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    Energy Balance

    Uploaded by

    Bharat Vaaj
    This document provides an energy balance for various unit operations in the production of potassium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate. It summarizes the heat supplied, heat removed, heat of reactions, and steam requirements for each unit. Key points include: - The preheater heats the feed stream from 25°C to 60°C requiring 3.25 kg/hr of steam. - The sulfonator reaction produces heat, with 4 kg/hr of steam needed to remove the heat. - The precipitator reaction absorbs heat, with 5 kg/hr of steam required to supply this heat. - Various coolers and neutralizers calculate heat removed or added via brine

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Energy Balance

    Uploaded by

    Bharat Vaaj
    247 views11 pages
    This document provides an energy balance for various unit operations in the production of potassium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate. It summarizes the heat supplied, heat removed, heat of reactions, and steam requirements for each unit. Key points include: - The preheater heats the feed stream from 25°C to 60°C requiring 3.25 kg/hr of steam. - The sulfonator reaction produces heat, with 4 kg/hr of steam needed to remove the heat. - The precipitator reaction absorbs heat, with 5 kg/hr of steam required to supply this heat. - Various coolers and neutralizers calculate heat removed or added via brine

    Original Description:

    potassium anthraquinone sulfonate

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document provides an energy balance for various unit operations in the production of potassium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate. It summarizes the heat supplied, heat removed, heat of reactions, and steam requirements for each unit. Key points include: - The preheater heats the feed stream from 25°C to 60°C requiring 3.25 kg/hr of steam. - The sulfonator reaction produces heat, with 4 kg/hr of steam needed to remove the heat. - The precipitator reaction absorbs heat, with 5 kg/hr of steam required to supply this heat. - Various coolers and neutralizers calculate heat removed or added via brine

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    247 views11 pages

    Energy Balance

    Uploaded by

    Bharat Vaaj
    This document provides an energy balance for various unit operations in the production of potassium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate. It summarizes the heat supplied, heat removed, heat of reactions, and steam requirements for each unit. Key points include: - The preheater heats the feed stream from 25°C to 60°C requiring 3.25 kg/hr of steam. - The sulfonator reaction produces heat, with 4 kg/hr of steam needed to remove the heat. - The precipitator reaction absorbs heat, with 5 kg/hr of steam required to supply this heat. - Various coolers and neutralizers calculate heat removed or added via brine

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 11
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The document discusses the heat and material balances across different units involved in a chemical process. The units include a pre-heater, sulfonator, crystallizer, precipitator, cooler, neutralizer, and evaporator.

    The different steps involved in the process are pre-heating, sulfonation, crystallization, precipitation, cooling, neutralization and evaporation. Heat exchange takes place in each unit to achieve the desired output conditions.

    Each step lists the heat supplied, heat removed, steam requirements, temperature conditions etc. For example, the pre-heater requires 2.6 kg/hr steam, the sulfonator requires 4 kg/hr steam and so on.

    ENERGY BALANCE

    Reference temperature = 273 K

    PRE-HEATER
    Inlet temperature of solution

    25C

    Outlet temperature of solution

    60C

    Qf

    mCp dT

    Qf

    [(111.1*1.429)+(4.187*2.268)]*(298-273)

    168.258

    Qf

    4206.4504 kJ/hr

    Qp

    168.258

    10095.48 kJ/hr

    Heat carried in
    by the feed stream

    25

    Heat carried out


    by the product stream

    60

    Heat to be supplied,

    Qp - Qf =

    Steam requirement

    5889.03

    ( Qp - Qf )/ s

    (s=2260 kJ/kg)

    2.60576 kg/hr

    Assuming 80% heat transfer efficiency in the equipments


    Actual steam requirement, S

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Steam
    Total

    3.25 kg/hr

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    4206.4504
    5889.01
    10095.46

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    10095.48
    10095.48

    SULFONATOR

    Qf

    Qp

    (235.8*1.17*30) + (10095.48) + [(228.2*1.3734)+(.437*4)] * 100

    58128.25 kJ/hr

    [(326.5*2.045) + (288.2*1.43136) + (4*.437) + (4.253*22.674)] *120

    141524.46 kJ/hr

    Heat of reaction:
    No. of moles of anthraquinone taking part in the reaction = 1.13365 kmol/hr

    C14H8O2

    H2SO4

    (in the presence of M)

    HR

    Hf

    Hf

    (Hf ASA + Hf W)

    C14H8SO5 +

    H2O

    ASA

    CpdT
    -

    (Hf A + Hf H)

    Cp

    CpdT
    HR

    Total heat

    (-675320-285830) - (-58240-814000)

    -88910 kJ/kmol

    Cp Products

    (588.96+76.554) (297.723+140.04)

    228.474

    228.474 * 95

    -88910 + 21705.03 =

    -76186.914 kJ/hr

    Qp Qf + HR

    7209.296 kJ/hr

    Cp Reactants

    21705.03 kJ/kmol
    -67204.97 * 1.3365

    Hence, heat should be supplied to get products at required temperature


    Steam required,S

    7209.296/2260

    3.19 kg/hr

    Assuming around 80% heat transfer efficiency in the equipments


    Actual steam requirement, S

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Heat of reaction
    Steam
    Total

    4 kg/hr

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    58128.25

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    141524.46

    76186.914
    7209.4
    141524.5

    141524.46

    CRYSTALLIZER
    Qf

    141524.46 + (15*4.187*25)

    143094.6 kJ/hr

    Qp

    (326.5*2.045 + 288.2*1.311 + 4*.437 + 37.67*4.2) * 80

    96448 kJ/hr

    Heat to be removed =

    Qp - Qf

    -46646.6 kJ/hr

    Brine water is to be supplied for this cooling purpose


    Brine is available @ 288 K
    Brine required

    46646.6/(3.996*40)

    179.6 kg/hr

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Brine
    Total

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    143094.6
    -

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    96448
    46646.6
    143094.6

    143094.6

    Assuming 80% heat transfer efficiency, actual brine required = 225 kg/hr

    PRECIPITATOR
    Qf

    = [(326.5*2.045 + 10*4.2) * 80] + [(34.63*.677 + 253.97*4.187) * 25]


    = 84992.37 kJ/hr

    Qp

    = [ 151.53*3.5075 + (1.05*4.2)*280.97 + 192.63*2.045 ] * 85


    = 183982.29 kJ/hr

    Heat of reaction:
    C14H8SO5 +
    ASA

    KCl

    C14H7SO5K +
    PAS

    HCl
    C

    No. of moles of potassium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate formed = 0.4644 kmol

    CpdT

    HR

    Hf

    Hf

    (Hf PAS + Hf C) -

    (-1153981.62 167370) ( -675320 420680)

    -225351.62 kJ/kmol

    (Hf ASA + Hf P )

    Cp

    CpdT
    HR

    Total heat

    Cp Products

    (1144.357 + 25.8785) (588.96 + 50.485)

    530.82 * 60

    31849.23 kJ/kmol

    -225351.62 + 31849.23

    -193502.39 * 0.4644

    -89862.76 kJ/hr

    Qp Qf + HR

    9127.157 kJ/hr

    Steam required=

    9127/2260

    Cp Reactants

    4.038 kg/hr

    Assuming 80% efficiency, actual steam requirement = 5 kg/hr

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Heat of reaction
    Steam
    Total

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    84992.3725
    89862.76
    9127.01
    183982.14

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    183982.2896
    183982.2

    COOLER
    Inlet temperature

    85C

    Outlet temperature =

    25C

    Qf

    (133.5*3.5075 + 2.5*2.045 + .28*.709) * 85

    40252.79 kJ/hr

    11839.05 kJ/hr

    Heat released

    -28413.74 kJ/hr

    Brine required

    28413.74/(3.996*10)

    Qp

    711.05 kg/hr

    Assuming 80% efficiency, actual brine requirement = 888 kg/hr

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Brine
    Total

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    40252.79
    -

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    11839.05
    28413.74
    40252.79

    40252.79

    NEUTRALIZER
    Qf

    Qp

    (11839.05 + 0.86*1.145*25)

    11863.66 kJ/hr

    (133.5*3.5075 + 0.45*.8645 + 4.326*2.7 + 0.14*4.187+.919*.35)*25

    12030.7 kJ/hr

    Heat of reaction:
    Reaction 1:
    2 C14H8SO5

    Na2CO3

    ASA

    2 C14H7SO5Na +
    NAS

    CO2

    CpdT

    HR

    Hf

    Hf

    (Hf NAS + Hf O + Hf W) - (Hf ASA + Hf S)

    [-2*1091200 393500 285830] [-2*675320 1130770]

    -380320 kJ/kmol

    No. of moles of sodium carbonate reacted = 0.004355 kmol

    CpdT

    HR1 =
    =

    0
    Hf
    -1656.3 kJ/hr

    H2O
    W

    Reaction 2:
    2 HCl

    Hf

    Na2CO3
    S

    2 NaCl

    CO2

    H2O
    W

    (Hf N + Hf O + Hf W) - (Hf C + Hf S)

    [-2*408760 393500 285830] [-2*167370 1130770]

    -31340 kJ/kmol

    No. of moles of sodium carbonate reacted = 0.003776 kmol


    HR2 =

    -118.33 kJ/hr

    HR

    HR1 +

    1774.63 kJ/hr

    HR2

    Heat to be removed
    + HR

    Qp - Qf

    12030.7 11863.66 1774.63

    -1607.6 kJ/hr

    Brine required=
    =

    1607.6/(3.996*10)
    40.23 kg/hr

    Assuming 80% efficiency, actual brine requirement = 50 kg/hr

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Heat of reaction
    Brine
    Total

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    11863.66
    1774.63
    13638.3

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    12030.7
    1607.6
    13638.3

    RECYCLE HEAT BALANCES


    PAN DRYER
    Amount of solid to be dried

    292.2 kg dry solid/hr

    Inlet air temperature, Tg2

    120C

    Outlet air temperature, Tg1

    85C

    Inlet solids temperature, Ts1

    85C

    Outlet solids temperature, Ts2

    100C

    Assumptions:

    @ 25C, humidity of air is 50% (which is available from flue gas)


    Hence, absolute humidity of available air = 0.01 kgwater/kg dry air

    Y2

    The enthalpy of air entering the drier,HG2=

    [(Cg + Y2Cv)(Tg2 To) + Y2]

    Specific heat of air,

    Cg

    1.005 kJ/kgC

    Specific heat of vapor,

    Cv

    1.884 kJ/kgC

    Enthalpy of vapor,

    2502.3 kJ/kg

    HG2

    147.882 kJ/kg

    HG1

    (1.005+1.884Y1)85 + 2502.3

    85.425 + 2662.44 Y1

    The enthalpy of the solid entering the drier,


    Hs1

    Cp(Ts1 To) + X1(Ts1 To) Cw

    (1.311+ 0.077*4.187) * 80 kJ/kg

    130.7014 kJ/kg

    The enthalpy of the solid leaving the drier,


    Hs2

    1.369*100

    136.9 kJ/kg

    Assuming no heat loss due to radiation to the surroundings

    Moisture balance:
    Ss X1

    Gs Y2

    Ss X2

    Ss(X1 X2)

    Gs(Y1 + Y2)

    292.2(0.077)

    Gs(Y1 + 0.01)

    Gs(Y1 0.01)

    22.5

    Gs HG2

    Ss Hs2 +

    Gs Y1

    Enthalpy balance:
    Ss Hs1 +
    292.2*130.7 +

    Gs(147.882)

    Gs(62.458 2662Y1)

    Gs HG1 +Q

    = 292.2(136.9) + Gs(85.424 + 2662Y1) + 0


    =

    1837.78

    By solving,
    Gs

    1724.13 kg dry air /hr

    Y1

    0.023

    Heat source
    Ss Hs1
    Gs HG2
    Ss Hs2
    Gs HG1
    Total

    Heat in kJ/hr
    38190.54
    254964.34

    293154.88

    Heat out kJ/hr

    40002.18
    253151.17
    293153.35

    COOLER
    Qf

    Qp

    Qp Qf

    (172.63*2.045 + 13*0.709 + 229.97*4.2) * 85

    112890.1448 kJ/hr

    (172.63*2.045 + 13*0.709 + 229.97*4.2) * 25

    33203 kJ/hr

    -79687.14 kJ/hr

    Brine required=
    =

    68533.856/(3.996*10)
    1994.17 kg/hr

    Streams
    Feed stream
    Product stream
    Brine
    Total

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    112890.1448
    112890.1448

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    33203
    79687.14
    112890.14

    NEUTRALIZER 2
    Qp

    Qp

    (172.63*2.045 + 13*0.709 + 229.97*4.2 + (50.65*1.145)) * 25

    34652.85 kJ/hr

    (185.824*4.426 + 238.57*4.187 + 20.836*0.709 + 21.024*0.919)*25

    46386.084 kJ/hr

    Heat of reactions:
    Same reactions as the previous neutralizer occur
    HR1

    -380320 kJ/kmol

    No. of moles of sodium carbonate reacted = 0.6 kmol


    HR2

    -31340 kJ/kmol

    No. of moles of sodium carbonate reacted = 0.356 kmol


    Total heat of reactions=

    Total heat

    - 228192 - 11162.4

    - 239354.4 kJ/hr

    46386.084 34652.85 239354.4

    Heat to be removed =

    -227621.16 kJ/hr

    Brine required

    1.582 kg/s

    Streams
    Reactant stream
    Product stream
    Heat of reaction

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    34652.85
    239354.4

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    46386.084
    -

    Brine
    Total

    274007.25

    227621.16
    274007.244

    EVAPORATOR
    Qf

    46386.084 kJ/hr

    Evaporator operated @ 120 C to completely vaporize water


    Qp

    (185.824*4.426 + 20.836*0.709 + 21.024*0.919)*120 + 2260*238.57

    641954.29 kJ/hr

    Qp Qf=

    -595568.2125 kJ/hr

    263.5 kg/hr

    Assuming 80% efficiency in heat transfer equipments steam requirement is 330 kg/hr

    Streams
    Feed stream
    Product stream
    Steam
    Total

    Energy inlet (kJ/hr)


    46386.084
    595568.2125
    641954.29

    Energy outlet (kJ/hr)


    641954.29
    641954.29

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