Chapter 4 - 1

ISSUES TO ADDRESS IN THIS CHAPTER

Linear defects
Interfacial/planar defects
Volume defects
CHAPTER 4: IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS
Point defects
There is no such a thing as a perfect crystal!
Are defects good for properties?
Why do we study materials imperfections?
Chapter 4 - 2
Types of Imperfections
Vacancy atoms
Interstitial atoms
Substitutional atoms
Point defects
Zero-dimensional
defects
Dislocations
Linear defects
One-dimensional
defects
Grain Boundaries
Twin Boundaries
Stacking Faults
Interfacial/planar
defects
Two-dimensional
defects
Three-dimensional
defects
Volume defects
Impurity inclusions
Pores
Cracks
Chapter 4 - 3
Vacancies:
-vacant atomic sites in a structure.
Self-Interstitials:
-"extra" atoms positioned between atomic sites.
Point Defects
Vacancy
distortion
of planes
self-
interstitial
distortion
of planes
Lattice distortion
increases system energy
Chapter 4 - 4
Boltzmann's constant
(1.38 x 10
-23
J /atom-K)
(8.62 x10
-5
eV/atom-K)
|
N
v
N
=
exp

Q
v
kT
|
\

|
.
|
No. of defects
No. of total
Atomic sites
Activation energy
Temperature
(Kelvins= C + 273)
Equilibrium concentration varies with temperature!
Equilibrium Concentration:
Point Defects
__
N
v
N
~ 10
-4
at T just below melting
Chapter 4 - 5
Low energy electron
microscope view of
a (110) surface of NiAl.
Increasing T causes
surface island of
atoms to grow.
Why? The equil. vacancy
conc. increases via atom
motion from the crystal
to the surface, where
they join the island.
Observing Equilibrium Vacancy Conc.
Island grows/shrinks to maintain
equil. vancancy conc. in the bulk.
Chapter 4 - 6
Two outcomes if impurity (B) added to host (A):
Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random dist. of point defects)
Solid solution of B in Aplus particles of a new
phase (usually for a larger amount of B)
OR
Substitutional solid soln.
(e.g., Cu in Ni)
Interstitial solid soln.
(e.g., C in Fe)
Second phase particle
--different composition
--often different structure.
Point Defects in Alloys
Solvent
Solute
Chapter 4 - 7
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Interstitial positions in FCC structure
Tetrahedral Octahedral
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Chapter 4 - 8
Concentration
Specification of composition
weight percent
100 x
2 1
1
1
m m
m
C
+
=
m
1
= mass of component 1
100 x
2 1
1
'
1
m m
m
n n
n
C
+
=
n
m1
= number of moles of component 1
atom percent
Chapter 4 - 9
are line defects,
slip between crystal planes result when dislocations move,
produce permanent (plastic) deformation.
Dislocations:
Schematic of a Plastic Deformation Process:
before deformation after tensile elongation
slip steps
Line Defects
Chapter 4 - 10
Imperfections in Solids
Linear Defects (Dislocations)
Are one-dimensional defects around which atoms are
misaligned
Edge dislocation:
extra half-plane of atoms inserted in a crystal structure
b to dislocation line
Screw dislocation:
spiral planar ramp resulting from shear deformation
b ,, to dislocation line
Burgers vector, b: measure of lattice distortion
Chapter 4 - 11
Imperfections in Solids
Edge Dislocation
Burgers circle clockwise,
counterclockwise?
b I line
_
Chapter 4 - 12
Imperfections in Solids
Screw Dislocation
Burgers vector b
Dislocation
line
b
(a)
(b)
Screw Dislocation
b // line
Chapter 4 - 13
Edge, Screw, and Mixed Dislocations
Edge
Screw
Mixed
Chapter 4 - 14
Dislocations seen in TEM
Dislocations are visible in
electron micrographs
8 steps
down
8 steps
right
8 steps
up
8 steps
left
Chapter 4 - 15
Practice: Determine the Burgers Vector
?
Chapter 4 - 16
Dislocations & Crystal Structures
Structure: close-packed
planes & directions
are preferred.
view onto two
close-packed
planes.
close-packed plane (bottom) close-packed plane (top)
close-packed directions
Comparison among crystal structures:
FCC: many close-packed planes/directions;
HCP: only one plane, 3 directions;
BCC: none
Specimens that
were tensile
tested.
Mg (HCP)
Al (FCC)
tensile direction
Chapter 4 - 17
Close-packed planes/directions
A
B
C
A
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
Chapter 4 - 18
Planar Defects in Solids
One case is a twin boundary (plane)
Essentially a reflection of atom positions across the twin
plane.
Stacking faults
For FCC metals an error in ABCABC packing sequence
Ex: ABCABABC
Chapter 4 - 19
TEM images of twins and a stacking fault in
FCC
Twins
Stacking Fault
Twin: ABCABCABCBACBACBA
Twin plane
SF: ABCABCBCABC or ABCABACABCABC
A is removed A is inserted
Chapter 4 - 20
Twins and Stacking Faults
FCC
What is the relationship between twins and SFs?
What if SFs appear periodically?
ABCABCABCABCABCABCABC ABCABCABCABCABCABCABC
Chapter 4 - 21
Other interfacial defects
External surfaces
Grain boundaries
Anti-phase domain
boundaries
Phase boundaries

Chapter 4 - 22
Volume defects (impurity precipitates)
Chapter 4 - 23
Volume defects (impurity precipitates)
1.5m
Chapter 4 - 24
Point, Line, plane and Volume defects exist in solids.
The number and type of defects can be varied
and controlled (e.g., T controls vacancy conc.)
Defects affect material properties (e.g., grain
boundaries control crystal slip).
Defects may be desirable or undesirable
(e.g., dislocations may be good or bad, depending
on whether plastic deformation is desirable or not.)
Summary