,uz;L fz;fSkpy;yhky;

khjf;fzf;fpy; gl;odpfple;J.
E}whz;Lfs; tiu thHf;Toa
`onuhFnshigl;= vdg;gLk; Fif
caphpfis ,';nf
re;jpf;fg;nghfpwPh;fs;

fyp~nghh;dpahtpd; caukhd kiy thpirapd; bgah; rpauh

epntlh/ ,jd; KfoypUe;J fapW tHpahf bjh';fpago ,w';fpte;jdh;
ehd;F Fif Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;/ mth;fs; fhy;ge;J msnt cs;s rpW
Jisiaf; fz;ldh;/ mij bfh":rk; bghpjhf;fp cs;ns EiHe;jdh;/
vd;d tpag;g[_ mjd; cl;g[wk; kpfg; bghpa nfhapy; kz;lgk; nghd;W
tphpe;jJ/ jiu. Rth; Tiw vd vy;yh gf;fKk; <l;o Kidfs; nghy
gof';fs; Kisj;jpUe;jd/ kpjpj;jhy; cjph;e;J tpLnkh vd;w

kpy;ypad; mr:RWj;Jk; kpUJthd jiu/

bg':rkpd; nlhngh vd;w Fif mwp"h; ,Jtiu kdpjd;
ghh;itapny gl;ouhj vz;zw;w g{r;rpg; bghl:Lfis m';nf fz;lhh;/
mYf;fy; FYf;fypy;yhky; monky; moitj;J mt;ta [ ph;fSf;F ,k;ir
Mz;Lfshf bfhLf; f hky; glk; vLj; J . Muha; r ; r p nkw; b fhz; l hh; / me; j
mw; g [ j f; F iff; F Fl; o f; f uo(Ursa minor) vd; W mth; ; bgah;
itj;jpUf;fpwhh;/ Fifapd; Kd; gFjpapy; fuo vYk;igf; fz;ljhy;
mg; b gaiu Fiff; F tH'; f papUf; f pwhh; / Fiwe; j J 30 g[ j pa
,Uz;l g{r; r pfisahtJ mth; m'; n f fz; o Ug; g hh; / njhSf; F mUnf
brf;fr;brntbyd;W xU g{uhd; efh;eJ ; bfhz;oUe;jjhk;/ xU fy;iy
mg;gog; g[ul;og;nghl;lhy; mjd; fPH; ehd;ife;J #e;Jf;fs; gae;J

Fifapy;//// ehyhg;gf;fKk; rpjwp xodthk;/ kdpjd; ,Jtiu EiHe;jpuhj

Fiffis Muha;tJ xU rpy tp":"hdpfSf;fg; gpoj;jpUf;fpwJ/
Fiffspd; Fk;kpUl;oy; jd; tH;ehs; KGtija[k; fHpj;J thGk;
caphpd';fis l;nuhFnshigl; (Troglobites) vd;W brhy;Yfpwhh;fs;/
#p/nf/ vk; g{uhd;fs;. bra;ahd;fs; rpye;jpfs;. g[Gf;fs;. FUl;L rykhz;lh;fs;.
rpye;jpfs;. fz;fspy;yhj kPd;fs; vd;W gytif caphpd';fs;
Fifapd; Fk;kpUl;oy; thH;fpd;wd/

fyp~nghh;dpahtpy; rpauhepntlh Fiffspy; Ch;e;J

bry;Yk; g{uhd;fs;. Fk;kpUl;oy; fz;fspd; Jizapd;wp
thH;fpwJ/

1
 Kotpy; xU rpwpa ,Lg;gst[
miwapy; ngha;Kotjhft[k;
,Uf;fyhk;/
Fiffs; vd;whny
,Ul; L jhd; / Tlnt rhpe; J
tpGk; fw; f s; . kpUJthd
jiu. nj';fp epw;Fk; Fl;ilfs;/
tGf;fyhd ghiwfs;.
t p @ t h a [ f ; f s ; .
fhw;nwhl;lkpy;yhj fy;yiw
vd;W brhd;dhYk;.
mJkpifahfhJ/ ,Ug;gpDk;
Fif Ma;thsh;fs; capiug;
gzak; itj:J
g[Gf;fisg;nghy Fiffspd;
cs;ns Ch;e;J brd;W
Muha;r;rp bra;fpwhh;fs;/
Fifapd; thapny rpwpa
FHha; n ghy ,Uf; f . mjd;
cly; KGtJKs;s nuhk';fspd; cjtpahy; rpW
Kot[ nghfg; n ghf vg; g o
mjph;t[fisa[k; mwptjhy; ,e;j rpye;jpf;F fz;fSk;
,Uf;Fk; vd;W mwpe;J
NhpaxspapypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; cly; epwKk; njitg;gltpy;iy/
bfhs;s KoahjpUf;f
bkl;lghyp!k; ke;jfjpapy; eilbgWfpwJ/ ,dg;bgUf;fKk;
Jzpe;J mjDs;ns mth;fs;
gLke;jk;/
bry;fpwhh;fs;/
l; n uhf; n yhigl; tif gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf
Fk;kpUl;onyna. rhg;gpl;L. elkho. ntl;ilaho. ,dtpUj;jp caphpd';fspy; ,Jtiu Fiffspy; nj';fpapUf;Fk;
bra; J Fiff; F s; n sna gy; y hapukhz; L fshf caphpd'; f s; 7700 rpw;wpd';fs; Fl;ilfspy; bespe;jgo thH;e;J
thH;fpd;wd/ mtw;wpw;F cyfg;nghh; gw;wpnah Fnshgy; thkp'; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl:Ls;sd/ bfhz;oUg;gJ ,e;j fz;fsw;w
gw;wpnah ve;jf; ftiya[kpy;iy/ Fiff;F btspna xU cyfk; bghJthf vy;yh Fif g[G/ Fif vj;jidjhd; ,k;ir
,Ug;gnj mtw;wpw;Fj; bjhpahJ/ ,d;W new;wy;y gy kpy;ypad; caphpfSk; clYf; F ve; j kpf;fjhf ,Ug;gpDk;//// thH;f;if
Mz;Lfshfnt mit ,Ul;il ehor; brd;wile;J thH;f;if elj;jp tz;zKk; ,y;yhky; m';nf ele;jgojhdpUf;fpwJ/
tUfpd;wd/ ,Ue;jd/ Nhpa xspna glhj
cyfpy; vj;jid Mapuk; Fiffs;; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ ahUf;Fk; Fk;kpUl;oy; thH;gtw;wpw;F
bjhpahJ/ ekf;Fj; bjhpe;jitfs; btWk; 1 rjk;jhd;/ kPjKs;s 99 cly; epwj;jpw;bfd;d ntiy_ mnj nghy mit midj;jpw;Fk; fz;fs;
rjk; Ffisg;gw;wp ekf;F vJt[nk bjhpahJ/ Fiffs; kiy ,y;iy/ fz;fSf;F gjpyhf m';nf rpW FHpa[k;. mjpy; bfh":rk;
KfLfspy; ,Uf;fyhk;. kiyaothu';fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;/ my;yJ bfhGg;g[k; epuk;gpa[s;sd/
rhjuhz jiuapd; fPH;Tl ,Uf;fyhk;/ ,Jtiu kdpjDf;F mfg;gl;l Mf;!p#d; mst[ kpff;Fiwt[. czt[ fpilg;gnjh mijtpl mhpJ/
Fiffs; 550 kl:Lnk/ Mz;LnjhWk; me;j vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj:Jf; Mjyhy; l;nuhFnshigl;Lfs; aht[k; kpft[k; rpwpa clk;igna
bfhz;nl tUfpwJ/ bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd/ mtw;wpd; cly; ,af;f';fSk;. cs; ,af;f';fSk;
vy;yh FiffSk; kpfg;bghpa muz;kid nghy kpfkpf bks;snt eilbgWfpd;wd/ mg;go epjhdkhd thH;fi ; fia
tphpe;jpUg;gjpy;iy/ ePz;l FHha;nghy bespe;J bespe;J brd;W elj;jpdhy;jhd; me;j ,lj;jpy; caph;gpoj;jpUf;fKoa[k; /,jd;

2
 Fifapy;
epue;jukhf ,Ul;Lepyt[tjhy; m';nf thGk; g{r;rpfSf;F
fz;fns ,y;iy/ mtw;wpd; cwtpd';fs; Fifbtspapy;
KG fz;fSld; thH;fpd;wd/ ,uz;L';bfl;lhd; gFjpapy;
thH;gtw;wpw;F miuFiw ghh;ita[ila fz;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd/
brf;bfhah njrpa g{';fhtpy; cs;s xU Fifapy; mwp"h; ,Uf;fntz;Lk; nghYs;sJ/ cly; KGtJk; ePskhd nuhkf;fhy;fs;
bg";rkpd;. g{l;Rfis fHw;wptpl;L rptg;g[ nfhol;l cs;sd/ mit rpwpa fhw;wirita[k;Tl clYf;F clDf;Fld;
,lj;jpw;Fs;nsna mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;/ ,J Fifapd; czh;j;Jk; nghyj; bjhpfpwJ/
caphpd';fis nrjg;gLj;jptplhkypUg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghL/ nft; gahy#p (Fif caphpay;) 1797 ,nyna Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ/
mz;ik Muha;;r;rpapd; gadhf caphpaYf;F 30 g[jpa ml;hpahof; vd;w FifapypUe;J xU mo ePsKs;s `g[nuhl;oa!;= vd;w
rpw;wpd';fs; mwpKfkhfpapUf;fpd;wd/ rhykhz;lh; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;lnghJ cyfnk tpae;jJ/ mij `Fl;o
ouhfd;= vd;W fUjpdhh;fs;/ mjd; gpwF mbkhpf;fhtpy; blf;!h!:
khfhzj;jpy; nkYk; gy rhykhz;lh;fs; (gy;yp nghd;w ePh; epy
thH:tpfs;) fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;ld. mjd; gpwF fypnghh;dpah. blf;!h!:
Mfpa kfhz';fspy; brf;bfhah. fp";!: bfd;ahd;. Mfpa njrpa
g{'f; hf;fspy; Vuhskhd Fiffspy; Muha;rr ; pfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld/
fyp~nghh;dpahtpy; thH;e;Jte;j Mjp mbkhpf;fh
gH';Foapduhfpa `nahFj;= ,dj;jth; rpahuh kiyfspy; ,aw;ifahf
fhuzj;jhy; m';nf g{r;rpfs; Tl gy;yhz;Lfs; thH;fpd;wd/ rpy 130 mike;Js;s Fiffis rl';Ffs; nkw;bfhs;tjw;fhf
tUl';fs;Tl thH;fpd;wd/ 100 taJ mile;j gpwnf ,dg;bgUf;fk; gad;gLj;jpa[s;sdh;/ Fiffspd; thapy;fspy; njs;. rpye;jp. Mfpa
bra;fpd;wd/ g{r;rpfspd; rpj;jpu';fis mth;fs; tiue;J brd;wdh;/ 1970 ,y;
rpwpa clYk;. FUl;Lj;jiya[k;. btspwpa epwKk; Mdhy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l rpwpa Muha;r;rpfspd; Zyk; Fifspy; fhzg;gLk;
fhy;fs; kl:Lk; ePskhft[k; Kidfs; bfhf;fp nghy; gnah ilth;rpl;o (caphp-gd;-kak;) jpiff;fitf;Fk; mst[f;F
tise;JkpUf;fpd;wd/ tGf;fyhd ghiwfspy; elkhl fhy;fs; mg;go ,Ue; j J/ 2002 ,y; @hd; f; b ua; f ; f h vd; w M!; l ; o d; Fif

3
 caphpayhsUk;
bl!:g;bgad;
v d ; w
g[ t papay;
ty;YeUk;
,ize;J
r p a u h
Fiffis
M a ; t [
b r a ; a
Muk;gpj;jdh;/
g[jh;fs;
kz;of;fple;j
Xhplj; j py;
g[zy; totpy; xU gs;sk; ,Ue;jJ/ f;bua;f;fh rfy Ma[j';fSld;
mjpy; EiHe;jhh;/ Fifapd; mfyk; xU Ms; Ch;e;J bry;Yk;
mst[f;Fj;jhd; ,Ue;jjhy; iffshy; cliy ,Gj;jgo kz;g[Gnghy
tise;J bespa[k; 60 mo Jisa[s; mth; EiHe;jhh;/ Fif rpwpa
miwapy; ngha; Kotile;jJ/ rpy;byd;w FspUk; caukhd Tiwa[k.;
cjph;e;j kz;qk;. fw;fSk; goe;j jiua[k; Toajhf me;jf;Fif
,Ue;jJ/
btspcyfj;jpYs;s rfy caphpd';fSk;/ Nhpa xspahy;
jhtu';fis cw;gj;jp bra;ak
[ ; xspr;nrh;fi
; fg; bghUisna Mjhukhff;
bfhz;L thH;fpd;wd/ FifapDs; Nhpaxspna ,y;yhjjhy; Mjhu
czt[f;F m';Fs;s caphpd';fs; vd;d bra;fpd;wd vd;gJ xU
Kf;fpa nfs;tp/
fy;Yf;Fs; njiuf;Fk;. fUg;ig capUf;Fk; vg;go
czt[fpilf;fpwJ vd;W kf;fs; tpaf;fpwhh;fs;/ Fiff;Fs; capUf;Fk;
mnj Nhpad;jhd; kiwKfkhf czt[ jUfpwhd;/ FiffSf;F nkny
tsh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; kuk;. bro. bfhofspd; nth;fs; Fifapd;
Tiwapy; ,w'; f p brhl; L r; brhl; l hf czit. Edp tHpahf
tH':Ffpd;wd/ cjph;e;j ,iyfSk; fpisfSk; tPRfpd;w fhw;wpdhy;
Fifapd; cs;ns tUfpd;wd/ kiHf;fhyj;jpy; cs;ns g[Fk; bts;sk;
bfh";rk; brj;ijfis moj;Jf; bfhz:L te;J nghLfpd;wd/
j";rkila tUk; vypfSk;. ntW rpy bghe;JthH; tpy':FfSk;.
bfhl;ilfs;. gUg;g[fs; Kjypatw;iw vLj;Jf; bfhz;L te;J
Fifapd; cs;ns nrkpj:Jitj:Jtpl;L gpd; kwe;JtpLfpd;wd/ ghk;g.[
Fiffspy; trpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; tHf;fj;ijtpl kpfr;rpwpathfnt
fPhp nghd;w kpUf';fs; cs;ns te;Jtpl:L gpd; btspnaw tHp
cs;sd/ rpwpa clk;ghf ,Ug;gjhy; rpf;fdkhd cztpy; ePz;lehs;
bjhpahky; kPjpehis m';nfna fHpj;Jtpl;L rlykhfptpLfpd;wd/
thHyhk; my;yth_ czt[ fpilf;Fnkh fpilf;fhnjh vd;W ,Uf;Fk;
,g;goahf Fiff;Fs; Xust[f;F <uKk; m';fff; fHpt[k;. fhw;Wk;
FifthH;f;iff;F ,J mtrpaky;ynth/ ,';Fs;s g{r;rpfs; aht[k; 6
kl';F bghpJgLj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd/

4
 fpilj;JtpLfpwJ/ f;bua;ff ; h gf;fthl;oypUe;j FHptpy; jdJ bky;ypa cliy EiHe;J
vy;yh FiffSk; Muha;e;jhh;/ xt;bthU rpWfy;iyg; g[ul;odhYk; m';nf xU g{r;rp
, g ; g o efh;ej ; J/ xd;Wf;Ff; Tl jiyapy; fz;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy/ fz;fs;
,Ue; J tpLtjpy; i y/ ,Ue;jhYk; mit xd;Wf;Fk; gad;glhjgo kpfr;rpwpajhf ,Ue;jd/
buhkhdpah. tpnahkp'; Vnjh xU tpjj;jpy; m';F thGk; g{r;rpfs; btspcyf g{r;rpfSf;F
Mfpa ,l';fspy; cs;s cwthfj; j hd; ,Uf; f ntz; L k; / xU fhyfl; l j; j py; ,aw; i fr;
Fiffs; btsp cyfj; rPww
; j;jpypUe;J jg;gpj:Jf;bfhs;s Fiffis mz;oapUf;fpd;wd/ gpd;
bjhlh; n g ,y; y hky; m';nfna j';fptpl;ljhy; Fif thH;fi ; ff;F vw;wgo rpwpa clk;iga[k.;
, U f ; f p d ; w d / jhkjkhd cly; ,af;fj;ija[k; khjf;fzf;fpy; Mfhukpy;yhky;
kz; z py; ,ay; g hf ,Uf; f f; T oa gl; o dp thH; f ; i fa[ k ; / bgw; W f; bfhz; L s; s d/
cs;s fe;jfk;. ,Uk;g[. fz;fisa[k; cly;epwj;ija[k; jpahfk; bra;Jtpl;L. ePz;l if
g h ! : t u k ; fhy;fis tsh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd/
K j y p a t w ; i w *****
tpndhjkhd Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jp kPj;njd;.
tha[it btspapl;L.
cly; tsh;f;Fk;
ngf;ohpahf;fs; m';nf
thH;fpd;wd/ mayhd;
vd;w Fif 2006
,y;jhd; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ/
mJ filrpahf
Zlg;gl;lnjh kpy;ypad;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf
,Uf;fyhk;/ mjd;
jiuapy; epue; j ukhf
Xof;bfhz;oUf;Fk;
bgha;j;njs;- ,jd; ePUk;. fe;jff; fiurYk;
gpUk;khz;lkhd Kd; bfhLf;Ffs; k P j ; n j d ;
,iufisg; gpoj;Jj; jpd;gjw;Fj; ngf;ohpahf;fisf;
njitg;gLfpd;wd/ xnu Fifapy; Zd;W f h g ; g h w ; w p
ntW bgha;j;njs; ,d';fs; itj;jpUf;fpd;wd/
fhzg;gl;ld/ f;bua;f;fh rpah;uh
Fifapy; EiHe;jJk;
cs;ns Vfg;gl;l g{rr
; pfisj;jhd; ghh;jj
; hh;/ xspg[Fk; fz;zho nghd;w
clk;g[fSk;. gaKWj;Jk; cly; nuhk';fSk; bfhz;l g{r;rpfs; ePz;l
fhy;fis bks;s koj;J mirj;J Ch;eJ ; bfhz;oUe;jd/ epr;rakhf
mit midj: J k; g[ J rpw; w pd'; f shfj; j hd; ,Uf; f ntz; L k; /
,jw;FKd; ve;j kdpjf; fz;fSf;Fk; mit bjd;gl;oUf;f KoahJ/