Rigid and Braced Frames

ENDS 231
Note Set 27.1
F2007abn
Rigid and Braced Frames

Rigid Frames Rigid frames are identified by the lack of pinned joints within the frame. The joints are rigid and resist rotation. They may be supported by pins or fixed supports. They are typically statically indeterminate. Frames are useful to resist lateral loads. Frame members will see shear

bending axial forces and behave like beam-columns.
Behavior The relation between the joints has to be maintained, but the whole joint can rotate. The amount of rotation and distribution of moment depends on the stiffness (EI/L) of the members in the joint. End restraints on columns reduce the effective length, allowing columns to be more slender. Because of the rigid joints, deflections and moments in beams are reduced as well. Frames are sensitive to settlement because it induces strains and changes the stress distribution. Types Gabled has a peak Portal resembles a door. Multi-story, multiple bay portal frames are commonly used for commercial and industrial construction. The floor behavior is similar to that of continuous beams. Staggered Truss Full story trusses are staggered through the frame bays, allowing larger clear stories.
Staggered Truss
ENDS 231
Note Set 27.1
F2007abn
Connections Steel Flanges of members are fully attached to the flanges of the other member. This can be done with welding, or bolted plates. Reinforced Concrete Joints are monolithic with continuous reinforcement for bending. Shear is resisted with stirrups and ties.
Braced Frames Braced frames have beams and columns that are pin connected with bracing to resist lateral loads. Types of Bracing

knee-bracing diagonal (including eccentric) X K or chevron shear walls which resist lateral forces in the plane of the wall
diagonal X
shear walls
Rigid Frame Analysis Structural analysis methods such as the portal method (approximate), the method of virtual work, Castiglianos theorem, the force method, the slope-displacement method, the stiffness method, and matrix analysis, can be used to solve for internal forces and moments and support reactions. Shear and bending moment diagrams can be drawn for frame members by isolating the member from a joint and drawing a free body diagram. The internal forces at the end will be equal and opposite, just like for connections in pinned frames. Direction of the beam-like member is usually drawn by looking from the inside of the frame.
ENDS 231
Note Set 27.1
F2007abn
M+ M+
Frame Design The possible load combinations for frames with dead load, live load, wind load, etc. is critical to the design. The maximum moments (positive and negative) may be found from different combinations and at different locations. Lateral wind loads can significantly affect the maximum moments. Plates and Slabs If the frame is rigid or non-rigid, the floors can be a plate or slab (which has drop panels around columns). These elements behave differently depending on their supports and the ratio of the sides.

one-way behavior: like a wide beam, when ratio of sides > 1.5 two-way behavior: complex, non-determinate, look for handbook solutions
Floor Loading Patterns With continuous beams or floors, the worst case loading typically occurs when alternate spans are loaded with live load (not every span). The maximum positive and negative moments may not be found for the same loading case! If you are designing with reinforced concrete, you must provide flexure reinforcement on the top and bottom and take into consideration that the maximum may move.
M+
ENDS 231
Note Set 27.1
F2007abn
Example 1
BAy MBA BAx The rigid frame shown has been analyzed using an advanced structural analysis technique. The reactions at support A are: Ax = 2.37 kN, Ay = 21.59 kN, MA = -4.74 kNm. The reactions at support C are: Cx = -2.37 kN, Cy = 28.4 kN, MC = -26.52 kNm. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams, and identify Vmax & Mmax. BCy MBC MBC BCx BAx Solution:BAy BCx B BCy 5m 10 kN/m 26.52 kNm 2.37 kN
10 kN/m
B
5m 6m
B
6m
4.74 kNm
2.37 kN
MBA B
21.59 kN
C
28.41 kN
Reactions These values must be given or found from non-static analysis techniques. The values are given with respect to the global coordinate system we defined for positive and negative forces and moments for equilibrium. Member End Forces The free-body diagrams of all the members and joints of the frame are shown above. The unknowns on the members are drawn positive, and the opposite directions are drawn on the joint. We can begin the computation of internal forces with either member AB or BC, both of which have only three unknowns. Member AB With the magnitudes of reaction forces at A know, the unknowns are at end B of BAx, BAy, and MBA, which can get determined by applying Fx = 0 , F y = 0 , and M B = 0 . Thus,
Fx = 2.37 kN + BAx = 0
BAx = -2.37 kN,
F y = 21.59 kN + BA y = 0
BAy = -21.59 kN
M B = 2.37 kN ( 6 m ) 4.74 kN m + M BA = 0
MBA = -9.48 kNm
Joint B Because the forces and moments must be equal and opposite, BCx = 2.37 kN, BCy = 21.59 kN and MBC = 9.48 kNm Member BC All forces are known, so equilibrium can be checked: Fx = 2.37 kN 2.37 kN = 0 F y = 21.59 kN + 28.49 kN (10 kN / m )5 m = 0
M B = 28.41kN ( 5 m ) 10 kN / m( 5 m )( 2.5 m ) 26.52 kN m + 9.48 kN m = 0
21.59 kN
23.3 kNm (2.84 m)
+V
(2.16 m)
+M
-9.48 kNm -9.48 kNm
-28.41 kN
-26.52 kNm 4.74 kNm -2.37 kN
deflected shape (based on +/- M) 4
+M
+V
ENDS 231
Note Set 27.1
F2007abn
Example 2
The rigid frame shown has been analyzed using an advanced structural analysis technique. The reactions at support A are: Ax = -28.6 k, Ay = -15.3 k, MA = 208 k-ft. The reactions at support D are: Dx = -11.4 k, Dy = 15.3 k, MD = 110 ft-k. Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams, and identify Vmax & Mmax.. Solution: NOTE: The joints are not shown, and the load at joint B is put on only one body.
40 k
15 ft
12 ft
A D
15.3 k 94.5 k-ft
18 ft
15.3 k 40 k
C
11.4 k 135 k-ft
135 k-ft 11.4 k
B
15 ft 15.3 k
C 94.5 k-ft
11.4 k
11.4 k
18 ft
208 k-ft
12 ft
15.3 k
A
15.3 k
28.6 k
110 k-ft
D 11.4 k
15.3 k
+V
28.6 k
+M
135 k-ft
-94.5 k-ft
135 k-ft
-15.3 k
-94.5 k-ft
-208k-ft
+V
+M
11.4 k
110 k-ft
deflected shape (based on +/- M)
+M
+V 5

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ENDS 231

Note Set 27.1