~

Hit ~ II.

f-I/

,oF

/"fOqr=

1\-/

Y~2-=-t..J

r-

,..:;,8ctJ~

\1,('",,,,,

)~.

r ,."ALL.

run

,9.8Z

&

I/J. 8t)

D.f:s/&-Al:

/Sl)/n

VP"NL PEl!. PAtio:

J .,

: A',l1....e/SO

t:AcrOll//IIt!r

VJe-

kcJo.

.!!:KAC'" ~D

,cAeTlJItS:" AIr E: z- Z .s- S .3- 3

:r:t: Tl'lilLc e-b ,coll.l/IIrenJ=EltcNU:
DArA
r o. lo'F.P rset ose "'""./: /6 DIl 17

"2. "00
Z'lSO
s: ZZ5
5' 'Is

g/

Ill"t'f

1.J''fH

11.8Z~J14LL :

TV,.,.,,= /~
#172. /7

<-8S.7

Ft>.ZtJ'/iA,1"El!:1'U

n.r.f'ltIeJ JlR""",=(I1.gz;)';. 77.'1

/-HI

LAyovr
Ar IN FI(;,. 8-3" IN ~-m/"tr;
R&Pfld7r1A/.
~
_V ~j~V~.7~'f.J")
~-~~
,IlY "6>IIAt.. I!EPlITT .,; RAno ~ Vel=V/u'::',
LeT

.IV"" AIL" = lYe=-

= 7/.t -=:> .jf'cc/fY /IIF =7/

NF .. (j7)('1.tf)

F/NA< 'TV

Pe,j /GN :

17 : ce r Vi</: 5"1 Vltl e 'I: 1)/~" Vlt3= ~7/zD ='1-/9

rrf

= 86
17
IN

ao".a ~~.

. 68 , ~
17

17

83.f1

-" .. or =~=:

-rv

==3360 R/?,., flMT:

F.f!D'" TA~'E"S1-~

""a.r

LET

=- /,2 1?P""

/9 =-Z/.~Sf4'?A
83.S]

O,e

&K/k:r: Nltllt = /$1)--

#",,,=17 FOIZ/Vo I/V1?IlFEIlEIVC

Vlln4~ P.f:1'l P;hlt.= ISJ,1J = ,g. iZ: 2fl:1"u VIl,..~t$.8z)"'~ '17.1:3"""J

.IlL= .J3m/n. -=
FA-crtJlVl.II,:

Tv ==

2.8oeKAC.r : lI~e '3PAIIlS S/~/t.A1l.

l. 280

Z2.s;Z

z.Jt'O
70
Z. JlI
7

V(U=-tf;

/1 b.

1/

tJfl2~?

7 ;ZJ'4.1!.~ID"'~"'E
NA=17

8-11 "V 1elrr

8J'S'=2So

Jl/e=13'

~
: /Vc=/J,.t'VD=//9

1Ifl.3=S:
119 .ft
/'I
/7

TO F,6-

= bB~

h;;;-17,NF=8S

~z ~o

~1C,ff.nY
COTHE1lD.rU.//J

ID3

P,SS/~L6)

rV"'N~ '1200 :: 5//./! iVNo .. =

n.t>

FI!D11 Pft46

68

1 PAc/ltJ
I

i/1l1"'7;

rv:

PIIV"IL.

i'lOO
IJ,2,)

711,.,...: y.z.. =3Z1,A8

::J/,.9R:

I~,('

LA>/Ol/-r IN F/~ 8-~1

P/200lTtEJ

11'1AAlY PAIIl ,

N,,,,,,IIIAl- V~ :.13/7-' 6,1lL ~

MEf}lfJO.

VA-l:l.:

t.17.r~,,,,,: fbSI1/TP nl

n.D..c Iff our

ee '0.

IPlBl.

RAno

1l~/D~1tL

rev

tJse

TV,

)v'-:{,lIrrlllr!'

r/ly

CI<2

/ti,,., =-'12fJfJet'I1I:A'Acrt-Y

OcS/t: AI!

T1fEN V~3

IJ~/'VLZ' 1M:! (7.f6X7

PA,1.

- us~IIIl.J-:',>D
= 3/!/yz:::-7,sr:

JiV = .J/F

tJK

LETNII",tJc"N~:lIr=
/8
/V11~ 7'/4=/26: H, ~6'18=-/08 ~IVp=-7,'lQrJt/fJ
HNAL TV= /zs:

78'18'

ill:

/Yo.

N..
"t1 ovr

loB

~ /Of,,.

No
Ale.

/8

/J)

18'~

r-:

""36

.ss:

,NF
/Y~
Nr

In"
(3- >-

--III - -,-i/..I(}()
= 13,1) ~,~
IS

etA!

nn

r+
>--

lrF
I,.

l-

L..: ....

lo'-

,It-

/)L-

I-

10'1

.1:-

~ccw

s:... , OLI!1l

e-

Pest4tH: .M,.,,"17Sb;

I'I{,.(

hto,x-LISO

TTlNOI't" I7SO~I{J} = /1.82ter ve, N~N..:> 7~82'1.161

1/(

RellPtliIh. llA-no :: 11.8Z/'/,lt7:.-z.BJ7

ur/ll~ "18:
NfPllICZ.8r?)= 51.46 :!;~I

o I

18) #4=75; Ale:>19 ,Nt> <=$7

N""
f'YlDtrr=

17SlJ J(

SK~,,!'t

C 11tae

~i
SA-ME

fl.t5c1L~

mill '"

OESI6N!

rvNO,. =

"1'Ia.2~"M

It ~

6'.it,A,.l.= Z().Z/I.

8sD

I/. ~

I UJc

TWO

eo. "-7'1,

P~L
/fo c

t'/.'rD PA-/'JtS

~fr

'1'/ : V.Ft:.:l p~/tlS

LEY V/(, c .N~,,~

llJt = 'l.5'D

2D,Z';l',J1>- '1.~:Nc=19,Hpc81
/8 ... '//.98 I.".,

81

oK

81

[riffle" ,Urt/Ul
Oe-UGIIJ

I~

8SlJ IlRtIt ,

RES'I/1ulk.. ~o=vjtz=
Motlr ='

Ole.

IW WIf]fDNl.Y

A-I
USep

rAeJlN

fkJ8LJi"'1 tt-7S]

PJfld.s; /I1/N =3tJo{)APt'f:

.$'fa lit '*'Dur<sr;z.

TI'",o.. '"' Jooyzo ",s;ysvf: ln/~/ "Vt.. "Jiyr~f' C' 2--"'>

LET II,,~/S-/ .N.. : 1S-(Z.~t.S)=3.s;6~93,S"; urJlr::>/s-~#p:>3r,hi.

!l"

IS

".

!"HEle'

~ooo" 3 S
JUJlJtn

'I-

IS" - S3l

U -

tJlP '"

LlJf:D 'JI/ PIlO(8LI:T"

IO~

I
I--+-I--+G"

Q-76.]

OOt

A"

T?7J.iV ~

SIJ/Y,-n 0 1'/

w, N", HIlI( rPl

t'I

nJD 71Il

Lcr IVa =-;Vo~ 95,

c er IVA~ lVe=,vc""IVC?'"/,(.

V~,C lJ"'t= q~6 c5".'137SJ

<

Vlll:.8Ih'=-S;/HZ>

VI.,'l--V,(l. 'I-- Y~l :: /7,f.1f7.

Rl:.fN,I/!tl- f{A'f)o=L~ NH:: 8/ . Vlq'" 11I3= 90, ~S;()62'>

n rA-L rv:.
FiNth.

17~.sltiN l

rVND,.,

36M /'JoJ,y.: 3. "18 If ~,.,

MDur:=

A,/I =- .J60o

=/ ;

,vF="~8/

_
'/0/171.1'7 - S;,W3

(!/R.Y7)(.!>~tJ6Zr);" tlff;].s-

= J"'o/v..;:,

#4 ~ N&

Ltrr

90D:

/Vo ',11.. "

OJ:'

:1.o<C/11our<S;o~"',-ff
lIS~ nvo P~"lS IJp W()~I'I/WIl"'ti~M-J

J0

II"

/Dr.

17ql

DESIGN:
liSt!

c. ",SINI8J

LET

l3,o</f1Do~/Lr

mlAl='i20011"I,

!-JUTlt
IvD~1"It::EW'Z-

/lIEU'.

vlt-z ~ til>. WOt?M 6~

-rv /l/1J/1 =

DLln=-,

180.1

rAJ"

TV NUM;;

-nll/=

SSDO/fJ,f:
711)/

r~., Nc=:S.
e

O,n"VT

f'tU&F1"I

17,

/110" SO

sa ==

(,,3Y

11'1, =;>f/SF//Y= ,AlB

X ~

-: 13.26~'"

0,1;

/5 . c /"1our~/'/.OAf''''

()~Ivt:.r

hs

l/'l

P46tEM

7'.

'107. S'-.
vlt-z.=- ~17'Y/io=20.3?
USE 61

,lv'p=3C20.37)~61.II~

3 ) /118 = 60

FI IV A-t

SToO/(I'M

woaM 6el'WL

LET V~I = 20.

IY '"

==

DII.,.PVr SP4ErJ = Y.lOO>c ;/~

De.r16A1:
VOSS

Ale == /,

3/6.9&. V~I = J/1.Q8/

'1l-ool/.?,zf:=

cer: '" ~-p'&, N jJ:-18(t.JY)

FINAl

,...> IN

/'It

0=

5 1"S!Jf?

C:4A1 A1.So use: No=

AI p -

~.ND

= 5>00

" ~/

:s

1'-;0

I<

3
6I

z:

rHJ:#.-.1ou,.:;

~o .

17fEAI ....

/07

== 12..s;L IV',",
13,.)0

aer: '" /3.7!r

fl,,,
/(,,..

CJ.I:

CHAPTER 9
SPUR GEAR DESIGN
Forces on Spur Gear Teeth
(iIVI'I~

=20,)

A)

....

/11,; -

1'= 7.fJ.'J

/H1'~/?SlJUM..INP~2o",Ntf='7Z.~
~'=IZ

. JVp "/7501'11 .1.2.

"

Nli

7l.

='

9&.IIel',.,

h)

Y~~-l!i" A/6/#'p ~ 72-/Zo =- :1.6'':>0

c)

PI"" JV~ = Zr}z::

J)

C ~

'/vP f-/VG

't!)

I.D7//W i .94 = .N~ ~

20 r7Z =- 3. 83.s NJ

I'J

b3

OIJO

tP) -

,.)

&

=-

L.~c>ool7.r)

6300,/}>;>..
Alt;

rp

IN t -

.:

=-

.-i)

IN'N

S/M/tAtt.

:. 3.2Y LIS

270 U,/,N

=-

13060L7.

:: ~ / ~,

ees .

-= 3ZYut.

sJ

7y

hJ~ b.-j={-ny..Jt}t;....

ZtJ'=

=- 32$/ U/

//8LI3
='

3yS- US

/Co! 20'

nC"r'HoO /s

5/'tJ2c/t05..11Er
FA

US-//II

/.6.t7"N/7
l'V"e

Nil

= 'Ill

~6-/

t./b" .3.3 O<Jo I:.PJ

CJ

J..)

7Y h;('.w.

/7SD

D,/Z

=-

= ZJOL.&'/N

6.3lJooC7.r)

1""'1"

6.6IJ()/,N

2C/Z-)

I'V"t" IT 01'Alp/;2 = T/{/.1.67){/7.1lJ ~~

f) r; '"

7};Z::

5OLu17IM/J

UJcO

AR.E

FUR

SHO",uJ

1"I1~ Sdc,tJno.,) t:,1L I'tlO&u:,.

Fall. CD,.",al/fllTot</ To

7?fl;

?tI('I!(..~J
ON

:ntE' P/JU4W1N0

I 1(' AL~0 ShOw,",

5tk./1 174., :sl'lowv

loa

2-6.

~ove,

Ij----'Ff';;o:;:rc:::e::s:-:o::n:-:S;:p::u~r:-:G:;:e::a:':r~T~e~et::h:-----

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
I

RESULTS:
Gear speed =
VR=mG=
pinion PO =
gear PO =
center distance = C =
pilch line speed =
torque on pinion shaft =
torque on gear shaft =
tangential force =
radial force =
normal force =

486.1
3.600
1.667
6.000
3.833
764
270
972
324
118
345

rpm
in
in
in
fIImin
Ib in
Ib in
Ib
Ib
Ib

Problem 2
Chapter 9

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
I

RESULTS:
Gear speed =
VR=mG=
pinion PO =
gear PO =
center distance = C =
pitch line speed =
torque on pinion shaft
torque on gear shaft
tangential force
radial force
nonnal force =

=
=
=
=

304.4 rpm
3.778
3.600 in
13.600 in
8.600 in
1084 fIImin
2739 Ib in
10348 Ib in
1522 Ib
5541b
1620lb

/0'1

Forces on Spur Gear Teeth

Problem 3 "
Chapter 9

a
b

c
d
e
f
g
h
I

RESULTS:
Gear speed =
VR=mG=
pinion PO =
gear PO =
center distance = C =
pitch line speed =
torque on pinion shaft =
torque on gear shaft =
tangential force =
radial force =
normal force =

752.7
4.583
1.000
4.583
2.792
903
13.70
62.77
27.40
9.97
29.16

rpm
in
in
in
ftImin
Ib in
Ibin
Ib
Ib
Ib

Problem 4
Chapter 9

a
b
c
d
e

g
h
I

RESULTS:
Gear speed =
VR=mG=
pinion PO =
gear PO =
center distance = C =
pitch line speed =
torque on pinion shaft =
torque on gear shaft =
tangential force =
radial force =
normal force =

486.1 rpm
3.600
1.667 in
6.000 in
3.833 in
764 ftImin
270lbin
972 Ib in
3241b
151 Ib
3581b

//0

Forces on Spur Gear Teeth

Problem 5
. Chapler9.

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
I

a
b
c
d
e

g
h
I

RESULTS:
Gear speed =
VR= mG=
pinion PO =
gear PO =
center distance = C =
pitch line speed =
torque on pinion shaft =
torque on gear shaft =
tangential force =
radial force =
normal force =

RESULTS:
Gearspeed=
VR=mG=
pinion PO =
gear PO =
center distance = C =
pitch line speed =
torque on pinion shaft =
torque on gear shaft =
tangential force :
radial force =
normal force =

304.4
3.778
3.600
13.600
8.600
1084
2739
10348
1522
710
1680

rpm
in
in
in
ftImin
Ibin
Ibin
Ib
Ib
Ib

752.7 'rpm
4.583
1.000 in
4.583 in
2.792 in
903 ftImin
13.70 Ib in
62.77 Ib in
27.401b
12.781b
30.241b

ILl

Gear Manufacture
7.

and Quality

See Section 9-4. Fonn milling, shaping, and hobbing.

For Problems 8 - 16 refer to Table 9-2 for recommended quality numbers. Some judgment is required
based on more detailed knowledge of the application. The total composite tolerance (fCT) is estimated
from Table 9-1. Rough interpolation has been used. If more precise data are required, refer to AGMA
Standard 2000-88 Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook.
8.

Grain harvester. Use Q

= 5. For Pd = 8, Np = 40, No = 100: TCT p = 0.0130 in; TCT 0 = 0.0150 in.

= 10. For Pd = 20, Np = 40, No = 100: TCT p = 0.0015 in; TCT G = 0.0017 in.
10. Auto transmission: Q = 10. For Pd = 8, Np = 40, No = 100: TCTp = 0.0047 in; TCT 0 = 0.0055 in.
11. Gyroscope: Q = 14. For Pd = 32, Np = 40, No = 100: TCT p = 0.00031 in; TCT 0 = 0.00035 in.

9.

Printing press: Q

12. Using Q 10 as compared with Q

approximately three times greater.

= 5, with all other data

being equal, requires tooth accuracy

13. Quality number is increasing because of the application. The size of the teeth is also decreasing
because of the increasing numerical value of the diametral pitch. This results in a dramatic increase
of the accuracy required in the tooth fonn as represented by the TCT values. For the pinion the TeT
moves from 0.0130 in to 0.0047 in to 0.00031 in. Similar reductions for the gear.
For Problems 14, 15, and 16, use the lower part of Table 9-2. For precision machine tool, the quality
number choice is related to the pitch line speed of the gears, with a higher quality number for faster
speeds because the dynamic effects become more pronounced. See solutions for Problems 1,2, and 3
for pitch line speeds.
14. Pitch line speed = 764 fIImin (From Prob. 1) Use Q
0.0037 in; TCT 0 = 0.0044 in. (Rough interpolation)

= 8. For Pd = 12, Np = 20, No = 72: TCTp =

15. Pitch line speed = 1064 fIImin (From Prob. 2) Use Q

0.0037 in; TCT G = 0.0039 in. (Rough interpolation)
16. Pitch line speed = 764 fIImin (From Prob. 3) Use Q
0.0013 In; TCT 0 = 0.0016 in. (Rough interpolation)

= 10. For Pd = 5, Np = 18, No = 68: TCTp =

= 10. For P d = 24, Np = 24, No = 110: TeT p =

Gear Materials
Answers for Problems 17 - 25 are found in Section 9-7. Only brief statements are given here.
17. Bending stre~s are created by the tang~ntial force on the gear teeth acting in a manner similar to
th.at on a.cantilever. The maximum bending stress occurs in the root of the tooth where it blends
with the mvolute tooth fonn. High levels of contact stress (sometimes called Hertz stress) occur in
the face of the t~eth near the pitch line as forces are exerted between the pinion and the gear teeth.
The probable failure mode is pitting of the tooth surface.
18. ~e~:t:;t~h=~~drdanrdeSssglVo'
fethallOWatbl~
bending stress numbers and allowable contact stress numbers
e ma enal of the teeth.
19. Gear steels are typically medium carbon pi .
II
hardening using a quenching
dt
. am or a oy steels that are heat treated by through3140 4140 4340 6150 t an empenng process. Examples are given in Section 9-7. 1040,
e c.
I

20. The AGMA recommends hardnesses from HB 180 to HB 400.

21. Grade 1 steel is typical commercial qualit
G d'
.
quality controls on the alloy content and y. ra es 2 and 3 require progressively more stnngent
higher grades. See also AGMA Sta d rdcle2aOnliness
of the materials. Costs also increase for the
n a
04-B89 Gear Materials and Heat Treatment.

II~

22. Grades 2 and 3 may be specified for high-speed aerospace applications, turbine engine driven
systems, ship propulsion drives, and high-capacity industrial gears such as those in steel rolling mills.
23. Flame or induction hardening, carburizing, and nitriding.
24. AGMA Standard 2001-C95 (or latest revision).
25. Gray cast iron, ductile (nodular) iron, and bronze. See Table 9-4.
26. Allowable bending stress numbers are obtained from Figure 9-10 or by computing values from the
equations given in the figure. Use Figure 9-/1 for allowable contact stress number.
a)

Grade 1, 200 HB: Sat = 28 200 psi; Sao=93 500 psi

b)

Grade 1, 300 HB: Sat= 26 000 psi; Sac=125 700 psi

c}

Grade 1, 400 HB: Sat = 23 700 psi; Sac=157 900 psi

d)

Grade 1, 450 HB: Using HB > 400 in not recommended.

e)

Grade 2, 200 HB: Sat = 36 800 psi; Sac=104 100 psi

f)

Grade 2,300 HB: Sat = 47 000 psi; Sac=139 000 psi

g)

Grade 2, 400 HB: Sat= 57 200 psi; Sac=173 900 psi

27. Grade 1, 300 HB; Grade 2,192 HB from Figure 9-/0.

28. 55-64 HRC. See Table 9-3.
29. From Appendix 5: AIS11020, AISI 4118, AISI 8620 as examples.
30. 50-54 HRC with materials having good hardenability.
31. AIS14140.

See Tabte 9-3.

AISI 4340, AISI 6150. All must have good hardenability.

32. 83.5 on the HR15N hardness scale used for thin-case materials.
33. Data are found in Tables 9-3, 9-4, and

9-11,

a}

Sat= 45 000 psi; sao= 170 000 psi

b}

Sat= 45 000 psi; Sao=175 000 psi

c}

Sat = 55 000 psi; Sac=180 000 psi

d}

Sat= 65 000 psi; Sac=225 000 psi

e)

Sat = 55 000 psi; Sao= 180000 psi

f)

Sat= 39 000 psi; sao= 155 000 psi

g}

Sat = 51 500 psi; Sac=168000 psi

h}

Sat = 63 500 psi; Sac=216 000 psi

i}

Sat = 5 000 psi; sao= 50 000 psi

j}

Sat = 13 000 psi; Sao=75 000 psi

k}

Sat = 27 000 psi; sao= 92 000 psi

I}

Sat = 5 700 psi; sao=30 000 psi

m} Sat = 23 600 psi; sao=65 000 psi

n}

Sat = 12000 psi; Notlisted

0) Sal= 9 000 psi; Not listed

34. Depth = 0.027 in. Figure
35. Depth = 0.90 mm.

9-'1:1..

Figure 9-

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