International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com

Volume 6, Issue 12 (May 2013), PP. 71-79
71
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability
of Bulk Power System
Dr. Enemuoh F. O., Dr. Onuegbu J. C. and Dr. Anazia E. A.
Department of Electrical Engineering
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.


Abstract:- This paper reports on Modal based analysis and its application in the evaluation of voltage
stability of bulk power system. This method makes use of the power system Jacobian matrix to
determine the eigenvalues necessary for the evaluation of the voltage stability of the power system. It
identifies if the eigenvalues are positive or negative which is an indicator of the system stability. For a
steady state power system, a positive eigenvalue shows that the system is stable while a negative
eigenvalue indicates that the system is instable. The least eigenvalue indicates the proximity of the
system to voltage instability. This method was used to determine the components of the system that
contribute to instability through the use of the participating factors. The method was implemented on
IEEE 14 bus system and it calculated the various eigenvalues with the least value used to calculate the
participation factors that indicated the generator, branches and buses that will contribute most to the
bulk system voltage instability.

Keywords:- Modal, voltage stability, eigenvalue, participation factors.

I. INTRODUCTION
Voltage stability issues are of major concern worldwide because of the significant number of black-
outs that have occurred in recent times in which it was involved [1]. For many power systems, assessment of
voltage stability and prediction of voltage instability or collapse have become the most important types of
analysis performed as part of system planning, operational planning and real-time operation. It is important to
have an analytical method to investigate voltage stability in the power system, particularly with a complex and
large interconnected network. The work presented in this paper used modal analysis to evaluate the voltage
stability of a bulk power system It involves the calculation of a small number of eigenvalues of the reduced
Jacobian matrix obtained from the load flow solution. In the past, the electric utility industry has largely
depended on conventional power-flow programs for static analysis of voltage stability. Stability is determined
by computing the V-P and V-Q curves at selected load buses. Generally, such curves are generated by executing
a large number of power flows using conventional models. While such procedure can be automated, they are
time consuming and do not readily provide information useful in gaining insight into causes of stability
problems. In addition, these procedures focus on individual buses, that is, the stability characteristics are
established by stressing each bus independently. This may unrealistically distort the stability condition of the
system. Also, the buses selected for V-Q and V-P analysis must be chosen carefully, and a large number of such
curves may be required to obtain complete information. In fact, it may not be possible to generate the V-Q
curves completely due to power-flow divergence caused by problems elsewhere in the system.
A number of special techniques have been proposed in the literature for voltage stability analysis [2, 3, 4].
Generally, many of these have not found widespread practical application. A practical approaches based modal
analysis has advantage that it gives voltage stability related information from a system wide perspective and
clearly identifies areas that have potential problems. It has the added advantage that it provides information
regarding the mechanism of instability. This is the principal reason for considering the modal analysis. The
understanding of modal analysis starts with the formulation of power flow problem.

II. POWER FLOW PROBLEM
The power flow or load flow is widely used in power system analysis. It plays a major role in planning
the future expansion of the power system as well as helping to run existing systems in the best possible way.
The network load flow solution techniques are used for steady state and dynamic analysis programme [5, 6].
The solution of power flow predicts what the electrical state of the network will be when it is subjected to a
specified loading condition. The result of the power flow is the voltage magnitude and the angle of each of the
system nodes. These bus voltage magnitudes and angles are defined as the system state variables.
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
72
That is because they allow all other system quantities to be computed such as real and reactive power flows,
current flows, voltage drops, power losses, etc power flow solution is closely associated with voltage stability
analysis. It is an essential tool for voltage stability evaluation. Much of the research on voltage stability deals
with the power-flow computation method.
The power flow problem solves the complex matrix equation:
) 1 (
-
-
= =
V
S
YV I
where
I = nodal current injection matrix
Y = system nodal admittance matrix
V = unknown complex node voltage vector
S = apparent power nodal injection vector representing specified load and generation of nodes
Where
) 2 ( jQ P S + =
The Newton-Raphson method is the most general and reliable algorithm to solve the power-flow
problem. It involves interactions based on successive linearization using the first term of Taylor expansion of
the equation to be solved. From equation (1), we can write the equation for node k (bus k) as:
) 3 (
1

=
=
n
m
m km k
V Y I
) 4 (
*
1
* *
m
n
m
km k k k k k
V Y V I V jQ P

=
= = +
Where:
m = 1, 2, , n
n = number of buses
V
k
is the voltage of the k
th
bus
Y
km
is the element of the admittance bus
Equating the real and imaginary parts
) 5 (
1
* *
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
n
m
k km k e k
V Y V R P
) 6 (
1
* *
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
n
m
k km k m k
V Y V I Q
Where
P
k
is the real power
Q
k
is the reactive power
With the following notation:

) 7 ( , ,
km m k
j
km km
j
m m
j
k k
e Y Y e V V e V V
u u u
= = =
Where
k
V is the magnitude of the voltage
k
o is the angle of the voltage
km
o is the load angle
Substituting for V
k
, V
m
, and Y
km
in Equation (4)

=

= +
n
m
j
km
j
k
j
k k k
km k k
e Y e V e V jQ P
1
u o o

Or
( )

=

= +
n
m
j
km k k K K
km m k
e Y V V jQ P
1
o o o

Or
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
73
( )

=
Z = +
n
m
km k k km k k k k
Y V V jQ P
1
u o o
Or
( )
( )) sin
(cos
1
km m k
km m k
n
m
km k k K k
j
Y V V jQ P
u o o
u o o
+
= +

=

Separating the real and imaginary parts of above equation to get real and reactive powers,
( ) ) 8 ( cos
1
km m k
n
m
km k k k
Y V V P u o o =

=

( ) ) 9 ( sin
1
km m k
n
m
km k k k
Y V V Q u o o =

=

The mismatch power at bus k is given by:
) 10 (
k
sch
k k
p p P = A
) 11 (
k
sch
k k
Q Q Q = A
The P
k
and Q
k
are calculated from Equation (8) and (9)
The Newton Raphson method solves the partitioned matrix equation:
) 12 (
(

A
A
=
(

A
A
V
J
Q
P u

Where,
P and Q = mismatch active and reactive power vectors.
V and = unknown voltage magnitude and angle correction vectors.

J = Jacobian matrix of partial derivative terms

III. MODAL ANALYSIS
The Modal analysis mainly depends on the power-flow Jacobian matrix of equation (12). Gao, Morison
and Kundur [8] proposed this method in 1992. It can predict voltage collapse in complex power system
networks. It involves mainly the computing of the smallest eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of the
reduced Jacobian matrix obtained from the load flow solution. The eigenvalues are associated with a mode of
voltage and reactive power variation which can provide a relative measure of proximity to voltage instability.
Then, the participation factor can be used effectively to find out the weakest nodes or buses in the system. The
analysis is expressed as follows:
Equation (12) can be rewritten as:
) 13 (
22 21
12 11
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V J J
J J
Q
P u

By letting 0 = AP in Equation (13)
, 0
12 11
V J J P A + A = = A u V J J A = A

12
1
11
u (14) and
V J J Q A + A = A
22 21
u (15)
Substituting Equation (14) in Equation (15):
) 16 ( V J Q
R
A = A
Where
| |
12
1
11 21 22
J J J J J
R

=
R
J is the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.
Equation (16) can be written as
) 17 (
1
Q J V
R
A = A


The matrix
R
J represents the linearized relationship between the incremental changes in bus voltage
(V) and bus reactive power injection (Q). Its well known that, the system voltage is affected by both real and
reactive power variations. In order to focus the study of the reactive demand and supply problem of the system


Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
74
as well as minimize computational effort by reducing dimensions of the Jacobian matrix J the real power (P =
o) and angle part from the system in Equation (13) are eliminated.
The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the reduced order Jacobian matrix J
R
are used for the voltage stability
characteristics analysis. Voltage instability can be detected by identifying modes of the eigenvalues matrix J
R
.
The magnitude of the eigenvalues provides a relative measure of proximity to instability. The eigenvectors on
the other hand present information related to the mechanism of loss of voltage stability.
Modal analysis of J
R
results in the following.
) 18 ( u =
R
J where = right eigenvector matrix of
R
J
= left eigenvector matrix of
R
J
= diagonal eigenvalue matrix of
R
J
Equation (18) can be written as:
) 19 (
1 1


u =
R
J

In general it can be said that, a system is voltage stable if the eigenvalues of J
R
are all positive. This is
different from dynamic systems where eigenvalues with negative real parts are stable. The relationship between
system voltage stability and eigenvalues of the J
R
matrix is best understood by relating the eigenvalues with the
V-Q. sensitivities of each bus (which must be positive for stability). J
R
can be taken as a symmetric matrix and
therefore the eigenvalues of J
R
are close to being purely real. If all the eigenvalues are positive, J
R
is positive
definite and the V-Q sensitivities are also positive, indicating that the system is voltage stable.
The system is considered voltage unstable if at least one of the eigenvalues is negative. A zero eigenvalue of J
R

means that the system is on the verge of voltage instability. Furthermore, small eigenvalue of J
R
determine the
proximity of the system to being voltage unstable [9].
There is no need to evaluate all the eigenvalues of J
R
of a large power system because it is known that
once the minimum eigenvalues becomes zeros the system Jacobian matrix becomes singular and voltage
instability occurs. So the eigenvalues of importance are the critical eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix
J
R
. Thus, the smallest eigenvalues of J
R
are taken to be the least stable modes of the system. The rest of the
eigenvalues are neglected because they are considered to be strong enough modes. Once the minimum
eigenvalues and the corresponding left and right eigenvectors have been calculated the participation factor can
be used to identify the weakest node or bus in the system. An algorithm for the modal method analysis used in
this study is shown in figure1.
The appropriate definition and determination as to which node or load bus participates in the selected
modes become very important. This necessitates a tool, called the participation factor, for identifying the
weakest nodes or load buses that are making significant contribution to the selected modes [10].

) 20 (

A
u
= A
i i
i i
Q V

where
i
is the
th
eigenvalue,
i
u is the
th
column right eigenvector and
i

is the
th
row left eigenvector of
matrix
R
J . Each eigenvalue
i
and corresponding right and left eigenvectors
i
u and
i

, defined the
th
mode of the
system.

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE WEAK LOAD BUSES
The minimum eigenvalues, which become close to instability, need to be observed more closely. parts
are stable. The relationship between system voltage stability and eigenvalues of the J
R
matrix is best understood
by relating the eigenvalues with the V-Q. sensitivities of each bus (which must be positive for stability). J
R
can
be taken as a symmetric matrix and therefore the eigenvalues of J
R
are close to being purely real. If all the
eigenvalues are positive, J
R
is positive definite and the V-Q sensitivities

V. SAMPLE SYSTEM EVALUATION AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
The modal analysis method has been successfully applied to IEEE 14 bus power system shown in
Figure 2, while Tables 1 and 2 are the line and load parameters respectively. A power flow program based on
Matlab is developed to:
1. Calculate the power flow solution
2. Analyze the voltage stability based on modal analysis
3. Generate the Q-V sensitivities and Participation factors
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
75
The voltage profile of the buses is presented from the load flow simulation as shown in Figure 3. It can
be seen that all the bus voltages are within the acceptable level ( 5%). The lowest voltage compared to the
other buses can be noticed in bus number 3
Since there are 14 buses among which there is one swing bus and 4 PV buses, then the total number of
eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix
R
J is expected to be 9 as shown in Table 3.



Table 1 Line data for IEEE 14 Bus system
(Length 1km)





















Table 2 Load Distribution for IEEE 14 Bus System

















Table 3 IEEE 14 Bus System Eigenvalues









ID Name R(1) X(1) C(1) B(0)
Ohm/ Ohm/ uF/ Us/
1. 421 Branch-3 2.237193 9.425351 2.92837 919.975
2. 424 Branch-2 2.572368 10.61893 3.289402 1033.396
3. 427 Branch-1 0.922681 2.817083 3.53009 1109.01
4. 430 Branch-7 0.635593 2.004857 0.855779 268.851
5. 433 Branch-6 3.190346 8.142738 2.313279 726.738
6. 436 Branch-5 2.711389 8.278426 2.273164 714.136
7. 439 Branch-4 2.766617 8.394595 2.50048 785.549
8. 442 Branch-13 0.125976 0.248086 0 0
9. 445 Branch-12 0.234069 0.487164 0 0
10. 448 Branch-11 0.180879 0.378785 0 0
11. 451 Branch-19 0.42072 0.380651 0 0
12. 454 Branch-18 0.156256 0.365778 0 0
13. 457 Branch-17 0.242068 0.514911 0 0
14. 460 Branch-16 0.060578 0.160921 0 0
15. 463 Branch-15 0 0.209503 0 0
16. 466 Branch-20 0.325519 0.662769 0 0
ID Name LF
Type
P
MW
Q
MVAR
1. 686 Load 2 PQ 21.7 12.7
2. 687 Load 6 PQ 11.2 7.5
3. 688 Load 5 PQ 7.6 1.6
4. 689 Load 4 PQ 47.8 4
5. 690 Load 3 PQ 94.2 19
6. 691 Load 11 PQ 3.5 1.8
7. 692 Load 10 PQ 9 5.8
8. 693 Load 9 PQ 29.5 16.6
9. 694 Load 7 PQ 0 0
10. 695 Load 14 PQ 14.9 5
11. 696 Load 13 PQ 13.5 5.8
12. 697 Load 12 PQ 6.1 1.6
1 2 3 4
Eigenvalue 2.0792 5.3677 7.5987 9.4942
# 5 6 7 8
Eigenvalue 16.0985 18.8474 19.3553 38.5332
# 9
Eigenvalue 64.9284
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
76

Figure 1.0 Line diagram of the IEEE 14 Bus interconnected network

Figure 2.0 Algorithm for the voltage stability analysis

Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
77
VI. CONCLUSION
The results of the analysis of the 14 Bus system
are shown in the bar charts below.


Figure 3.0 Voltage profiles of all Buses of the IEEE
14 Bus system
From Table 3, it can be notices that the minimum eigenvalue = 2.0792 is the most critical mode. The
Q-V Sensitivity is calculated to determine the most critical bus. The simulation showed that bus 14 is the most
critical with sensitivity of 0.222725 as shown in Figure 4.


Figure 4.0 Q-V Sensitivity of IEEE 14 Bus system

The bus participation factor was calculated; the result showed that bus 14 had the highest bus
participation factor of 0.232557 at the least eigenvalue = 2.0792 as shown in Fig. 5.


Figure 5.0 Highest contribution to voltage collapse
0 5 10 15
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Bus number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
.
u
]

Voltage Profile of all Buses [IEEE 14 Bus system]
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
78
The branch participation factors was calculated, the result showed that branch 10 has the highest
branch participation factor of 0.968457 at the least eigenvalue = 2.0792 as shown in Figure 6. It indicates the
highest contribution of this branch to the voltage collapse.
The generator participation factors was calculated, the result showed that Gnbus 6 has the highest generator
participation factor of 0.952139 at the least eigenvalue = 2.0792 as shown in Figure 7, it indicates the highest
contribution of this generator to the voltage collapse.


Figure 6 The branch Participation Factors for Least Eigenvalue = 2.0792


Figure 7 Generator Participation Factors at least Eigenvalue of = 2.0792

REFERENCES
[1]. S. Johnsson, and F. Sjogreen, Voltage Collapse in Power Systems; The influence of generator current
limiters, on-load tap changers and dynamics, Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gotenbery,
Sweden, 1995, ISBN:91-7197-119-K.
[2]. IEEE Working Group on Voltage Stability, Suggested techniques for voltage stability analysis, IEEE
Publications 1993.
[3]. IEEE Working Group on voltage stability, Voltage Stability of power system: Concepts, Analytical
tools and industrial experience, IEEE Publications 90THO358-2-PWR1990.
[4]. IEEE/PES publications on Voltage Stability Assessment: Concepts, Practices, and tools, IEEE/PES
publications. Final Draft August 2002.
[5]. P.A Lof, T. Smed, C. Anderson and D.J.Hill, Fast Calculation of a Voltage Stability Index, IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.7, pp59-64, Feb.1992.
[6]. CIGRE Task Force 38-01-10,: Modelling of Voltage Collapse including dynamic phenomenon,
1993.
Modal Based Analysis and Evaluation of Voltage Stability of Bulk Power System
79
[7]. B. Gao, G.Morison and P. Kundur, Voltage Stability Evaluation Using Modal Analysis, IEEE Trans.
On Power Systems, Vol.7, No.4, pp. 1423-1543, Nov. 1992.
[8]. G. Verghes, I. Perez-Arriaga and F.Schwwppe, Selective modal Analysis with Application to Electric
Power Systems, Part 11 IEEE trans, on Power App. and system, Vol. PAS 101, No. 9, pp 3117-3134,
1982
[9]. V. Ajjarapu, and B. Lee Bibliograph on voltage Stability IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 13 pp
115- 125, 1998.

Authors Profile
Dr. Francis O. Enemuoh
Received the M.Eng. and Ph.D degree in electrical engineering in 1995 and 2012 from
Enugu State University of Science and Technology and University of Nigeria Nsukka
respectively. He has been employed by Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka since 1996.
Currently, he is the Head, department of electrical engineering in the University. His
research interest is in the area of power system stability, security and reliability. Dr.
Enemuoh is a member of Nigeria Society of Engineers and a registered engineer with
Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). Email: [email protected]

Dr. Josiah C. Onuegbu
Born in Anambra State of Nigeria on 24
th
February, 1966. Received his M. Eng. degree in
electrical engineering in the field of electric power stations and substations from Kyrghyz
Technical University Bishkek (Frunze) USSR in 1994, then Ph.D degree in the field of
electric machines from Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria in 2012 The authors
major field of study is electric machine design. He joined Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka in 1999 as a lecturer. He has published many journal articles and an engineering
novel.
Dr. Onuegbu is a member of five professional bodies including the Nigeria Society of Engineers and Council
for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria. He has worked in various capacities in the faculty including being
the examination committee chairman for many years. Email: [email protected]



Dr. Emmanuel A. Anazia
Born in Delta State of Nigeria on 10
th
October 1963. Received his M.Eng. and Ph.D
degree in electrical engineering in the field of power systems and machines from Nnamdi
Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria in the year 2000 and 2008 respectively. Dr. Anazia is
a registered electrical engineer with COREN and a member of the Nigeria Society of
Engineers. He has extensive experience in the industry and academia. He is currently a
lecturer in power system analysis in the department of electrical engineering, Nnamdi
Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State of Nigeria. He has worked for many
committees of the department of electrical engineering especially as the chairman of Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme for many years. His research interest is in power generation and automation. Email:
[email protected]