The Institute of

Chartered Accountants
Of Pakistan

Final
Examinations
Syllabus
Modules E & F

September 2006

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 Final Stage Examination Structure

FINAL
EXAMINATIONS

MODULE – E MARKS

Paper E 13 Information Technology Management,

Audit and Control 100

Paper E 14 Advanced Accounting & Financial Reporting 100

Paper E 15 Corporate Laws 100

Paper E 16 Business Management 100

MODULE - F

Paper F 17 Management Accounting 100

Paper F 18 Business Finance Decisions 100

Paper F 19 Advanced Taxation 100

Paper F 20 Advanced Auditing 100

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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control
FINAL EXAMINATION
MODULE E

PAPER E 13: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, AUDIT

AND CONTROL (100 marks)

INTRODUCTION
This syllabus aims to provide:

- Essential body of IT knowledge related to business information systems.

- IT security, control and governance knowledge related to business information
systems.
- Application of knowledge to manage the above and evaluate IT.

The Case studies in ICAP study material for this syllabus are designed to assist the
students in enhancing their knowledge and skills in: Managerial role; Evaluator role;
Enterprise resource planning; and Electronic Commerce.
Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.

CONTENTS:
1. IT Strategy and Management
Broad knowledge / Main topic Illustrative sub-topics
skill area coverage
IT strategy Strategic ƒ Planning of information systems
considerations in based on business success
IT development factors/criteria
ƒ Position of the entity within its
industry/sector
ƒ Alignment/integration with
business objectives/success
factors
ƒ Risks: economic, technical,
operational, behavioral
ƒ Components of long range plans
ƒ Operational dynamics that
influences the entity’s
business/programs
E-Business ƒ Business to Consumer (B2C)
models ƒ Business to Business (B2B)
ƒ Business to Employee (B2E)
ƒ Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
ƒ Government to Citizen (G2C)
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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control
Management of IT Management of ƒ Developing operational priorities
computer ƒ Compatibility of computers
operations ƒ Planning IT capacity
ƒ Impact of IT on procedures
ƒ Data/information architecture
ƒ IT infrastructures (hardware,
facilities, networks)
ƒ Software (systems, applications,
utilities)
ƒ Performance measurement
(productivity, service quality)
Management of ƒ Collaborative computing
inter- ƒ Distributed system
organizational ƒ EDI and electronic commerce
computing ƒ Outsourced services (ISPs,
ASPs, etc.)
Management of ƒ Technology diffusion
end-user ƒ Information center, help desk
computing ƒ End-user system security
ƒ Support for end-user
applications
Financial analysis ƒ Capital budget
and control ƒ Time/expense tracking
ƒ Cost charge out / monitoring
ƒ Accounting for system costs
IT control ƒ Effectiveness, efficiency,
objectives economy of operations
ƒ Reliability of financial reporting
ƒ Effectiveness of controls
(design, operation)
ƒ IT asset safeguarding
ƒ Compliance with applicable laws
and regulations
ƒ System reliability:
- Availability and continuity
(back-up, recovery)
- Access controls (physical,
logical)
- Processing integrity
(completeness, accuracy,
timeliness, authorization)
- Data integrity

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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control
Software E-business ƒ Supply chain management
enabling software (SCM)
ƒ Enterprise resource planning
(ERP)
ƒ Sales force automation (SFA)
ƒ Customer relationship
management (CRM)
ƒ Electronic commerce systems:
- Brochure, catalog, order
entry, payment processing,
fulfillment
- Knowledge management
systems
- Knowledge creation, capture,
sharing, maintenance
IFAC Guidelines / ƒ Managing Information
discussion papers Technology Planning for
Business Impact
ƒ Acquisition of Information
Technology
ƒ The Implementation of
Information Technology
Solutions
ƒ IT service Delivery and Support
ƒ Executive Checklist.
2. Information Technology Security, Control and Management
Main topic Illustrative sub-topics
Broad knowledge /
skill area
coverage

Control frameworks Risks and ƒ Error, fraud, vandalism/abuse,

exposures in business interruption,
computer-based competitive disadvantage,
information excessive cost, deficient
systems revenues, statutory sanctions,
social costs, etc.
ƒ Effect of IT audit on
organization, controls
- Economic, technical,
operational, behavioral
considerations
- Cost/benefit
IT control ƒ COBIT, ITCG, SysTrust,
frameworks WebTrust, etc
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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control
Control objectives Effectiveness, ƒ Cost effectiveness of control
efficiency, procedures
economy of
operations
Reliability of ƒ Relevance, reliability,
financial reporting comparability / consistency
Effectiveness of ƒ At a point in time; during a
control (design, period of time
operation)
IT asset ƒ Evaluation of facilities
safeguarding management and IT asset
safeguarding
Compliance with ƒ Prevention/detection of fraud,
applicable laws error and illegal acts
and regulations ƒ Privacy, confidentiality,
copyright issues
System reliability ƒ Availability and continuity (back-
up, recovery)
ƒ Access control (physical, logical)
ƒ Processing integrity
(completeness, accuracy,
timeliness, authorization)

Data integrity ƒ Completeness, accuracy,

currency / timeliness,
consistency/comparability,
authorization, auditability,
ƒ Input /output;
reception/distributic controls
Layer of control Societal ƒ Attitudes, laws and regulations
Organizational Board level, management level,
environment IT administrative /operational
Technology level
infrastructure ƒ Hardware, facilities, network
Software System, application
Business process ƒ User departments, individual
user
Responsibility for Role and ƒ Board, top management
control responsibilities of ƒ IT management and IT
key parties personnel
ƒ User departments, individuals
ƒ Auditors

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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control

Control environment External ƒ Record keeping, privacy,

regulatory copyright, taxation, etc,
controls
Board/audit ƒ Regulatory compliance, fiduciary
committee obligations, IT governance,
governance system reliability
Management ƒ Integrity and ethical values,
philosophy and commitment to competence
operating style
Plans/structure of ƒ Leadership for IT organization,
organization organization of IT function,
segregation of incompatible IT
and user functions, partnership
with other organizations
Method to ƒ Business practices, codes of
communicate the conduct, documentation of
assignment of systems, operations, user
authority and responsibilities, reporting
responsibility relationships
Management ƒ Strategic planning, business
control methods system/IT integration planning,
budgeting, performance
measurement, monitoring,
compliance with policies
Human resource ƒ Hiring, training, evaluation,
policies and compensation of IT personnel,
practices career paths
Financial policies ƒ Budgeting process; Cost charge
and practices out methods;
Risk assessment Risk categories ƒ Economic, technical,
operational behavioral
ƒ Main reason for failure of
computer Projects
ƒ Error, fraud , vandalism/abuse,
business interruption,
competitive disadvantage,
excessive cost, deficient
revenues, statutory sanctions,
social costs, etc.

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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control

Probability of loss ƒ Quantitative / qualitative

Consequences ƒ Monetary, non-monetary
ƒ Balancing costs of controls vs.
costs of unmitigated risks
Control activities Control design ƒ Objectives, framework,
environment, activities,
monitoring
ƒ Legal, ethical, professional
standards/requirements
ƒ Preventive/detective /corrective
strategies
ƒ Effective control environment
(personnel management
methods)
ƒ Preventative application controls
ƒ Detective application controls
ƒ Contingency plans, insurance
Control ƒ Authorization
procedures ƒ Separation of incompatible
functions (organizational design,
user identification, data
clarification, user/function/data
authorization matrix, user
authentication)
ƒ Adequate documents and
records
ƒ Asset safeguards; limitation of
access to assets
ƒ Independent check on
performance; verification of
accounting records, comparison
of accounting records with
assets
ƒ Computer-dependent controls
(edit, validation, etc.)
ƒ User controls (control balancing,
manual follow-up, etc.)
ƒ Audit trails
ƒ Error identification/investigation
/correction / tracking
Control over data ƒ Understanding of data protection
integrity, privacy legislation
and security ƒ Consideration of personnel
issues and confidentiality
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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control
ƒ Classification of information
ƒ Access management controls
ƒ Physical design and access
control

ƒ Logical access control (user

authorization matrix)
ƒ Network security (encryption,
firewalls)
ƒ Program security techniques
ƒ Monitoring and surveillance
techniques
Control activities Availability / ƒ Threat and risk management
continuity of software and data backup
processing, techniques (problems of on-line
disaster recovery systems, etc.)
planning and ƒ Alternate processing facility
control arrangements
ƒ Disaster recovery procedural
plan, documentation
ƒ Integration with business
continuity plans
ƒ Periodic tests of recovery
procedures
ƒ Insurance

IS processing ƒ Planning and scheduling;

/operations service levels; Risks Standards
- Infrastructure (hardware,
facilities, networks)
- Software
- Human resources (skill sets
and staffing level)
ƒ Business processes
ƒ Performance monitoring Costs /
benefits (quantitative and
qualitative impact on
management Jobs and office
procedures)
ƒ Business drivers that impact IT
(e.g., scalability, rightsizing,
flexibility of change in
technology)
ƒ or business, speed to market,
cross-platform capability)
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 Information Technology Management, Audit and Control
ƒ Control over productivity and
service quality
ƒ Software /data library
management
ƒ Input/output distribution and
control
ƒ Security and backup, and
recovery
Monitoring of control Roles of ƒ Internal monitoring processes
compliance management, ƒ Performance review processes
users, auditors ƒ External monitoring processes
(internal, external) ƒ Processes for addressing non-
compliance

Computer- ƒ Familiarisation with:

assisted audit - System analysis and
techniques documentation (e.g.,
flowcharting package, review
of program logic, etc.)
- System /program testing
(e.g., test data ,integrated
test facility, parallel
simulation etc.),
- Data integrity testing (e.g.,
generalized audit software,
utilities, custom programs,
sampling routines, etc.)
- Problem solving aids (e.g.
spreadsheet, database.
Online data bases, etc)
- Administrative aids (e.g.,
word processing, audit
program generation, work
paper generators etc).

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 Advanced Accounting & Financial Reporting
MODULE E
PAPER E 14: ADVANCED ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL REPORTING (100 marks)

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this syllabus is to prepare the students to appreciate prevailing financial
regulatory environment and to apply the knowledge gained to practical situations for
arriving at pragmatic solutions.

Students will be expected to be aware of the requirements of the International

Accounting Standards (IASs) (and International Financial Reporting Standards as and
when issued) as applicable in Pakistan and their application to practical situations and
the informational needs of different users of accounts.

Students will be expected to analyse, interpret and explain the commercial activities of
an organisation as shown by its financial statements. The emphasis will be on the
presentation, interpretation and use of data.

Students should be able to prepare financial statements for complex business

arrangements (e.g. reorganisations, demergers, business combinations, dissolutions,
etc.) in accordance with applicable statutory disclosure requirements.

Students will be expected to be familiar with the preparation of the financial statements
of enterprises engaged in specialised industries.

The students should be able to demonstrate an integrated knowledge of Financial

Reporting.

The students are encouraged to be abreast of current accounting and financial issues.

The examinees are expected to possess profound understanding of the subject over and
above what they have learnt at the Foundation and Intermediate stages. Topics
examined at the earlier stages may or may not be directly re-examined here, however,
examinees would need to utilise knowledge and skills learnt at an earlier stage.

Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.

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 Advanced Accounting & Financial Reporting
INDICATIVE GRIDS

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. a) Financial Statements and Reporting

b) International Accounting Standards and Statutory 30

Requirements
2. Specific Accounting Areas 45
3. Analysis of Financial Statements 15
4. Specialised Financial Statements 10

TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and deviations in
setting of papers may be expected.

CONTENTS:
1. a. Financial Statements and Reporting
ƒ Preparation of financial statements, consolidated financial
statements (including cash flow statements), and their disclosure.
ƒ Accounting for investments in subsidiaries and associates
undertakings
ƒ Financial reporting on interests in joint venture
ƒ Interim financial reporting
ƒ Reporting on discontinued operations
ƒ Preparation of statutory and directors’ report
ƒ Related party transaction
ƒ Segment reporting

b. International Accounting Standards (IASs) and Statutory

Requirements
ƒ Recognition, measurement, accounting treatment and disclosure
of various transactions and items in accordance with the
requirements of IASs and their Interpretations issued by
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and
International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee
(IFRIC) respectively, adopted by the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of Pakistan.
ƒ Accounting treatments and disclosure requirements under the
Companies Ordinance, 1984
ƒ Specific departures from IASs under the local statutory
requirements
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 Advanced Accounting & Financial Reporting
2. Specific Accounting Areas

ƒ Accounting of taxes on Income

ƒ Accounting for leases
ƒ Accounting for contracts
ƒ Retirement benefits costs and pension plans
ƒ Foreign currency transactions
ƒ Business combinations
ƒ Accounting for Investments
ƒ Accounting treatment on changes of accounting policies and estimate
including fundamental errors
ƒ Recognition and measurement of financial instruments
ƒ Valuation of intangible assets including research and development costs
ƒ Impairment of assets
ƒ Provisions and contingencies
ƒ Revenue recognition of different items

3. Analysis of Financial Statements

ƒ Needs of various users of financial statements and its importance

ƒ Techniques for analysis

› Horizontal and vertical analysis

› Ratio analysis
› Common-size statements

ƒ Earning per share (EPS)

ƒ Business and share valuations

4. Specialized Financial Statements

ƒ Banks
ƒ Leasing companies
ƒ Insurance companies
ƒ Mutual funds and similar enterprises
ƒ Employee benefit plans (contribution / defined benefits)

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 Corporate Laws
MODULE E
PAPER E 15: CORPORATE LAWS (100 marks)
INTRODUCTION
The syllabus aims to provide the knowledge and understanding of corporate and other
relevant laws, rules and regulations and to familiarize with the secretarial practices
including the knowledge of handling various matters usually expected to be performed
by the secretary of a corporate entity.
Case studies / scenario based questions in addition to descriptive Questions will be set
in the examination.
The examinees are expected to possess detailed knowledge of the Companies Ordinance
1984 over and above what they have learnt at the Intermediate stage. Topics examined at
the Intermediate stage may or may not be directly re-examined here, however, examinees
would need to utilize knowledge and skills learnt earlier. The knowledge required for
Companies Rules would also be comprehensive but for other Laws and regulations only
general knowledge would suffice.
INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. Practical aspects in respect of areas of the Companies
Ordinance, 1984 covered at Module D examination in
Company Law paper. 40
2. Companies Ordinance, 1984 from section 261 onwards.
Second schedule
3. Various Rules under the Companies Ordinance 30
4. Secretarial Practices 15
5. Other laws and regulations 15

TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and deviations in
setting of papers may be expected.
CONTENTS:
1. Areas of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 covered at Module D Examination
in Company Law Paper.
In the Corporate Laws paper at Final level, students are to have a more in-depth
knowledge and understanding of those parts of the Companies Ordinance, 1984
which were covered in the Company Law paper at Module D, however, the
emphasis of testing at the Final Examination level would be application of those
provisions from a practical viewpoint. Testing would focus on the level of
understanding of those provisions and their application.
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 Corporate Laws
2. Other specialized areas of the Companies Ordinance, 1984.

a. Part VIII Investigation and related matters.

b. Part VIII A Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFC)
Provisions as to Establishment and Regulation of NBFC
c. Part IX Arbitration, arrangements and reconstruction.
d. Part X Prevention of oppression and mismanagement.
e. Part XI Winding-up

i) Modes of winding-up, and provisions relating to contributories

(sections 297 and 306)

ii) Winding-up by court; provisions relating to the following:

- Cases in which companies may be wound-up by the court

(section 305 and 306).
- Petition for winding-up (section 309 and 310).
- Commencement of winding-up by the Court (Section 311).
- Official liquidators (section 321 to 331, 333 and 334, 336
and 337, 339 to 341 and 346 to 350).
- Enforcement of court orders (section 355 to 357)

* For section 328 and 329, students are only required to

be familiar with the contents of statement of affairs to
be made to official liquidator and report by official
liquidator.

iii) Voluntary winding-up (Sections 358 to 401)

iv) Provisions applicable to every mode of winding-up

- Status of companies being wound-up (section 402)

- Proof and ranking of claims (Section 403 to 407)
- Supplementary provisions as to winding-up (Section 421,
422 and 431 to 434)
f. Part XIII Winding-up of unregistered companies
g. Part XIV Companies established outside Pakistan (Section 450 to
462)
h. Part XV Registration offices and fees (section 468 and 469)
i. Part XVI General – legal proceedings, offences etc. (Section 494
and 496)

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 Corporate Laws
Second Schedule
- Salient features of disclosure requirements for prospectus or statement in
lieu of prospectus and understanding of the reports and certificates to be
included in the prospectus.

3. Various Rules under the Companies Ordinance

a. Explanatory provisions only of Companies Rules 1985; knowledge of the

contents of the Forms is not expected.
b. Capital Issues – The rules for issue of capital by companies, premium on
shares, issue of shares for consideration other than cash and related
aspects, covered by the Companies (Issue of Capital) Rules, 1996 and
Stock Exchange Rules.

c. Companies (Appointment of Legal Advisors) Rules, 1975.

d. Companies (Buy-back of Shares) Rules, 1999.

e. Companies' Share Capital (Variation in Rights and Privileges) Rules,

2000.

f. NBFC Rules issued by SECP on April 01, 2003, Chapters I to III and
Schedules I & IV only.

4. Secretarial practices

Floatation of shares and securities including prospectus, offer for sale and
convertible securities, stock exchange listing rules, underwriting, brokerage, etc.;
and discount and premium on shares; application and allotment of shares, issue of
share certificates and bonus and right shares and transfer and transmission of
shares of companies, investigation and dividend.

a) Filing requirements, maintenance of statutory books and registers under

the Companies Ordinance, 1984.

b) Meetings of shareholders and directors and all proceedings thereto,

including notices, agenda, quorum, voting, poll, proxies, resolutions and
minutes.

c) Functions and responsibilities of the Securities and Exchange

Commission of Pakistan under the SECP Act (Act No. XLII of 1997).

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 Corporate Laws
5. Other laws and regulations
a) Foreign Exchange Regulations – Foreign Exchange Manual 8th Edition
i) Chapter XIX Loans, overdrafts and guarantees
Part A: Rupee loans
Foreign exchange regulations relating to definition of foreign
controlled companies, provisions for general permission for lending
to foreign controlled companies for working capital, local borrowings
by foreign controlled companies for capital expenditure.
Part B: Foreign private loans
Private foreign currency loans, repatriable foreign currency loans by
foreign controlled companies for meeting working capital
requirements, foreign currency loans (repatriable and non-
repatriable basis) by Pakistani firms and companies functioning in
Pakistan.
ii) Chapter XX – Securities
Knowledge and application of provisions relating to rules and
regulations governing acquisition and holding of foreign securities,
issue, transfer and export of Pakistani securities to non-residents,
general exemption from the restriction on transfer and issue of
Pakistani securities to non-residents, procedure for issue of shares
to non-residents, trading of quoted shares by non-residents, and
special instructions regarding shares transferred under the Central
Depository System – CDS of the Central Depository Company.
b) Stock Exchange Listing Rules and Guidelines – especially those relating
to secretarial matters, public issue of shares, Code of Corporate
Governance and Transfer Pricing.
Laws governing certain specialized institutions
c) Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962 – Sections pertaining to audit and
accounts, mainly sections 34 to 38 of the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962.
d) The Central Depositories Act, 1997 and Central Depository Companies
(Establishment and Regulation) Rules 1996 – Understanding of provisions
relating to
- Central Depository System; and
- Effect of the Central Depository on provisions of the Companies
Ordinance, 1984 relating to interalia, sending of notices to
members, registration of transfers, payment of dividend,
maintenance of register of members, issue of bonus and right
shares and effect on the rights of members.
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 Corporate Laws
e) Modaraba Companies and Modarabas (Floatation and Control)
Ordinance, 1980.
Provisions relating to the following:
- Definitions (Section 2)
- Registration of Modaraba Companies (Section 4 to 6)
- Provisions applicable to Modaraba (Section 7 to 23,33,37,41 and
42)
Modaraba Companies and Modaraba rules, 1981

- Rules 2 to 4,7 to 13,16 to 20-B,23 and 25 to 28

- First Schedule (Form no.1,9 and 11 including annexures)
- Third Schedule
- Fourth Schedule (salient features of matter to be specified in
prospectus and reports to be set out therein)
f) The Insurance Ordinance, 2000 – provisions relating to statutory and
special audits and maintenance of accounts, mainly sections 45 to 49, 51
and 52 and the Securities and Exchange Commission (Insurance) Rules
2002 including regulations and Format accounts. Broad understanding of
the Code of Corporate Governance for listed and unlisted insurance
companies.
g) The Securities and Exchange Ordinance 1969 and the Securities and
Exchange Rules, 1971 – provisions pertaining to issuance of shares and
securities to the general public (mainly section 9 ) and Insider Trading.
h) Competition Ordinance 2007
i) Listed Companies (Substantial Acquisition of Voting Shares and Take-
over) ordinance, 2002.
j) Rules and regulations framed by the Federal Government from time to
time, as may be specifically notified by the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of Pakistan for inclusion in the syllabus.

Note: Where specific reference to an Act, Ordinance, Rules, Regulations, Guidelines or

SRO gazette notification is given it is to be assumed that it covers any
subsequent amendments that may be made therein from time to time.

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 Business Management
MODULE E
PAPER E 16: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (100 marks)
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this paper is that the individual should be able to:

• Identify the principles and concepts in the theories and practices of strategic
business management;
• Asses the impact of environmental forces such as global microeconomic forces,
international trade and financial system on organizational strategies and plans;
• Understand the importance of linking information systems development and
management to business goals and needs;
• Understand the interplay of marketing with other vital functional areas in business
management and to understand the accountant’s role in servicing the needs of
marketing and other functions of business;
• Recognize the role of global marketing and international business;
• Assess the importance of human resources development to organisations and
identify methods of managing people effectively;
• Evaluate ways in which change can be managed successfully;
• Appreciation of social and ethical implication of strategic policies in business;
• Understand the aims of corporate codes of conduct and their role in improved
corporate governance; and
• Understand the manager’s role and responsibilities in relation to the working
environment.

Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.

INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. Strategic management and planning
30
2. Corporate social responsibility and business ethics
3. Human resource management
30
4. Management of the working environment
5. Marketing Management 20
6. International Business 20

TOTAL 100

Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and deviations
in setting of papers may be expected.

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 Business Management
CONTENTS:
Indicative contents of major component of the subject are as under:

1. Strategic management and planning:

a. The purpose of strategic management and business planning and their

inter relationship

b. The methods which organisations use to plan for the future including the
role of information technology

c. Position appraisal and analysis:

i) Identifying the organization’s strengths and weaknesses,

opportunities and threats
ii) Identification and quantification of the planning gap
iii) Closing the planning gap through the identification and evaluation
of alternative courses of action: improved efficiency; improved
product(s);or service(s); introducing new product; entering new
markets; merging with or acquiring other organisations
iv) Use of alternative strategies
v) Quality and a strategic variable; its implementation and
management
vi) Performance against operational and strategic targets; flexibility’
economy, efficiency and effectiveness
vii) Performance against that of competitors; benchmarking; use of
inter-firm comparisons; the limitations of external data
viii) Performance of costs, profit and investment centres using
financial and non-financial measures
ix) Problems of measuring divisional and subsidiary company
performance
x) International and multinational trading; transfer pricing of goods
and services and their impact on trading results
xi) Impact of changing price level on current performance and the
future projections
xii) Customer outlets, including customer profitability analysis

d. The effect of external environment on strategy and plans and appraising

the environment:

i) Scanning the environment of the organisation and the context in

which it is set for changes, developments and opportunities
ii) Forecasting trends and developments in relevant areas through
the use of relevant quantitative and qualitative analysis

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 Business Management
iii) Future basing (i.e Anticipating long-term prospects for the
business and its likelihood of survival) and other scenario-building
techniques

iv) Impact on the organisation of changing national and international

influences: demography; technology (progressional alternative /
acceptability); economic resources; social attitudes and
aspirations; legislation and regulation; political forces; government
and other agencies, including pressure groups
v) Competitive advantage:

ƒ its meaning in different markets and industries of nations and

the implications of this for organisational success
ƒ the different approaches used by organisations and
management in different countries and the lessons which can
be applied to Pakistan
ƒ the effect on organisations of working in an international
environment, the key aspects of that environment and
methods of entry into it
vi) Use of renewable and non-renewable resources including the
ethical implications of such use; the effect of the environment on
corporate performance
vii) External sources of information, including databases, both private
and public, and their usefulness to the organisation
viii) Impact of innovation, substitution and obsolescence on business
process (including marketing and production)
ix) Impact of international market integration on the transfer of goods,
services and labour
x) Comparative organizational performance: market share production
capacity
e. Methods of gaining support and commitment for strategies

f. Establishing the corporate objectives:

i) Organizational missions, aims, goals and objectives

ii) Long-term (strategic) and short-term (operational) objectives:
quantitative and qualitative evaluation
iii) Application of decision theory
iv) Problems of achieving balanced growth and development
v) Internal and external factors effecting decisions; implication of
‘short-termism’
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 Business Management
g. Formulating and evaluating plans with an awareness of the various
techniques available to managers
h. Understanding and managing the risk of a proposed business plan for the
plan itself and for all the aspects of business which it will influence
i. Reviewing strategy for the effect it will have on the organisation and the
local and global community
2. Corporate social responsibility and business ethics
a. Understanding of obligation towards society by business organisations
and the individuals associated with it, in carrying out the business and
professional activities
b. Understanding ethical and social implications of business strategic
policies and decisions and their impact on the stockholders; consideration
thereof in the formulation and implementation of strategic planning and
management decisions
c. Disclosure and confidentiality
d. Profit motives versus other corporate objectives
e. Goal congruence and corporate performance measurement
f. The role of professional bodies in regulating the activities of members
3. Human resource management
a. The purpose and forms of personnel specifications in the recruitment of
personnel
b. Methods of identifying competencies and other attributes required
c. Specifying personnel requirements
d. Evaluating and determining the benefits and costs of new or additional
personnel
e. Identifying and determining suitable methods of recruitment
f. Selection methods and their use
g. Methods of motivating and supporting personnel
h. Staff appraisals and the assessment of competence
i. Warning and dismissing personnel: legal and organizational policies and
procedures; the role of internal and external specialists in the process
j. The role of employee group in promoting the welfare of personnel
k. National legislation which affects recruitment, selection, employment and
dismissal of personnel
l. The management of organizational and personal changes
m. Concepts and principles of human resource development
i) The role which individual and team development can play in
growth and development
ii) The different concepts and models of competence
iii) Methods of encouraging and supporting individuals and teams to
grow and develop
iv) The effect of internal and external factors on development
n. Human relations management
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 Business Management
4. Management of the working environment
a. Interpretation, applying and monitoring best practices for managing the
working environment
b. National Legislation which affects the working environment
c. The role and purpose of health , safety and security requirements,
procedures and guidelines
d. Roles and responsibilities of management for managing and improving
the working environment

5. Marketing Management
An introduction to marketing principles, the purpose of marketing philosophy and
concepts in providing for customer needs. Areas include:

a. Strategy in the market place

i) Assessing threats and opportunities to the marketing plan;

determining the need for change in the planning area
ii) Development of marketing strategies to meet organisation
objectives
iii) Assessing the nature and size of the market using internal
records, market intelligence, market research
iv) The process of creating, reviewing, selecting and marketing the
right product in the right place, to the right customer at the right
time, while achieving the right price; relevance of the product life
cycle
v) The product portfolio; formulation, management, the relevance of
branded merchandise
vi) Consumer power within the marketing environment

vii) Strategic management of markets through mergers, acquisitions

and divestments
viii) Problems associated with the acquisition of the foreign
subsidiaries especially in respect of performance appraisals

b. Analyzing the impact of globalization on marketing to assess competitive

advantage

c. Techniques for analyzing the market, choosing the target market and the
appropriate marketing mix, distribution channels, promotions, and
developing a marketing plan

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 Business Management
6. International Business

a. The environment of global marketing, global opportunities and threats;

difficulties in International business and alternative approaches to
managing the process
b. The development of multinational organisations and transnational
corporations and their role in the world economy
c. International financial management decisions

i) Alternative methods of financing imports and exports

ii) The workings of international money and capital markets and the
opportunities that they offer to companies as a source of finance
and as a repository for the investment of funds

iii) The management of financial resources within a group of

companies including:

• payments between companies

• cash management
• transfer pricing
• judging the performance of companies within a group
• the financial control of a group of companies

iv) The appraisal of international capital investments, applying the

appropriate techniques, and the consideration of the major issues
in the decision-making process, including:

• strategic objectives
• the principle of foreign home country versus host country
returns
• the form of foreign investments, including the use of
branches versus subsidiaries
• the different methods of financing foreign investments
• the effect of taxation on foreign investment decisions
• repatriation of sales amounts, earnings and charges to
foreign operating companies
• political risk analysis

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 Management Accounting
FINAL EXAMINATION
MODULE F
PAPER F 17: MANAGEMENTACCOUNTING (100 marks)
INTRODUCTION
The objectives of this syllabus are:
- The understanding of cost accounting in relation to management functions.
- The application of financial information for control purposes.
- The development and interpretation of data for decision making.
- The techniques for performance appraisal and operational research.
- The candidates’ ability to design and present plans and schemes to the
management.
The examinees are expected to possess comprehensive understanding of the subject
over and above what they have learnt at the Intermediate stage. Topics examined at the
Intermediate stage may or may not be directly re-examined here, however, examinees
would need to utilize knowledge and skills learnt earlier. The paper is designed to cover
theory and practical aspects of management accounting with special reference to
Pakistan and real life situations.
Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.
INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. a. Cost accounting objectives, classifications and systems
b. Cost concept in decision making 30
c. Marginal costing and decision making problems
d. Pricing and output decisions
2. a. Standard Costing
b. Budgetary control
c. Management control systems
d. Activity based costing 40
e. Preparation and interpretation of financial forecasts
f. Cost control
g. Total quality management
h. Non financial risk management
3. Working capital management 15
4. Quantitative techniques
a. Learning curve
b. Network planning 15
c. Operational research and cost reduction
d. Linear programming
TOTAL 100
Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes
only and deviations in setting of papers may be expected.
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 Management Accounting
CONTENTS:
1. a. Cost accounting
Objective of a costing system; inventory valuation; cost classification;
costing methods and systems, cost estimation; cost apportionment; job
order costing; product costing (including process costing); and joint-and
by-product.
b. Cost concept in decision making
Relevant and apportioned costs; differential cost, incremental cost;
opportunity costs, and break-even & cost volume profit analysis
c. Marginal costing
Distinction between marginal costing and absorption costing; break-even
analysis, cost volume profit analysis. Various decision making options.
d. Pricing and output decisions
Full cost pricing policies, including ROI; pricing of new products;
opportunity cost; full cost vs marginal cost; transfer pricing methods and
optimisation.

2. a. Standard costing
Nature and method of standard, marginal and absorption costing;
standard setting; variance analysis and disposals of variances; use of
standard costs in internal and external reporting; responsibility
accounting, comparison with budgets; classification of variances; and
planning and operational variances.

b. Budgets
Concepts of budgetary control; advantages, administration and
preparation of budget; functional budgets leading to preparation of master
budget; fixed and flexible budgets; performance budgeting; the budget as
part of the overall business plan; sales budget; sales forecast; production
budget; direct materials budget; direct labour budget; manufacturing
overhead budget; inventory budget; cost of goods sold budget; selling
and administrative expenses budget; inflation aspects; zero based
budgets, capital expenditure budgets and human & motivational aspects
of budgets.

c. Management control systems

Responsibility accounting; decentralised divisional control; transfer prices;
residual income and ROI as tools of control; centralised control and
budgetary systems; evaluation of performance; performance budgeting.
Reporting on performance at different levels.

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 Management Accounting
d. Activity based costing
Activity based costing for control and decision making purposes.

e. Preparation and interpretation of financial forecasts

Preparation of projected financial forecast and application of probability
and regression analysis in preparation of estimates

f. Cost Control
Cost control as distinct from cost determination. Control over wastages,
scrap, spoilages, and defects.

g. Total quality management

Basic concepts and application of TQM

h. Non financial risk management

i) Aspects of risk, such as: political, economic, social, technological
and fraud
ii) Techniques of minimising the risk of fraud, such as: fraud policy
statements, effective recruitment policies and good internal
controls especially over procurement and cash
iii) Principle of diversifying risk (no numerical calculations required)
iv) Risk of loss while goods are in transit and the risk of litigation

3. Working Capital Management

a. Working capital- general

i) Working capital requirements
ii) Short term financial ratios
iii) Working capital and the operating cycle
iv) Sources of short and medium term finance
v) Problems relating to working capital management

b. Inventory management
i) Costs associated with the acquisition and holding of inventories
ii) The derivation and use of the economic order quantity (EOQ)
model
iii) Optimal production plans
iv) Financial ratios of inventory
v) Lead-time, buffer stocks and stock-out costs
vi) Perpetual inventory and continuous stocktaking
vii) Just-in-time (JIT) stock management

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 Management Accounting
c. Debtor/creditors management
i) Collection policies
ii) Credit policies
iii) Customer evaluation
iv) Credit financing (including factoring)
v) Financing of imports and exports

d. Cash management
i) Solvency and liquidity
ii) Cash flow forecasting
iii) Uncertainty in cash forecasting
iv) Short term investment opportunities
v) Cash handling and transmissions

4. Quantitative Techniques

a. Learning curve
The theory of learning curve and its effect in cost estimation

b. Network planning
Concept and application; drawing simple networks; concept of critical
path and float; accelerated project times; cost analysis; uncertainly;
probability analysis; loading analysis; gantt charts; and time management.

c. Operational research and cost reduction

Introduction to operational research, application concepts and its
advantages. Cost reduction: techniques for cost reduction such as work
study, time and motion study and value analysis. Employee participation
in cost reduction programmes, significance of constituting special cost
reduction cells.

d. Linear programming
Introduction to mathematical programming and major forms of linear
programming, principles, formulation of problems, graphical solutions,
limitations of linear programming and shadow price concept.

Note: Questions will not be set involving application of simplex or

assignment techniques.

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 Business Finance Decisions
MODULE F

PAPER F 18: BUSINESS FINANCE DECISIONS (100 marks)

INTRODUCTION

The aims of the syllabus are to provide a sound understanding of the conceptual principles
and practical applications of modern analysis of financial decisions and of the relationship
between sources of finance and financial management.
The candidates are expected to have complete understanding for the preparation,
evaluation and implementation of practical business plans and reports on strategic and
operational business decisions.
The paper is designed to cover theory and practical aspects of financial management
with special reference to Pakistan and real life situations.

Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.

INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1. a. Sources of local finance
b. International financing and financial management
30
c. Capital structure, interest rate risks and cost of capital
d. The dividend decision
2. a. Capital investment decisions and project planning
b. Inflation and financial management 40
c. Risk and Returns, including portfolio management
3. a. Analysis and interpretation of published financial
statements
b. Strategic planning
c. Valuation 30
d. Mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions
e. Reports to management

TOTAL 100
Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and deviations
in setting of papers may be expected.

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 Business Finance Decisions
CONTENTS:

1. a. Sources of local finance

i. Credit, money and capital markets in Pakistan

ii. Raising capital, equity, debt, mezzanine debt, convertibles,
factoring, warrants, term finance certificates, venture capital
financing, project financing, short term finance.
iii. Financial leasing
iv. Futures
v. Pakistani stock markets
vi. Prudential regulations

b. International financing and financial management

i. Raising international finance

ii. Introduction to international financial management
iii. Exchange rate risk management
iv. Foreign exchange transactions

c. Capital structure, interest rate risks and cost of capital

i. Capital structure: business and financial risk, financial gearing and

operating gearing, the effect of taxes ( except calculations
involving the effect of personal taxes on capital structure), and
impact on earnings per share
ii. Interest rate risk management including the use of interest rate
swaps
iii. Cost of capital, equity, debt, convertibles, weighted average rate
and use of cost of capital in investment appraisal.

d. The dividend decision

i. Dividend and valuation

ii. Information content of dividend, clientele effect and other factors
affecting dividend levels.

2. a. Capital investment decisions and project planning

i. Investment appraisal techniques: NPV, IRR, payback, ROI; and

comparison of NPV and ROI
ii. Investment appraisal under inflationary conditions
iii. Relevant costs
iv. The effect of taxation upon investment appraisal

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 Business Finance Decisions
v. Replacement decisions using the equivalent annual cost method
and deciding replacement policy
vi. The effect on accounting profits and investor ratios of undertaking
a particular investment decision
vii. Lease or buy decisions
viii. Make or buy decisions
ix. Decisions under uncertainty, including expected values, sensitivity
analysis and value of information
x. Decisions under constraints, including interpretation of the linear
programming output including dual values (shadow prices and
opportunity costs), assumptions and limitations of linear
programming, application of linear programming to capital
rationing problems
xi. Preparation of project report and evaluation of proposals
xii. Social cost benefits analysis
xiii. Project planning techniques

b. Inflation and financial management

Inflation and financial analysis; project appraisal under inflationary

conditions; relationship with interest rates

c. Risk and returns, including portfolio management

i. Measures of risk and return, and their relationship

ii. Portfolio analysis; risk reduction effects and diversification
iii. Attitudes to risk
iv. Capital assets pricing model and its practical use

3. a. Analysis and interpretation of published statements

i. Inter-firm and intra-firm comparisons through ratio analysis

ii. Limitations of ratio analysis

b. Strategic planning

i. Objectives
ii. Production functions and resource analysis
iii. Production strategy
iv. Manpower planning
v. Financial strategy
vi. Competition strategy
vii. Information strategy
viii. Business and corporate plans
ix. Implementation of business plans

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 Business Finance Decisions
c. Valuation

i) Valuation of business

• Earnings and asset valuation models

• Merger valuation models
• Attitudes to risk and analytical procedures for dealing with
uncertainty
• Other factors ( e.g. the impact of the accounting treatment of
goodwill and intangibles on debt covenants; the nature of
executives incentive contracts)

ii) Valuation of shares

• Earnings dividend and assets valuation models

• Valuing minority interests
• Valuing controlling interest
• Other factors influencing share values ( including uncertainty)
• Identify components of shareholder value and identify ways in
which shareholders value can be increased.

d. Mergers, amalgamation, acquisition, etc

Amalgamation, reconstruction, takeovers and mergers, including devising

schemes and advising management.

e. Reports to management

i. The design and presentation of plans and reports

ii. Designing various forms and reports for different levels of
management
iii. Specific reports

• On acquisition and disposal of business or assets

• On application for new or additional borrowings
• On specialised one-off assignments (e.g. management buy-
outs)
• On other problem areas.

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 Advanced Taxation
MODULE F
PAPER F 19: ADVANCED TAXATION (100 marks)
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this paper is to test comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the
examinees on the income tax and sales tax laws prevailing in Pakistan, as are described
below. The examinees shall also be expected to have command on the practical
application of the laws. A general knowledge of the Central Excise Law will also be
examined.
The paper covers the following laws.
- The Income Tax Ordinance, 2001
- The Income Tax Rules, 2002
- The Sales Tax Act, 1990
- The Sales Tax Ordinance, 2000 promulgated by the Provinces
- The Islamabad Capital Territory (Tax on Services) Ordinance, 2001
- The Central Excise Act, 1944
- Notifications, Rules, General orders and Circulars issued under the above mentioned
laws
As candidates are required to have comprehensive knowledge of the laws described
above, detailed contents are, therefore, not given hereunder. The examinees are expected
to possess profound understanding of the subject over and above what they have learnt at
the Intermediate stage. Topics examined at an earlier stage may or may not be directly re-
examined, however, examinees would need to utilize knowledge and skills learnt at the
Intermediate stage. This syllabus will be examined from Summer 2003 examination.
Knowledge of specific agreements for avoidance of double taxation will not be required.
Candidates are also not expected to quote specific legal cases.
Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.
Notifications and circulars in respect of Finance Act/Ordinance, issued within a period of
less than six months from the examination date will not be tested. However, the Finance
Act/Ordinance would be examined from the attempt following its date of enforcement.
INDICATIVE GRID
SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

A comprehensive knowledge and practical applications in respect of:

1. Income Tax Laws 55 – 65
2. Sales Tax Laws 25 – 35
General knowledge in respect of :
The Central Excise Act, 1944 (Chapters I & II only) 7 – 15
TOTAL 100
Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and deviation in setting
of papers may be expected.
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 Advanced Auditing
MODULE F

PAPER F 20: ADVANCED AUDITING (100 marks)

INTRODUCTION

To ensure that students have acquired the competence to provide comprehensive audit
and business assurance services, by testing their ability to integrate and apply their
knowledge of auditing to realistic problems.

Students will be expected to have the knowledge of the International Standards on Auditing
and Related Services, the International Auditing Practice Statements, Technical Releases
and circulars issued by ICAP. For details see syllabus contents below.

Candidates will be expected to be aware of the role of Information Technology as part of

the assurance process and should be fully conversant with the use of Computer-
Assisted Audit Techniques (CAATs).

Students will be expected to display the ability to document the accounting and internal
control systems of an enterprise and prepare simple flow charts thereon.

Students will also be expected to possess knowledge of the implications on the audit, of
laws, rules and regulations covered in the Corporate Laws and Secretarial Practices
paper.

Students will be expected to draft audit reports, qualifications in audit reports,

management letters, internal control memoranda, representation letters, reports on case
studies and any other types of letters or reports.

Knowledge of the Code of Ethics for Chartered Accountants issued by ICAP, CA Ordinance
and Bye-Laws.

The students are encouraged to be abreast of current issues relating to the auditors and
audit practice as discussed / reported in accounting magazines, national press, etc.

The examinees are expected to possess a profound understanding of the subject over and
above what they have learnt at the Intermediate stage. Topics examined at the
Intermediate stage may or may not be directly re-examined here, however, examinees
would be required to utilise knowledge and skills acquired at the Intermediate stage.

Case studies / scenario based questions will be set in the examination.

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 Advanced Auditing
INDICATIVE GRID

SYLLABUS CONTENT AREA WEIGHTAGE

1) Practical aspects in respect of areas of auditing covered
at Intermediate stage.
2) Advanced issues in planning an audit 35
3) Audit techniques and procedures
4) Evaluation of critical areas
5) Completion stages and the reporting function
6) Special reports 25
7) Special audits
8) Quality control for audit work
9) Management of audit clients and client relationships 10
10) International Standards on Auditing & Related Services,
and International Auditing Practice Statements 30
11) Professional and ethical considerations
TOTAL 100
Note: The weightages given above are for guidance purposes only and deviations
in setting of papers may be expected.

CONTENTS:

1. Practical aspects in respect of areas of auditing covered at Intermediate

stage

2. Advanced issues in planning an audit

a. Consideration of laws and regulations in the audit of financial statements.

b. Performance of client acceptance procedures at the time of accepting
new audit engagements and issuing engagement letters.
c. Consideration of the effects on an audit when:
(i) The financial statements are audited for the first time; or
(ii) when the financial statements for the prior period were audited by
another auditor who has expressed an unqualified or a qualified
opinion.
d. The examination of prospective financial information and its effects on
different stages of audit.
e. Obtaining knowledge of business and significant business risks, and
using it to develop overall audit approach plan.

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 Advanced Auditing
f. Considerations in using the work of:
(i) Internal auditors;
(ii) experts;
(iii) another auditor; and
(iv) audit Committees.

g. Determining the components of audit risk i.e. inherent risk, control risk,
detection risk and use of this assessment to formulate overall audit plan
in order to keep the audit risk to an acceptable low level.
h. Relationship between materiality and audit risk.
i. Development of the overall audit plan identifying the significant/critical
audit areas.
j. Development of detailed audit programmes.
k. Organising and planning complex audit situations, including group audits,
joint audits, multi-location engagements, special purpose engagements
including due diligence reviews and related service engagements.
l. Identification of related parties and effects of transactions with related
parties on the financial statements and auditors’ opinion.
m. Security issues in computerised systems:
(i) IFAC guideline on Managing Security of Information; and
(ii) Information Security Governance Guidance for Boards of
Directors and Executive Management. Both of these publications
are available on IFAC website www.ifac.org.
n. Time budgeting, staffing and costing.
o. Changes to overall audit plan and audit programmes.
p. Maintenance and updating of Permanent audit files.

3. Audit techniques and procedures

Students should be able to identify objectives for particular audits, select and
apply test of controls and substantive procedures to obtain appropriate evidence,
evaluate the evidence, and draw reasonable conclusions including the following:

a. Identifying risks of material misstatements in:

(i) Existence, ownership / obligation, accuracy / measurement,
valuation and completeness of assets and liabilities;
(ii) appropriateness of accounting policies and their consistent
application; and
(iii) disclosures in the financial statements of an entity, including
additional information relating to capital commitments and
contingencies and effects of post balance sheet events.
b. Selecting one or more analytical procedures from comparison, averaging,
ratio analysis and quantitative analysis (but excluding correlation,
regression, time-series analysis and more advanced statistical
techniques) to yield informative results relevant to identified risks.

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 Advanced Auditing
c. Applying selected analytical procedures to given financial and other data.

d. Selecting one or more tests of controls and substantive procedures (using

CAATs where applicable) from inspection, observation, enquiry (including
management representations, assessment of the work of other auditors
and specialists, and independent confirmations) and computations to
provide evidence relevant to identified risks which will be sufficiently
reliable and which avoid duplication of work.

e. Outlining the differences between statistical and non-statistical methods

of sampling and selecting samples from random, value-weighted,
systematic, haphazard and block populations.

f. Documentation of audit work alongwith evidence of review and

conclusions drawn. Reporting of significant issues identified during the
audit.

g. Drawing straightforward conclusions regarding financial statements, given

the results of analytical procedures, audit tests and post balance sheet
events.
These conclusions should:

(i) Present and justify a view, where there is sufficient evidence to do

so;
(ii) identify and justify requirements of further evidence, where there
is insufficient evidence to form a view but such evidence could
practicably be obtained; and
(iii) state that it is not possible to form a view, where there is
insufficient evidence to do so and such evidence could not
practicably be obtained.

4. Evaluation of critical areas

a. Appropriateness of going concern assumption.

b. Evaluating the effects on reporting responsibilities of an auditor resulting

from:
(i) pending legal action;
(ii) fraud and error;
(iii) non-compliance with laws and regulations; and
(iv) taxation and tax related contingencies.
(v) other post balance sheet events

c. Audit of accounting estimates.

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 Advanced Auditing
5. Completion stages and the reporting function
a. Review of financial statements including comparative information,
directors report and other information included in documents containing
audited financial statements to identify any departures from legal
requirements and / or IASs, inadequacies in disclosures, internal
inconsistencies and / or inconsistencies with other available information.

b. Adequate disclosure of post balance sheet events in the financial

statements and their effect on the auditor’s opinion.

c. Management representations regarding all significant matters.

d. Forming and justifying an opinion on financial statements in the light of

supervisory reviews and the results and conclusions from audit tests and
procedures, which would comply with the requirements of the Companies
Ordinance, 1984 or other laws related to special entities.

e. Preparation of management letters, internal control memoranda of entities

which include clear and concise statements of facts, their potential effects
and recommendations for actions relevant to the needs and nature of the
entity.

6. Special reports

a. Special purpose reports e.g. on forecasts and estimates etc.

b. Reporting and related services (compilation and review engagements).
c. Reports on prospectuses.
d. Certificates of auditors on statutory reports.
e. Reports relating to bonus issues.
f. Reports on prospective financial information.
g. Audit reports on special purpose audit engagements.
h. Special audit reports relating to forensic assignments.
i. Reporting on due diligence engagements.
j. Reporting on compliance with the Code of Corporate Governance.
k. Report on component of financial statements
l. Certificates on break-up value, net worth, right issue, other matters as
specified from time to time by Regulating authorities.

7. Special audits

a. Non statutory audits, cost audits, management audit, systems audits,

operational audits, forensic assignments (including money laundering
aspects), due diligence reviews, internal audit functions (in house and
outsourced).

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 Advanced Auditing
b. Audits of specialised enterprises e.g. banks, insurance companies,
investment companies, housing finance companies, employees’
retirement funds.

8. Quality control for audit work

a. Quality control policies and procedures:

(i) At audit firms (peer reviews); and

(ii) at individual audits.

b. Specifying quality control procedures:

(i) the independence of the audit firm and audit personnel;

(ii) the skills and competence of audit personnel;
(iii) procedures for review of the audit working papers;
(iv) handling and safeguarding the audit working papers;
(v) procedures to resolve technical disagreements which will be
suitable for a specific audit firm and which shall be cost effective;
(vi) quality control reviews (internal and / or by ICAP); and
(vii) the concept of audit committees.

9. Management of audit clients and client relationships

a. Managing the audit clients, including compiling and reviewing information

on clients throughout the year.
b. Managing the audit relationship including negotiating the fee for services
and discussion of administration and results of audit
c. Confidentiality.
d. Independence.

10. International Standards on Auditing & Related Services, and International

Auditing Practice Statements

Students will be required to apply the standards and statements mentioned

below to meet the learning outcomes of Syllabus contents in paragraphs 1 to 9
above.

a. Detailed knowledge of ISAs 100 to 899 (except those not adopted by

ICAP);
b. sufficient knowledge of ISA 910, 920 and 930; and
c. general awareness of International Auditing Practice Statements 1000 to
1006, 1008 to 1010, 1012, 1013 and 1014.

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 Advanced Auditing
11. Professional and ethical considerations

Knowledge of ICAP Ordinance and Bye-Laws and Code of Ethics, adherence

thereto and its implementation and enforcement including but not limiting to the
following:

b. Rules of professional conduct

(i) integrity, objectivity and independence

(ii) professional duty of confidence
(iii) changes in professional appointments
(iv) books, documents and papers
(v) corporate financial advice
(vi) conflicts of interest

b. Professional responsibility and liability

(i) fraud and error

(ii) professional liability (including negligence)
(iii) misconduct
(iv) expectation gap
(v) professional indemnity insurance
(vi) insider dealing

12. Case studies

Case studies will be based on the whole subject and knowledge acquired during
practical training. The candidates should be able to :

a. Select and apply analytical techniques and methods from the syllabus
according to the requirements of a particular case.

b. Prepare recommendations for action in response to the case.

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