Root Locus-11
Root Locus-11
Root Locus-11
Outline
The Root Locus Method Closed-loop p poles p Plotting the root locus of a transfer function Choosing a value of K from root locus Closed-loop response Key MATLAB commands used: feedback, feedback rlocfind, rlocus, sgrid, step, pzmap, zpk , rltool
Closed-loop response depends on the location of closed-loop poles. If system has a variable design parameter (e.g., a simple gain adjustment or the location of compensation p zero), ), then the closed-loop p pole p locations depend on the value of the design parameter. The root locus of a system is the plot of the paths (loci) of all possible closed loop poles as the design parameter takes on a range of possible values.
The poles that provide the desired closed-loop response are selected and the proper value of the design parameter is thereby established. The closed-loop poles are the roots of the system's system s characteristic equation. Since finding the roots of polynomials of degree higher than 3 is laborious, graphical aids were devised in the late 1940s to help construct the root loci. Recently, computer-aided design tools such as Matlab provide a convenient computer solution. The older, older graphical aids are still relevant since the ability to quickly sketch root loci by hand is invaluable in making fundamental decisions early in the design process and in checking Matlab results.
C ( s) G ( s) = R( s) 1 + G ( s) H ( s)
Where G(s) is the forwardpath transfer function and H(s) is the feedback-path transfer function
Characteristic Equation The poles of the closed loop y are values of s such system that 1 + G(s) H(s) = 0 or G(s) H(s) = -1 If G(s)H(s) =k num(s)/den(s), then this equation has the form:
Geometric Properties
Num( s ) 1+ K =0 Den( s ) Num( s ) K = 1 Den( s )
Example
K G (s)H (s) = sN K sN
i
(
j = N +1
s + 1)
j
k =1 n
s + 1)
(
j = N +1
s + 1)
j
k =1 n
s + 1)
=1&
Questions 1
Answer
As K ranges from 0 to infinity the closed-loop poles migrate from the open-loop poles to the open-loop zeros. The path of a closed-loop pole on the s-plane is called a branch of the root locus. No matter what we pick k to be, the closed-loop system must always have n poles, where n is the number of poles of GH(s). The root locus must have n branches, each branch starts at a pole of GH(s) ( ) and g goes to a zero of GH(s). ( ) If GH(s) has more poles than zeros (as is often the case), m < n and we say that GH(s) has zeros at infinity. In this case, the limit of GH(s) ( ) as s -> infinity y is zero. The number of zeros at infinity y is nm, the number of poles minus the number of zeros, and is the number of branches of the root locus that go to infinity (asymptotes).
Question 2
As 0 K , What is the part of the real axis that belongs to the Root locus.
( s + 1)( s + 2) =0 EX 1 : 1 + K s ( s + 3)
E( ) E(s)
K s ( s + 2)
C(s)
For K = 0 the closedclosed-loop poles are at the openopen-loop poles. For 0 < K < 1 the closedclosed-loop poles are on the real axis. Fo K > 1 the closedFor closed-loop poles are complex, with a real value of 1 and an imaginary value increasing with gain K .
K=1
X
K=0
X
2
Amplit tude
K=1
X
K=0
X
2
10
Time (sec.)
Idea
Answer for Q2
Root Loci on the Real Axis: For k>=0 k> 0 (k< (k<=0) 0) branches on the real axis lie to the left (right) of an odd number of open open-loop loop poles and zeros. Example 1: Consider the open-loop open loop transfer function,
K( s + 7) G(s)H(s) = with K 0 s( s + 5)( s +15)( s + 20)
P ole-z ero m ap
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -20
5
Im ag A x i s
-15
-10
-5
Real A x is
Symmetry: Since roots of the characteristic equation occur in complex conjugate pairs, the root loci are symmetrical with respect to the real axis.
The loci migrate to infinity (m<n) along y p with the following g asymptotes characteristics: p z
n m j i
Re al _ Axis _ Intercept =
j =1
i =1
nm
q = 0, +/-1,+/-2,
The value Th l of f K which hi h yields i ld imaginary i i closed-loop l dl poles can be found from the last three rows of the RH array of the characteristic equation, i.e.,
s2 s1 s0 e1 ( K ) e2 ( K ) f ( K) g( K )
The value of K such that f (K ) = 0 is that which establishes imaginary closed-loop poles. Forming the auxiliary equation: Solving for s yields points where the root loci cross the imaginary axis.
e1 (K )s 2 + e2 (K ) = 0
A l of Angle f departure d t
7. The angles of departure, d from poles and arrival, a to zeroes may be found by applying the angle condition to a point very near the pole or zero.
(-z + p ) = (2k + 1)
i =1 1 i
Real axis breakaway points occur at maxima and minima of K(s). Solutions of the equation dK(s)/ds = 0 yield the breakaway points K(s) = - den(GH(s))/num(GH(s))
B k Breakaway P Points: i t
Breakaway Points: When two or more loci meet, meet, they will breakaway from this point at particular angles. The point is known as a breakaway point. point. It corresponds to multiple roots.
Some examples
x x
45
x x
B k Breakaway P Points: i t
9 The 9. Th angle l of f breakaway is 180/k where k is the number of converging loci. The location of the breakaway point is found from
] 2 d [ ( ) dK = [ GH s =0 GH ( s )] d ds d ds
Also,
dK = d [GH ( s )] = 0 or 0 ds ds
D( s) N ( s) N ( s) D( s) = 0
asymptotes 2j
Real axis loci exist for the full negative axis. Asymptotes: angles = ( (2 2k+1) = /3 , , 3 5 / 3
( 3 3 0 ) ( 0 ) a = = 2 3
60 4
X X
2
+1 2j
j
2j
X X
2
+1 2j
then
s 2 + 4 s + 3 = ( s + 1)( s + 3) = 0 s = 1 , 3
Departure angle from p2 . z1 = tan-1( (2/3) / ) = 33.7 p1 = tan-1(2/ (2/-1) = 116.6 -z1 p3 = 90 O
4
p 2
-p2 X
33.7
2j
116. 116 .6
X -p
90
+1
-pX 3
2j
B s j
1
A
O
C
X
BCD K = A
D
X