POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

SEM-8TH

UNIT 1- CONTROL CENTRE OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS

Syllabus/ Topics to be studied

Introduction to SCADA Control Centre Digital Computer Configuration Automatic Generation Control Area Control Error Operation Without Central Computers Expression for Tie Line Flow Parallel Operation of Generators Area Lumped Dynamic Model

a. Stable AC voltages at near nominal values and at near rated

frequency subject to acceptable minor variations, free from annoying voltage flicker, voltage sags and frequency fluctuations.

b. sinusoidal current and voltage wave forms free from higher order
harmonics All electrical equipments are rated to operate at near rated voltage and rated frequency.

For economical technical reasons, individual power systems are organized in the form of electrically connected areas or regional grids. .

Major Concerns of Power System Design and Operation

Quality : Continuous at desired frequency and voltage level Reliability : Minimum failure rate of components and systems Security : Robustness - normal state even after disturbances Stability : Maintain synchronism under disturbances Economy : Minimize Capital, running and maintenance Costs

1.2

Need for Power System Management

Demand for Power Increasing every day - No of transmission line, Sub-stations, Transformers, switchgear etc.,

Operation and Interaction is more and more complex Essential to monitor simultaneously for the total system at a focal point ENERGY LOAD CENTRE

Components of power system operation and control

Information gathering and processing Decision and control System integration

Energy Load Centre

As power systems increased in size, so did the number of lines,

substations, transformers, switchgear etc. Their operation and interactions became more complex and hence it is necessary to monitor this information simultaneously for the total system at a focal point called as Energy Control Centre.

 The energy control center (ECC) has traditionally been the decisioncenter for the electric transmission and generation interconnected system.

The fundamental design feature is increase in system reliability and

economic feasibility

The function of energy load centre is to control the function of

coordinating the response in both normal and emergency conditions.

Digital Computers are very effectively used for the purpose. Their
function is to process the data, detect abnormalities, alarm the human operator by lights, buzzers, screens etc., depending on the severity of the problem.

Control Centre of a Power System

Human Machine Interface equipped with CRT presentations Keyboards change parameters Special function keyboards- alter transformer taps, switch line capacitors etc., Light-Pen cursor open or close circuit breakers Alarm lights, alarms, dedicated telephone communications with generating stations and transmission substations, neighboring

power utilities

Control Features Control Centre

System Commands Mode of control Units base / peak load AGC Automatic Generation Control Data Entry Alarms To find source of alarm and necessary action Plant/Substation selection Special Functions - To send/retrieve data etc., Readout control Output to CRT/printers etc., CPU control Selection for the computer Functions of Control Centre

Short, Medium and Long-term Load Forecasting System Planning Unit Commitment and maintenance Scheduling Security Monitoring State Estimation Economic Dispatch Load Frequency Control

1.3 SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

One of key processes of SCADA is the ability to monitor an entire system in real time. This is facilitated by data acquisitions including meter reading, checking statuses of sensors, etc that are communicated at regular intervals depending on the system. A well planned and implemented SCADA system not only helps utilities deliver power reliably and safely to their customers but it also helps to lower the costs and achieve higher customer satisfaction and retention. SCADA Why do we need it?

If we did not have SCADA, we would have very inefficient use of human resources and this would cost us (Rs,Rs,Rs)

In todays restructured environment SCADA is critical in handling the volume of data needed in a timely fashion

Service restoration would involve travel time and would be significantly higher

It is essential to maintain reliability

SCADA - Architecture

Basic elements are sensors which measure the desired quantities Current Transformers CTs measure currents and Potential

Transformers PTs-measure voltages.

Today there is a whole new breed of Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) This data is fed to a remote terminal unit (RTU) The master computer or unit resides at the control center EMS

SCADA - Process

Master unit scan RTUs for reports, if reports exist, RTU sends back the data and the master computer places it in memory

In some new substation architectures there could be significant local processing of data which could then be sent to the control center.

The data is then displayed on CRTs and printed

SCADA - Logging

The SCADA provides a complete log of the system The log could be provided for the entire system or part of the system Type of information provided Time of event Circuit breaker status Current measurements, voltage measurements, calculated flows, energy, etc.

 Line and equipment ratings

SCADA as a System A SCADA system usually includes signal hardware (input and output), controllers, networks, user interface (HMI), communications equipment and software. All together, the term SCADA refers to the entire central system. The central system usually monitors data from various sensors that are either in close proximity or off site (sometimes miles away). For the most part, the brains of a SCADA system are performed by the Remote Terminal Units (sometimes referred to as the RTU). The Remote Terminal Units consists of a programmable logic converter. The RTU are usually set to specific requirements, however, most RTU allow human intervention, for instance, in a factory setting, the RTU might control the setting of a conveyer belt, and the speed can be changed or overridden at any time by human intervention. In addition, any changes or errors are usually automatically logged for and/or displayed. Most often, a SCADA system will monitor and make slight changes to function optimally; SCADA systems are considered closed loop systems and run with relatively little human intervention. SCADA can be seen as a system with many data elements called points. Usually each point is a monitor or sensor. Usually points can be either hard or soft. A hard data point can be an actual monitor; a soft point can be seen as an application or software calculation. Data elements from hard and soft points are usually always recorded and logged to create a time stamp or history

User Interface Human Machine Interface (HMI)

A SCADA system includes a user interface, usually called Human Machine Interface (HMI).

The HMI of a SCADA system is where data is processed and presented to be viewed and monitored by a human operator. This interface usually includes controls where the individual can interface with the SCADA system. HMI's are an easy way to standardize the facilitation of monitoring multiple RTU's or PLC's (programmable logic controllers). Usually RTU's or PLC's will run a pre programmed process, but monitoring each of them individually can be difficult, usually because they are spread out over the system. Because RTU's and PLC's historically had no standardized method to display or present data to an operator, the SCADA system communicates with PLC's throughout the system network and processes information that is easily disseminated by the HMI. HMI's can also be linked to a database, which can use data gathered from PLC's or RTU's to provide graphs on trends, logistic info, schematics for a specific sensor or machine or even make troubleshooting guides accessible. In the last decade, practically all SCADA systems include an integrated HMI and PLC device making it extremely easy to run and monitor a SCADA system. Todays SCADA systems, in response to changing business needs, have added new functionalities and are aiding strategic advancements towards interactive, self healing smart grids of the future. A modern SCADA system is also a strategic investment which is a must-have for utilities of all sizes facing the challenges of the competitive market and increased levels of real time data exchange that comes with it (Independent Market Operator, Regional Transmission Operator, Major C&I establishments etc). A well planned and implemented SCADA system not only helps utilities deliver power reliably and safely to their customers but it also helps to lower the costs and achieve higher customer satisfaction and retention. Modern SCADA systems are already contributing and playing a key role at many utilities towards achieving :

New levels in electric grid reliability increased revenue. Proactive problem detection and resolution higher reliability. Meeting the mandated power quality requirements increased customer satisfaction.

Real time strategic decision making cost reductions and increased revenue

Critical Functions of SCADA

Following functions are carried out every 2 seconds:

Switchgear Position, Transformer taps, Capacitor banks Tie line flows and interchange schedules Generator loads, voltage etc., Verification on links between computer and remote equipment

Modern SCADA systems are already contributing and playing a key role at many utilities towards achieving : - New levels in electric grid reliability increased revenue.

- Proactive problem detection and resolution higher reliability. - Meeting the mandated power quality requirements increased customer satisfaction. - Real time strategic decision making cost reductions and increased revenue.

Digital Computer Configuration

Major functions

- Data acquisition control - Energy Management

- System Security
For best/secured operation 100% redundancy is used Dual Digital Computers

i) on-line computer monitors and controls the system ii) Backup computer load forecasting or hydro thermal allocations

The digital computers are usually employed in a fixed-cycle operating mode with priority interrupts wherein the computer periodically performs a list of operation. The most critical functions have the fastest scan cycle. Typically the following categories are scanned every 2 seconds:

All status points such as switchgear position (open or closed), substation loads and voltages, transformer tap positions, and capacitor banks etc.,

Tie line flows and interchange schedules Generator loads, voltage, operating limits and boiler capacity Telemetry verificationto detect failures and errors in the bilateral communication links between the digital computer and the remote equipment.

Important Areas of Concern in power System

Automatic Generation Control (AGC) On-line Computer Control that maintains overall system frequency and net tie-line load exchange through interconnection Economic Load Dispatch On-line computer control to supply load demand using all interconnected systems power in the most economical manner

AGC is the name given to a control system having three major objectives :

a. To hold system frequency at or very close to a specified nominal value (50 or 60Hz) b. To maintain the correct value of interchange power between control areas c. To maintain each units generation at the most economic value.

To implement an AGC system, the following information is required :

Unit megawatt output of each committed unit Megawatt flow over each tie line to neighboring systems System frequency

Usually, neighbouring power companies are interconnected by one or more transmission lines called Tie Lines. The objective is to buy or sell power with neighbouring systems whose operating costs make such transactions profitable. Also, even if no power is being transmitted over ties to neighbouring system, if one system has a sudden loss of a generating unit, the units throughout all the interconnection will experience a frequency change and can help in restoring frequency.

Advantages of interconnected system

Reduces Reserve Capacity thus reduces installed capacity Capital Cost/kW is less for larger Unit - in India single unit can support >500MW because of interconnection

Effective Use of Generators Optimization of Generation installed capacity is reduced Reliability

Disadvantages of interconnected system

Fault get Propagated calls for fast switchgear CB rating increases Proper management required EMS and it must be automated Economic load dispatch - Base load and Peak Load

National Regional Electricity Boards

Northern Regional Electricity Board Western Regional Electricity Board Southern Regional Electricity Board Eastern Regional Electricity Board North-east Regional Electricity Board

Goal To have National Grid to improve efficiency of the whole National Power Grid

Control Area Concept

All generators are tightly coupled together to form Coherent Group - all generators respond to changes in load or speed changer setting Control Area frequency is assumed to be constant throughout in static and dynamic conditions For the purpose of analysis, a control area can be reduced to a single speed governor, turbo generator and load system

Interconnected Power System

Functions

Exchange or sale of power Disturbed areas taking other areas help Long distance sale and transfer of power

1.6 Area Control Error ACE To maintain a net interchange of power with its area neighbors, an AGC uses real power flow measurements of all tie linesa emanating from the area and subtracts the scheduled interchange to calculate an error value. The net power interchange, together with a gain, B (MW/0.1Hz), called the frequency bias, as a multiplier on the frequency deviation is called the Area Control Error (ACE) given by,

Pk = Power in Tie lIne - +ve out of the area Ps Scheduled Power Interchange f0 Base frequency, fact Actual frequency +ve ACE indicates flow out of the area.

ACE Input to AGC

The real power summation of ACE loses information as to the flow of individual tie lines but is concerned with area net generation. The tie lines transfer power through the area from one neighbor to the next, called Wheeling Power. The wheeling power cancels algebraically in the ACE. Thus one area purchases or sells blocks of power (MWh) with non-neighbor utilities. Power Sale from A to C

A selling a power p to C, then ACE for A = p

Power export starts until its AGC forces ACE to become zero Area C introduces '-p' into its ACE Power flows in to area C until its ACE becomes zero Areas B & C must be aware of the power exchange as they are also interconnectedThe minimum requirements of AGC on controlling the interchange of power and frequency have been established by NERC North American Electric Reliability Council, which is comprised of representatives of the major operating power pools. This committee specifies the following criteria as minimum performance expected by AGC