[PPU] Semester 3 Topics-Syllabus

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PHYSICS
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THIRD TERM: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES, OPTICS, AND MODERN PHYSICS Topic 19 Oscillations 19.1 Characteristics of simple harmonic motion 19.2 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion Teaching Period 12 1 Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) define simple harmonic motion;

(b) show that x

Asin t is a solution of

x;

(c) derive and use the formula v

A2

x2 ;

(d) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in displacement, velocity and acceleration with time; (e) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in velocity and acceleration with displacement; 19.3 Energy in simple harmonic motion 2 (f ) derive and use the expressions for kinetic energy and potential energy;

(g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in kinetic energy and potential energy with time and displacement; 19.4 Systems in simple harmonic motion 3 (h) derive and use expressions for the periods of oscillations for spring-mass and simple pendulum systems; (i ) (j ) describe the changes in amplitude and energy for a damped oscillating system; distinguish between under damping, critical damping and over damping;

19.5 Damped oscillations

19.6 Forced oscillations and resonance

(k) distinguish between free oscillations and forced oscillations; (l ) state the conditions for resonance to occur.

20 Wave Motion 20.1 Progressive waves

12 3

Candidates should be able to: (a) interpret and use the progressive wave equation y = A sin ( t kx) or y = A cos ( t kx); (b) sketch and interpret the displacement-time graph and the displacement-distance graph;

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Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome
2 x ; (d) derive and use the relationship v

(c) use the formula

f ;

20.2 Wave intensity

(e) define intensity and use the relationship I A2 ; (f ) describe the variation of intensity with distance of a point source in space;

20.3 Principle of superposition 20.4 Standing waves

(g) state the principle of superposition;

(h) use the principle of superposition to explain the formation of standing waves; (i ) (j ) derive and interpret the standing wave equation; distinguish between progressive and standing waves;

20.5 Electromagnetic waves

(k) state that electromagnetic waves are made up of electrical vibrations E = E0 sin ( t kx) and magnetic vibrations B = B0 sin ( t kx); (l ) state the characteristics of electromagnetic waves;

(m) compare electromagnetic waves with mechanical waves; (n) state the formula c significance; (o) state the orders of the magnitude of wavelengths and frequencies for different types of electromagnetic waves. 21 Sound Waves 21.1 Propagation of sound waves 14 2 Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the propagation of sound waves in air in terms of pressure variation and displacement; (b) interpret the equations for displacement y y0 sin ( t kx) and pressure p = p0 sin
1
0 0

, and explain its

t kx

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Topic

Teaching Period

Learning Outcome (c) use the standing wave equation to determine the positions of nodes and antinodes of a standing wave along a stretched string;

21.2 Sources of sound

4 (d) use the formula v

to determine the

frequencies of the sound produced by different modes of vibration of the standing waves along a stretched string; (e) describe, with appropriate diagrams, the different modes of vibration of standing waves in air columns, and calculate the frequencies of sound produced, including the determination of end correction; 21.3 Intensity level of sound 21.4 Beat 2 (f ) define and calculate the intensity level of sound;

(g) use the principle of superposition to explain the formation of beats; (h) use the formula for beat frequency f f1 f2 ;

21.5 Doppler effect

(i )

describe the Doppler effect for sound, and use the derived formulae (for source and/or observer moving along the same line).

22 Geometrical Optics 22.1 Spherical mirrors

8 3

Candidates should be able to: (a) use the relationship f mirrors; (b) draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images by concave mirrors and convex mirrors; 1 1 1 for spherical (c) use the formula

r for spherical 2

mirrors; 22.2 Refraction at spherical surfaces 2 (d) use the formula

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Topic 22.3 Thin lenses

Teaching Period 3

Learning Outcome
n 2 n 2 n1 to derive v r 1 1 1 the thin lens formula and u v f n1 u

(e) use the formula

lensmakers equation (f )

1 fm

nl 1 1 nm r1

1 ; r2

use the thin lens formula and lensmakers equation.

23 Wave Optics 23.1 Huygenss principle

16 1

Candidates should be able to: (a) state the Huygenss principle; (b) use the Huygenss principle to explain interference and diffraction phenomena;

23.2 Interference

(c) explain the concept of coherence; (d) explain the concept of optical path difference, and solve related problems; (e) state the conditions for constructive and destructive interferences;

23.3 Two-slit interference pattern

(f )

explain Youngs two-slit interference pattern;

(g) derive and use the formula x

D for the a fringe separation in Youngs interference pattern;

23.4 Interference in a thin film

(h) explain the phenomenon of thin film interference for normal incident light, and solve related problems; (i ) (j ) explain the diffraction pattern for a single slit; use the formula sin

23.5 Diffraction by a single slit

for the first a minimum in the diffraction pattern for a single slit;
=
a

(k) use the formula sin power of an aperture;

as the resolving

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Topic 23.6 Diffraction gratings

Teaching Period 3 (l )

Learning Outcome explain the diffraction pattern for a diffraction grating;

(m) use the formula d sin grating;

m for a diffraction

(n) describe the use of a diffraction grating to form the spectrum of white light, and to determine the wavelength of monochromatic light; 23.7 Polarisation 2 (o) state that polarisation is a property of transverse waves; (p) explain the polarisation of light obtained by reflection or using a polariser; (q) use the Brewsters law tan
B

n;

(r) use the Maluss law I = I0 cos2 ; 23.8 Optical waveguides 2 (s) explain the basic principles of fibre optics and waveguides; (t ) state the applications of fibre optics and waveguides.

24 Quantum Physics 24.1 Photons

20 8

Students should be able to: (a) describe the important observations in photoelectric experiments; (b) recognise the features of the photoelectric effect that cannot be explained by wave theory, and explain these features using the concept of quantisation of light; (c) use the equation E

hf for a photon;

(d) explain the meaning of work function and threshold frequency; (e) use Einsteins equation for the photoelectric 1 2 mvmax ; effect hf W 2 (f ) explain the meaning of stopping potential, and 1 2 mvmax ; use eVs 2

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Topic 24.2 Wave-particle duality

Teaching Period 2

Learning Outcome (g) state de Broglies hypothesis; (h) use the relation wavelength; (i ) (j ) interpret the electron diffraction pattern as an evidence of the wave nature of electrons; explain the advantages of an electron microscope as compared to an optical microscope;
h to calculate de Broglie p

24.3 Atomic structure

(k) state Bohrs postulates for a hydrogen atom; (l ) derive an expression for the radii of the orbits in Bohrs model;
Z 2e4m 8
2 0

(m) derive the formula E n Bohrs model;

h2n2

for

(n) explain the production of emission line spectra with reference to the transitions between energy levels; (o) explain the concepts of excitation energy and ionisation energy; 24.4 X-rays 5 (p) interpret X-ray spectra obtained from X-ray tubes; (q) explain the characteristic line spectrum and continuous spectrum including min in X-rays; (r) derive and use the equation
min

hc ; eV

(s) describe X-ray diffraction by two parallel adjacent atomic planes; (t ) 24.5 Nanoscience 1 derive and use Braggs law 2d sin =m ;

(u) explain the basic concept of nanoscience; (v) state the applications of nanoscience in electronics devices.

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Topic 25 Nuclear Physics 25.1 Nucleus

Teaching Period 14 4

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the discovery of protons and neutrons (experimental details are not required); (b) explain mass defect and binding energy; (c) use the formula for mass-energy equivalence E = mc2; (d) relate and use the units u and eV; (e) sketch and interpret a graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number;

25.2 Radioactivity

(f )

explain radioactive decay as a spontaneous and random process;

(g) define radioactive activity; (h) state and use the exponential law for radioactive decay; (i ) (j ) define decay constant; derive and use the formula N
N 0e
t

dN dt

(k) define half-life, and derive the relation ln 2 ; t1

(l )

solve problems involving the applications of radioisotopes as tracers in medical physics;

25.3 Nuclear reactions

(m) state and apply the conservation of nucleon number and charge in nuclear reactions; (n) apply the principle of mass-energy conservation to calculate the energy released (Q value) in a nuclear reaction; (o) relate the occurrence of fission and fusion to the graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number; (p) explain the conditions for a chain reaction to occur; (q) describe a controlled fission process in a reactor; (r) describe a nuclear fusion process which occurs in the Sun.

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