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Physics Formula 61

1. The document discusses quantum physics and describes the distribution functions that explain how particles are distributed over different quantum states depending on their spin. 2. It introduces Fermi-Dirac statistics for particles with integer spin that obey the Pauli exclusion principle, and Bose-Einstein statistics for particles with half-odd integer spin. 3. In the limit of high temperature or energy, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be derived from these statistics.

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32 views1 page

Physics Formula 61

1. The document discusses quantum physics and describes the distribution functions that explain how particles are distributed over different quantum states depending on their spin. 2. It introduces Fermi-Dirac statistics for particles with integer spin that obey the Pauli exclusion principle, and Bose-Einstein statistics for particles with half-odd integer spin. 3. In the limit of high temperature or energy, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be derived from these statistics.

Uploaded by

pranodan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 10: Quantum physics

53

For a macroscopic system in equilibrium holds [H, ] = 0. If all quantumstates with the same energy are equally probable: Pi = P (Ei ), one can obtain the distribution: Pn (E ) = nn = eEn /kT with the state sum Z = Z eEn /kT
n

The thermodynamic quantities are related to these denitions as follows: F = kT ln(Z ), U = H = pn En = ln(Z ), S = k Pn ln(Pn ). For a mixed state of M orthonormal quantum states with kT n n probability 1/M follows: S = k ln(M ). The distribution function for the internal states for a system in thermal equilibrium is the most probable function. This function can be found by taking the maximum of the function which gives the number of states with Stirlings equation: ln(n!) n ln(n) n, and the conditions nk = N and nk Wk = W . For identical,
k k

indistinguishable particles which obey the Pauli exclusion principle the possible number of states is given by: P =
k

gk ! nk !(gk nk )!

This results in the Fermi-Dirac statistics. For indistinguishable particles which do not obey the exclusion principle the possible number of states is given by: P = N!
k nk gk nk !

This results in the Bose-Einstein statistics. So the distribution functions which explain how particles are distributed over the different one-particle states k which are each g k -fold degenerate depend on the spin of the particles. They are given by: 1. Fermi-Dirac statistics: integer spin. nk {0, 1}, nk = with ln(Zg ) = gk ln[1 + exp((Ei )/kT )]. N gk Zg exp((Ek )/kT ) + 1 gk N Zg exp((Ek )/kT ) 1

2. Bose-Einstein statistics: half odd-integer spin. nk I N , nk = with ln(Zg ) =


T 0

gk ln[1 exp((Ei )/kT )].

Here, Zg is the large-canonical state sum and the chemical potential. It is found by demanding nk = N , and for it holds: lim = EF , the Fermi-energy. N is the total number of particles. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be derived from this in the limit Ek nk = N Ek exp Z kT kT : gk exp Ek kT

with Z =
k

With the Fermi-energy, the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics can be written as: 1. Fermi-Dirac statistics: nk = gk . exp((Ek EF )/kT ) + 1

2. Bose-Einstein statistics: nk =

gk . exp((Ek EF )/kT ) 1

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