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3 Unit Formulas

The document summarizes different methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with constant or variable coefficients. It discusses: 1. Solving ODEs with constant coefficients by finding the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.) based on the nature of the roots. 2. Methods for finding the P.I. when the function f(x) takes various forms like e^ax, sin(ax), cos(ax), x^m, e^axV, x^nV. 3. Converting ODEs with variable coefficients into constant coefficient form using Euler's method, Legendre's method, or the method of variation of parameters.

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Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
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133 views

3 Unit Formulas

The document summarizes different methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with constant or variable coefficients. It discusses: 1. Solving ODEs with constant coefficients by finding the complementary function (C.F.) and particular integral (P.I.) based on the nature of the roots. 2. Methods for finding the P.I. when the function f(x) takes various forms like e^ax, sin(ax), cos(ax), x^m, e^axV, x^nV. 3. Converting ODEs with variable coefficients into constant coefficient form using Euler's method, Legendre's method, or the method of variation of parameters.

Uploaded by

Dhanalakshmi Vadivelan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit I (Ordinary Differential Equation)


1.ODE with constant coefficients: Solution y = C.F + P.I

Complementary functions: Sl.No. NatureofRoots 1. m1 = m2 2. m1 = m2 = m3 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. m1 m2 m1 m2 m3 m1 = m2 , m3 m = i C.F ( Ax + B )e mx

( Ax

+ Bx + c ) e mx

Ae m1 x + Be m2 x
Ae m1 x + Be m2 x + Ce m3 x
( Ax + B )e mx + Ce m3 x
e x ( A cos x + B sin x ) A cos x + B sin x

m = i

Particular Integral: Type-I If f ( x ) = 0 then P . I = 0 Type-II If f ( x ) = e ax 1 ax P .I = e ( D)

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www.Vidyarthiplus.com Replace D by a .If ( D ) 0 ,thenitisP.I.If ( D ) = 0 ,thendiff.denominator

w.r.t D andmultiply x innumerator.Againreplace D by a .Ifyougetdenominator againzerothendothesameprocedure. Type-III Case: iIf f ( x ) = sin ax (or ) cos ax 1 sin ax (or) cos ax P .I = ( D) Hereyouhavetoreplaceonlyfor D 2 notfor D . D 2 isreplacedby a 2 .Ifthe

denominatorisequaltozero,thenapplysameprocedureasinTypeI.
1 cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x , cos 2 x = , 2 2 3 1 3 1 sin 3 x = sin x sin 3 x , cos 3 x = cos x + cos 3 x andseparate P . I1 & P . I 2 4 4 4 4 Case: iiiIf f ( x ) = sin A cos B (or ) cos A sin B (or ) cos A cos B (or ) sin A sin B

Case: iiIf f ( x ) = Sin 2 x (or) cos 2 x (or) sin 3 x (or) cos 3 x Usethefollowingformulas Sin 2 x =

Usethefollowingformulas:
1 ( sin( A + B ) + sin( A B ) ) 2 1 (ii) cos A sin B = ( Sin( A + B ) sin( A B ) ) 2 1 ( iii ) cos A cos B = ( cos( A + B ) + cos( A B ) ) 2 1 ( iv ) sin A sin B = ( cos( A B ) cos( A + B ) ) 2 Type-IV If f ( x) = x m 1 P.I = xm ( D) 1 = x m 1 + g ( D) ( i ) s in A cos B =

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= (1 + g ( D) ) x m
1

HerewecanuseBinomialformulaasfollows: i) (1 + x ) = 1 x + x 2 x 3 + ...
1

ii) (1 x ) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...
1

iii) (1 + x ) = 1 2 x + 3x 2 4 x 3 + ...
2

iv) (1 x ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + ...
2

v) (1 + x) 3 = 1 3 x + 6 x 2 10 x3 + ... vi) (1 x) 3 = 1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + 10 x3 + ... Type-V If f ( x) = e axV

where V = sin ax, cos ax, x m

P.I =

1 ax e V ( D)

Firstoperate e ax byreplacingDbyD+a. = e ax 1 V ( D + a)

Type-VI If f ( x) = x nV sin ax = I.P of eiax


cos ax = R.P of eiax

where V = sin ax, cos ax

Type-VII(SpecialTypeProblems) If f ( x) = sec ax (or) cosecax (or) tan ax 1 P.I = f ( x) = e ax e ax f ( x)dx Da 1. ODEwithvariableco-efficient:(EulersMethod) d2y dy Theequationisoftheform x 2 2 + x + y = f ( x) dx dx

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Impliesthat ( x 2 D 2 + xD + 1) y = f ( x) Toconvertthevariablecoefficientsintotheconstantcoefficients Put z = log x implies x = e z xD = D


x 2 D 2 = D( D 1) x3 D 3 = D( D 1)( D 2)

where D =

d d and D = dx dz

Theaboveequationimpliesthat ( D( D 1) + D + 1) y = f ( x) whichisO.D.E withconstantcoefficients. 2. LegendresLineardifferentialequation: d2y dy Theequationifoftheform (ax + b) 2 2 + (ax + b) + y = f ( x) dx dx Put z = log(ax + b) implies (ax + b) = e z (ax + b) D = aD d d where D = and D = (ax + b) 2 D 2 = a 2 D( D 1) dx dz (ax + b)3 D 3 = a 3 D( D 1)( D 2) 3. MethodofVariationofParameters: d2y dy Theequationisoftheform a 2 + b + cy = f ( x ) dx dx C.F = Ay1 + By2 and P.I = Py1 + Qy2 y2 f ( x ) where P = dx and y1 y2 y1 y2 y1 f ( x) Q= dx y1 y2 y1 y2

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