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    Complex6 - Harmonic Function & Conjugate

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    alienxx
    The document discusses harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates. It defines a harmonic function as a real-valued function whose partial derivatives exist and are continuous, and which satisfies the Laplace equation. It then proves that if a function is analytic, its real and imaginary parts are harmonic conjugates that satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It also discusses properties of harmonic conjugates, such as two functions being conjugates of the same function differing by a constant. Examples are also given of finding harmonic conjugates of specific functions.

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    Complex6 - Harmonic Function & Conjugate

    Uploaded by

    alienxx
    2K views23 pages
    The document discusses harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates. It defines a harmonic function as a real-valued function whose partial derivatives exist and are continuous, and which satisfies the Laplace equation. It then proves that if a function is analytic, its real and imaginary parts are harmonic conjugates that satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It also discusses properties of harmonic conjugates, such as two functions being conjugates of the same function differing by a constant. Examples are also given of finding harmonic conjugates of specific functions.

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    complex6_ harmonic function & conjugate

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    The document discusses harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates. It defines a harmonic function as a real-valued function whose partial derivatives exist and are continuous, and which satisfies the Laplace equation. It then proves that if a function is analytic, its real and imaginary parts are harmonic conjugates that satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It also discusses properties of harmonic conjugates, such as two functions being conjugates of the same function differing by a constant. Examples are also given of finding harmonic conjugates of specific functions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views23 pages

    Complex6 - Harmonic Function & Conjugate

    Uploaded by

    alienxx
    The document discusses harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates. It defines a harmonic function as a real-valued function whose partial derivatives exist and are continuous, and which satisfies the Laplace equation. It then proves that if a function is analytic, its real and imaginary parts are harmonic conjugates that satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It also discusses properties of harmonic conjugates, such as two functions being conjugates of the same function differing by a constant. Examples are also given of finding harmonic conjugates of specific functions.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Section 25

    Harmonic Function :
    A real valued function u(x, y) is said to be
    harmonic in a given domain D if
    (i) u x , u xx , u y & u yy exist & they are
    continuous in D,
    (ii) u satisfies Laplace eqution
    ∇ u = u xx + u yy = 0
    2
    Theorem 1 :
    If f(z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) is
    analytic in a domain D,
    then u & v are harmonic in D
    Proof : f(z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y)
    is analytic in a domain D
    ⇒ u x = v y , u y = −v x throughout in D
    ⇒ u xx = v yx , u yx = −v xx ....... (1)
    ⇒ u xy = v yy , u yy = − v xy ...........( 2)
    Use the results:
    (i) f(z) is analytic at a point,
    then Re f(z) & Im f(z) have continuous partial
    derivatives of all orders at that point.
    (ii) Continuity of partial derivatives of u & v
    ⇒ uxy = uyx, vxy = vyx
    ∴uxx+ uyy= 0 & vxx +vyy= 0 ( from 1 and 2)

    Hence proved.
    Definition :
    Harmonic Conjugate : Let u and v be two harmonic
    functions in a domain D and there first partial
    derivatives satisfy CR equations.

    u x = v y , u y = −v x through out in D ........... (1)

    Then v is said be Harmonic Conjugate of u.


    Re mark 1 :
    v is a harmonic conjugate of u
    does not imply u is a harmonic conjugate of v.

    For, if u is a harmonic conjugate of v, then


    v x = u y & v y = −u x
    which is not same as (1)
    Remark 2 :
    v is a harmonic conjugate of u
    ⇒ u is a harmonic conjugate of - v
    as - v x = u y , − v y = −u x
    i.e. u x = v y & u y = −v x
    which is same as (1)
    Theorem 2 :

    If a function f(z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y)


    is analytic in a domain D iff v is a harmonic
    conjugate of u.
    Page 74, Q.7
    Let f(z) be analytic in a domain D.
    Prove that f(z) must be constant in D
    if
    (a) f(z) is real valued ∀ z in D.
    (b) f(z) is analytic in D.
    (c) f(z) is constant in D.
    Solution :
    Since f(z) is analytic in a domain D.
    ⇒ u x = v y , u y = −v x (1)
    & f ′( z ) = u x + i v x (2)
    (a) Given f(z) is a real valued function ∀ z ∈ D
    ⇒ f(z) = u (x, y) + i v (x, y),
    v(x, y) = 0 ∀ (x, y) ∈ D.
    v(x, y) = 0
    ⇒ v x = 0, v y = 0
    u x = v y , u y = −v x
    ⇒ u x ( x , y ) = 0 = u y ( x , y ) ∀( x , y ) ∈ D
    ∴(2) ⇒ f ′( z ) = 0 ∀ z ∈ D
    ⇒ f ( z ) ≡ constant ∀ z ∈ D.
    (b )
    f(z) = u( x, y ) + i v ( x , y )
    ⇒ f(z) = u( x , y ) − i v ( x , y )
    f(z) is analytic in D
    ⇒ u & - v satisfy C R equations , viz.
    u x = −v y , u y = −(−v x ) = v x ....... (3)
    (1) and (3) ⇒ ux = vy, ux = -vy
    ⇒ ux = 0
    uy = -vx, uy = vx
    ⇒ vx = 0
    ∴ f ’(z) = ux + i vx = 0 ∀ z ∈ D
    ⇒ f(z) ≡ constant ∀ z ∈ D
    (c )
    f(z) = constant in D
    Let f(z) = c
    If c = 0, then f ( z ) = 0 ∀ z ∈ D.
    ⇒ f ( z ) = cons tan t ∀ z ∈ D.
    Assume c ≠ 0.
    Then, f(z) = c ≠ 0.
    2
    ⇒ f(z) = c ⇒ f ( z ). f ( z ) = c
    2 2

    2
    c
    ⇒ f ( z) =
    f ( z)
    f ( z ) is analytic in D
    ⇒ f ( z ) is analytic in D
    ∴ by case (b) : f(z) is constant in D
    Q.10
    Show that u is harmonic & find a
    harmonic conjugate v when
    (a) u ( x, y ) = 2 x (1 - y )
    u x = 2(1 − y ), u xx = 0
    u y = − 2 x, u yy = 0
    ∴ u xx + u yy = 0
    ⇒ u is harmonic.
    v is a harmonic conjugate of u
    ⇒ CR Equations are satisfied
    i.e. u x = v y , u y = − v x
    Now v y = u x = 2(1 − y )
    ⇒ v = 2 y − y + φ ( x)
    2

    ⇒ v x = φ ′( x) = − u y = 2 x
    ⇒ φ ′( x ) = 2 x
    ⇒ φ ( x) = x + c
    2

    ∴v = 2 y − y + x + c
    2 2
    (b)u ( x, y ) = sinh x sin y

    ⇒ u x = cosh x sin y, u xx = sinh x sin y


    u y = sinh x. cos y, u yy = − sinh x sin y

    ∴u xx + u yy = 0
    Let v be a harmonic conjugate of u
    ∴ u x = v y , u y = −v x
    ∴v y = cosh x sin y
    ⇒ v = − cosh . cos y + φ ( x)
    ⇒ v x = − sinh x cos y + φ ′( x)
    ⇒ − u y = − sinh x. cos y
    ⇒ φ ′( x) = 0
    ⇒ φ ( x) = c
    ∴v = − cosh x. cos y + c
    Problem:
    Show that if v and V are
    harmonic conjugates of u in
    a domain D, Then v(x,y) and
    V(x,y) can differ at most by
    an additive constant.
    Solution :
    v is a harmonic conjugate of u
    ⇒ ux = vy , u y = −v x − − − (1)
    v is a harmonic conjugate of u
    ⇒ u x = v y , u y = − v x − − − − ( 2)
    (1) & (2) v x = Vx , v y = Vy
    ⇒ v = V + φ(y), v = V + ψ(x)
    ⇒ v y = Vy + φ′(y), v x = Vx + ψ′(x)
    ⇒ φ′(y) = 0, ψ′(x) = 0
    ⇒ φ(y) = c1 , ψ(x) = c 2
    ∴ v − V = constant

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