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XX Yy ZZ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R+ R+ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR

The document derives the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates by starting with the continuity equation and equations for the transport of momentum in Cartesian coordinates. It uses the continuity equation and expressions for the rates of inflow and outflow of a small control volume to derive conservation of mass/the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates. Similar steps are taken to derive conservation of momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates by considering forces and rates of change of momentum. Viscosity terms are introduced using definitions of shear stress terms. The resulting equations are the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

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mpssassygirl
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28 views

XX Yy ZZ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R+ R+ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR

The document derives the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates by starting with the continuity equation and equations for the transport of momentum in Cartesian coordinates. It uses the continuity equation and expressions for the rates of inflow and outflow of a small control volume to derive conservation of mass/the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates. Similar steps are taken to derive conservation of momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates by considering forces and rates of change of momentum. Viscosity terms are introduced using definitions of shear stress terms. The resulting equations are the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

Uploaded by

mpssassygirl
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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If the fluid is incompressible D

D/Dt = 0
Hence vx /x + vy /y + vz /z = 0
Continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates
inr = mr A = mr r q z = vr r q z outr+
r+r
= (mr + ( mr /r)
/r)
r) (r + r ) q z
= mr (r + r ) q z + ( mr /r) r. r q z
= vr r q z + vr r q z + /r (
(vr) r r
q z
inr - outr+
r+r = vr r q z - vr r q z - vr r
q z - /r ((
vr) r r q z
= - ( vr r q z - /r ((
vr) r r q z)
= - (/r (r
(rvr) r q z)

inr outr+
(r
vr) r q z)
r+r = - (/r (r
Similarly, inq = vq r r z
outq+q = ((
vq + ((
((vq) /
/q
q) q) r z
inq - outq+ q = - ((
((
vq) /q
/q) q r z
inz = vz r q r
outz+ z = (
(v z + ((
((vz) /z) z) r r q
inz - outz+ z = - ((
((
vz) /z.) r z r q
Adding in out = - [((r
[((r
vr) /r) r q
z + ((
((vq) /q
/q) q r z + ((
((vz)
/z) r z r q]

Accumulation = (
(
/t) r r q z
Equating, r
/t + (r
(rvr) / r + (
(vq)
/q
/
q + ((
((vz) /z) r = 0
Or,
/t + ((r
((rvr) /r)/r + ((
((
vq) /
/q
q)/r +
(
(
vz) /z = 0

Continuity equation in spherical


coordinate
/t + ((r2vr) / r)/r2 + (1/r Sin). (
(v
Sin) / + (1/r.Sin). (
(vq) /
/q
q=0
Partial derivative
/t
Total derivative
d /dt =
/ t +
/x. x /t +
/y. y
/t +
/z . z /t
Substantial derivative
Dr/Dt =
/t + vx /x + vy /y +
vz /z

Molecular transport -:
Rate of x component of momentum on face x =
xx |x
Rate of x component of momentum on face y =
yx |y
Rate of x component of momentum on face z =
zx |z

Taking x , y , z as sides of the cube and


the change can be written as
(vx vx |x - vx vx |x+ x ) y z + ((
vy vx |y - vy vx
|y+ y) x z + ((
vz vx |z - vz vx |z+ z ) y x
(xx |x - xx | x+ x ) y z + (
(yx |y - yx | y+ y ) x
z + (
(zx |z - zx | z+ z ) x y

Forces:-Forces:
Pressure forceforce- (p |x - p |

x+ x

) y z

Gravity forceforce- gx x y z
Accumulation -:
Rate of accumulation of x component of
momentum
= ( ((
vx) / t) x y z
Equating and dividing both sides by x y
z

(vx vx |x - vx vx |x+ x )/x + ((


vy vx |y - vy
vx |y+ y )/y + ((
vz vx |z - vz vx |z+ z )/ z
+ ((xx |x - xx | x+ x )/ x + (
(yx |y - yx | y+ y
)/ y + (
(zx |z - zx | z+ z )/ z + (p |x - p |
(vx) / t
x+ x )/ x + gx = (
Or,
((
vx) / t = -[ (
(vx vx) / x + (
(vy vx) /
y + (
( vz vx) / z]z]-[ xx / x + yx / y
+
zx /z] - p /x + gx ..
(1)

Similarly, for the other two components, y and


z:
(
(
vy) /t = -[(
[(vx vy) /x + (
(vy vy) /y +
(
(
vz vy) /z] - [xy /x + yy /y + zy /z] p /y + gy .. (2)
and
(
(
vz) /t = - [(
[(
vx vz) /x + (
(vy vz) /y +
(
(
vz vz) /z] - [ xz /x + yz /y + zz /z p /z + gz .. (3)

Now we know that,


(
(
vx) /t = vx /t + vx /t
and from equation of continuity
/ t = - [(
[(
vx) /x + (
(vy) /y + (
(vz) /z]
(
(
vx) /t = vx /t vx [(
[(
vx) /x + (
(vy) /y +
(
(
vz) /z]
The right hand side of equation (1) becomes
equal to
- [(
[(
vx vx) /x + (
(vy vx) /y + (
(vz vx) /z] [xx /x + yx /y +
[
zx /z] - p /x + gx
The first term can be expanded as
-vx vx/x vy vx/y - vzvx/z
/z-- vx[(
[(
vx) /x +
(
(
vy) /y + (
(vz) /z]

Eq. (1) can be written as


vx /t = -vx[(
[(
vx) /x + (
(vy) /y +
(
(
vz) /z]/z]- [vx vx /x - vyvy/y vzvz/z] vx [(
[(
vx) /x + (
(vy) /y +
(
(
vz) /z] - [
[xx /x +
yx /y +
zx
/z]-- p /x + gx
/z]
or,
[vx /t + vx vx /x - vyvy/y - vzvz/z]
= - [
[xx /x +
yx /y +
zx /z]
/z]-- p /x +
gx

Or, Dvx/Dt = - [
[xx /x +
yx /y +
zx /z] p/x + gx
Similarly,
Dvy/Dt = - [
[xy /x +
yy /y +
zy /z]
- p/y + gy
Dvz/Dt = - [
[xz /x +
yz/y +
zz /z]
- p /z + gz

Using xx = - vx/x,
/x,yx = - vx/y ,

zx = - vx/z
xy = - vy/x,
/x,yy = - vy/y, zy = - vy/z
xz = - vz/x,
/x,yz = - vz/y, zz= - vz/z
Navior stokes equation
[vx/t + vx vx/x + vy vy/y + vz vz/z]=
[2vx/x2+ 2vx/y2 + 2vx/z2 ] - p/x + gx
[vy/t + vx vy/x + vy vy/y + vz vy/z] =
[2vy /x2+ 2vy/y2 + 2vy/z2 ] - p/y + gy
[vz/t + vx vz/x + vy vz/y + vz vz/z]=
[2vz/x2+ 2vz /y2 + 2vz/z2 ] - p/z + gz

Navior stokes equation in cylindrical


coordinate
[vr/t + vr (vr/r) + v/r (vr/
/
) - v2/r + vz
(vr /z) ] = [/r (1/r( /r(rvr))) + 1/r2
(2vr/ 2) - 2/r2 (vq/
/
) + 2vr/z2] - p/r +
gr
[v/t + vr v/r + v/r.(v/
/
) - vr.v/r + vz
(v/z)] = [/r(1/r(/r(rv))) + (1/r2)
2v/
/
2 + 2/r2 (vr/
/
) + 2v/ z2] (1/r)
p/
p/
+ g
[vz/t + vr (vz/r) + (v/r) vz/
/
+ vz
(vz/z)] = [(1/r)/r(r(vz/r)) + (1/r2)
2vz/
/
2 + 2vz/z2] - p/z + gz

Problem 1:
1:-- determine the velocity for the
tangential laminar flow of an
incompressible fluid between two vertical
coaxial cylindrical , the outer one of which
rotating with an amplitude velocity
Solution: from physical understanding of the
problem vr = vt = 0 , and v/
/
=0
From navior stokes equation - v2/r = - p
/r

0 = d/dr (1/r.
(1/r. /r(rv))
And 0 = - p /z + gz
d/dr ((1/r.
1/r. /r (rv)) = 0
Or, 1/r. /r(rv) = A
/r (r.v) = A r
Or, r.v = A r2/2 + B
v = A r/2 + B/r
Apply B.C v = 0, at r =R v = 0kr at r = kR
0 = A R/2 + B/R
0kr = AkR/2 + B/kR
Or, 0 = AkR/2 + Bk/R
0kr = AkR/2 + B/kR
0kr = B/kR - Bk/R = B(1/kR - k/R)

B = 0kR / (1/kR - k/R)= 0kR/ (1(1- k2)/kR= 0k2R2/


(1-- k2)
(1
Similarly 0kr = AkR/2 + B/kR
0 = AR/k2 + B/kR
0kr = AkR/2 + AR/2k
= AR/2 ( k 1/k )
A = 20k / ( k 1/k )
v = 0k r/ (k 1/k) + 0k2R2/ (1(1- k2)r
= 0k2 r/ (k2 1) + 0k2R2/ (1
(1-- k2)r
= 0k2R2/ (1
(1-- k2)r - 0k2 r/ (1
(1--k2)
= 0k2R2 - 0k2 r2/ (1
(1-- k2)r
= 0k2 [ R2 r2/ (1
(1-- k2)r ]
Example 2: A fluid of constant density and viscosity
is in a cylindrical container of radius R. the
container is caused to rotate about its own axis at
an angular velocity . Find the shape of the free
surface when steady state has been established.

Solution:- as in the previous problem


Solution:vr = vz = 0 , and v/
/
=0
v2/r = - p /r
0 = d/dr (1/r.
(1/r. /r(rv)
0 = - p /z gz
d/dr ((1/r.
1/r. /r (rv) = 0
Or, 1/r. /r(rv) = A
/r (r.v) = A r
Or, r.v = A r2/2 + B
v = A r/2 + B/r
At r = 0 v =
B=0
At r= R v = 0R

0R = AR/2
Or, A = 20
v = 0r
v2/r = - p /r
02r = p /r
p /z = gz
dp = p /r.dr + p /z .dz
= 02r .dr gzdz
P = 02r2/2 + c gzz
P=p0 at z = z0 and r = 0
P0 = gzz0 +c
Or, c = p0 + gzz0
P = 02r2/2 + p0 + gzz0 gzz
P-P0 = 02r2/2 + gz(z0 zz)

P-P0 = 0 at all points on the surface


So gz(z0 zz) = 02r2/2
(z0 zz) = 02r2/2g
Shell momentum balance inside a pipe
Rate of momentum in - Rate of momentum out +
sum of forces = rate of accumulation of
momentum
Momentum in by convection = Momentum out by
convection
Momentum in by molecular transport = rx .2
.2
r x
|r
Momentum out by molecular transport = rx .2
.2
r
x |r+ r
Pressure force in = PA |x = p. 2r r |x

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