Course On Microcontrollers
By Md. Ariful Hoque Shuhan [email protected] Mobile: 01678142459
&
Abdur Rahman Noble [email protected] Mobile:01670225958
What is a Microcontroller?
Mini-Computer
Microprocessor
The Brains Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit
Program/ Data Storage Peripherals (Input/Output) Low-Cost
History
The first microprocessor was developed by what was then a small company called Intel (short for Integrated Electronics) in the early 1970s. The chipset was a success and within a short while Intel developed a general purpose 4 bit microprocessor called the 4004. In 1974 the more powerful second generation microprocessor (the 8008) wasannounced fabricated as a single chip.
Why Important?
Embedded Inside:
Automotive systems Airplanes Toys Medical Devices Furniture
Billions of units
Available uC in Bangladesh
AT89C51 AT89C52 AT89S51 AT89S52 ATMEGA-8 AT89C2051 AT89C4051 AT89C55WD AT89S8252 AT90S2313 AT90S8515 AT90S8535 ATMEGA-16 ATMEGA-32 ATMEGA-64 ATMEGA-88 ATTINY-13 ATTINY-15 ATTINY-26 AT89C51ED2 AT89C51RD2 AT91RM9200 AT91SAM256 ATMEGA-128 ATMEGA-162 W78E052B40DL
Available uC in Bangladesh
PIC16F72 PIC16F74 PIC16F77 PIC10F200 PIC12F629 PIC16C54C PIC16C65B PIC16F676 PIC18F452 PIC16F628A PIC16F873A PIC16F877A PIC18F4550 PIC16F73 PIC16F76 PIC16F88 PIC12F508 PIC12F675 PIC16C57C PIC16C923 PIC16F84A PIC16C622A PIC16F648A PIC16F876A PIC18F2550
PIC16F690
20-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers with nanoWatt Technology
Wide operating voltage range (2.0V-5.5V) 17 I/O pins and 1 input only Two 8-bit Timer, One 16-bit Timer 12-channel, 10-bit ADC Programmable Serial USART Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator DC 20 MHz oscillator/clock input Software selectable frequency range of 8 MHz to 32 kHz
Pin Diagram
Pin Out And Data Sheet
What do I need to start?
To start C programming language on Microchip PIC Microcontroller you need these following tools: Down load the latest Microchip MPLAB IDE The MPLAB IDE is already come with the HITECH PICC-Lite C compiler The PIC16F690 datasheet Microchip Programmer. Trainer Board
Software Installation
1. 2. 3.
MPLab Programmer Software Proteus
Install Proteus for simulation
When Licence requires, Browse to Many Crack> Sonsivri_LICENCE
Open it, select it and install it
When installation is completed, run Crack Proteus 7.2 SP6 PRO v1.1 and select the folder where the proteus is installed.
Open MPLAB
Start -> All Programs -> Microchip -> MPLAB IDE ver 8.60 -> MPLAB IDE
Create New Project
Project -> Project Wizard from MPLAB IDE and this will launch the project wizard, just continue with Next
Give Project Name
Creating the .C file
File -> New and save it as test.c
END OF CLASS -1
I/O Port
For Port A, B, C there are control bytes TRISx. Setting a TRISx bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTx pin an input Clearing a TRISx bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTx pin an output
TRISA and PORTA
TRISB and PORTB
TRISC and PORTC
Write the first code and simulate
#include<pic.h> #include<htc.h> void delay(int x)
{
int y; for(y=0;y<=6500;y++) { } } void main() {
TRISC=0X00;
TRISA0=0; TRISB=0X00; while(1) { PORTC=1;
RA0=1;
PORTB=1; delay(800); PORTC=0; RA0=0; PORTB=255; delay(800); } }
Open ISIS Professional from Proteus Program
Draw the circuit
Specify HEX file to Microcontroller
Simulate the Circuit with Microcontroller Program
Output current caution
Ensure that the output current <20mA
Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin .................................................................................................... 25 mA Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin .............................................................................................. 25 mA Maximum current sunk by PORTA, PORTB and PORTC (combined) ............................................................ 200 mA
Maximum current sourced PORTA, PORTB and PORTC (combined) ............................................................ 200 mA
Input
Input Arrangement
For hardware side, use 1uf-10uf Capacitor across the push button if the input source is a push button. Solve the de-bouncing problem by programming accordingly.
Class work
Write a program that
takes input from PC1 and PA0 Output LED at PC2 is light while any of the input is high Output LED as PC3 is light while both of the inputs are high
Simulate it and run it to the Microcontroller
Basics Of Display Driver
BCD to 7-segment Decoder LCD Driver 5X7 Dot Matrix Driver
Display Driver 7447
Display test and blank input If the blank input is low the
are active-low so they should be high for normal operation. display will be blank when the count input is zero (0000).
END OF CLASS 3
Analog to Digital Converter
10-bit Resolution 13 - 260 s Conversion Time 12 Multiplexed Single Ended Input Channels 0 - VCC ADC Input Voltage Range Selectable 2.56V ADC Reference Voltage
Block Diagram
Related Pins
Configuration Sequence
Enable ADC Analog input channel declaration Channel Selection Clock Selection Start a conversion Wait until the conversion finishes When the conversion is done, read the 8 bit LSB from ADRESL and 2 bit MSB from ADRESH byte. Concatenate them to get 10 bit conversion
Configuration Bytes
There are four registers available to control the functionality of the A/D module: 1. ANSEL 2. ANSELH 3. ADCON0 4. ADCON1
Enabling ADC
Analog input channel declaration
The ANS<11:0> bits (ANSEL<7:0> and ANSELH<3:0>) and the TRISA<4,2:0>, TRISB<5:4> and TRISC<7:6,3:0>> bits control the operation of the A/D port pins. Set the corresponding TRISx bits to 1 to set the pin output driver to its highimpedance state. Likewise, set the corresponding ANSx bit to disable the digital input buffer.
CHANNEL SELECTION
There are fourteen analog channels The CHS<3:0> bits (ADCON0<5:2>) control which channel is connected to the sample and hold circuit.
VOLTAGE REFERENCE
There are two options for the voltage reference to the A/D converter: either VDD is used or an analog voltage applied to VREF is used. The VCFG bit (ADCON0<6>)controls the voltage reference selection. If VCFG is set, then the voltage on the VREF pin is the reference;otherwise, VDD is the reference.
Voltage Reference
CONVERSION CLOCK
The source of the conversion clock is software selectable via the ADCS bits (ADCON1<6:4>).
STARTING A CONVERSION
The A/D conversion is initiated by setting the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<1>). When the conversion is complete, the A/D module: Clears the GO/DONE bit
CONVERSION OUTPUT
The A/D conversion can be supplied in two formats: Left or right justified. The ADFM bit (ADCON0<7>) controls the output format.
END OF CLASS 4
Interrupt
Basics of Interrupt
Interrupted operation while normal operation is going on Very good option for taking input
Interrupt Basic
So far functions were called from the main program or other functions. The interrupt functions is called by the hardware itself and operates by following steps: After the interrupt function is loaded into the memory, the function waits for a moment for the interrupt to occur; When the interrupt has occurred, the operating system stops the execution of the main function and free itself to perform the interrupt function; After the execution of the interrupt function, the operating system continues to run the main function from the place it stopped before the interrupt has occurred.
Interrupt Pins
Interrupts
Interrupt Configuration
RA2/INT Must be configured as Digital I/O Interrupt Mode selection Initializing the flag bit Enable External Interrupt Enable Global interrupt In the Interrupt service routine, clear flag bit every time.
RA2/INT pin as digital IO
Configure TRISA2=1 ANS2=0 for digital input
Mode Selection
INTERRUPT External interrupt on RA2/INT pin is edge-triggered;
either rising if the INTEDG bit (OPTION_REG<6>) is set, or falling, if the INTEDG bit is clear.
Initializing Flag bit
When a valid edge appears on the RA2/INT pin, the INTF bit (INTCON<1>) is set.
So initialize the INTF=0
Enable External Interrupt
Enable Global Interrupt
Software handling of INTF
The INTF bit must be cleared in software in the Interrupt Service Routine before re-enabling this interrupt.
void interrupt test(void) // Interrupt function definition { if (INTF==1) { INTF=0; .. } }
END OF CLASS 5
Timer/ Counter
3 timers/Counters Two 8-bit timers and One 16-bit timer Easily selectable clock source
How timer works?
Its a 8 or 16 bit register. Its value increases with each clock cycle. So, bigger the no of bits, the bigger the range of counting. By setting modes, we can calculate intervals or generate events at regular interval.
Timer0 Diagram
Timer Configuration
Clock selection Mode Selection Interrupt configuration
Clock Input Pins
The external clock source must be at least 2.5 less than the C clock source.
Clock Source
The internal clock can be used as the clock source. For timers, the internal clock can be pre-scaled. There is option for external clock source also.
Clock Selection and Configuration
Clock Pre-scalar Selection
Timer Interrupt Configuration
Timer1
END OF CLASS 6
USART
Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter
Full Duplex Operation (Independent Serial Receive and Transmit Registers) Asynchronous or Synchronous Operation Master or Slave Clocked Synchronous Operation
Parallel and Serial Communication
Frame Format of Serial Communication
Two Types of serial communication
Synchronous
Clock source is synchronized Data is synchronized with clock i.e. a common clock source for the communicating devices is necessary
Asynchronous
No common clock source is required Clock is recognized by the receiver automatically
Serial Mode Selection
Clock Generation
Example of calculating the Baud Rate
PORT Configuration
In order to configure pins RB6/SCK/SCL and RB7/TX/CK as the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter: SPEN (RCSTA<7>) bit must be set (= 1), TRISB<6> bit must be set (= 1), and TRISB<7> bit must be set (= 1).
Transmitter Block Diagram
The Operational Basics
The heart of the transmitter is the Transmit (serial) Shift Register (TSR). The shift register obtains its data from the read/write transmit buffer, TXREG. TheTXREG register is loaded with data in software. The TSR register is not loaded until the Stop bit has been transmitted from the previous load. As soon as the Stop bit is transmitted, the TSR is loaded with new data from the TXREG register (if available).
To set up an Asynchronous Transmission:
1. Initialize the SPBRGH:SPBRG registers for the appropriate baud rate. 2. Enable the asynchronous serial port by clearing bit SYNC and setting bit SPEN. 3. Enable Transmitter by Setting the TXEN
Transmission
Stating The Transmission
Writing TXREG starts the transmission if the shift register is empty
USART Receiver Block Diagram
Receiver Enabling
Checking the receiver status
Copy the data to microcontroller
Copy the REGREG and clear the RCIF.
END OF CLASS 7
6 February 2010
CLASS 8
Analog Comparator
Comparator Enabling
Negative Channel Selection
Positive Channel Selection
Comparator Output
The C1OUT is the output register of Analog Comparator.
Output Pin Configuration
END OF CLASS 8
