Formulas
Formulas
b B
ZA
A a
a c
a c b Cos( A) = C b b
Sin( ZA) =
Cos (ZA) =
Tan( ZA) =
c a
b2 = a2 + c2
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bcCos( A)
abSin(C ) 2
Area =
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Cos( A) =
b2 + c 2 a 2 2bc
Quadratic Solution
(b 2 4ac) 2a
Catenary Correction
l 3 w 2 cos 2 ( ) 24t 2
AREAS ( = 3.14159) Circle, Sphere Triangle, Rectangle, Parallelogram, Cone, Irregular figures,
r 2 4r2 base height 0.5 length width average of parallel sides perpendicular distance between them r2h/3, (h = vertical height) Simpsons Rule, Area = W/3[(F+L) +4E+2O] There must be an odd number of ordinates. W = spacing between ordinates. F = first, L = last, E = even, O = odd,
F L 1
E L 2
O 3
E 4
O 5
E 6
O 7
E 8
L 9 8
Area by co-ordinates, Area by planimeter, Area by computer plotting, (drawing to scale), MidOrdinate rule, Trapezoidal Rule. VOLUMES Sphere, Pyramid, cone, Frustrum,
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4/3r3 1/3 height base area If height = h, top area = A, bottom area = B, then Volume = (h/3) (A+B + (AB))
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B L
BULKING
The increase in volume of excavated material due to voids. Bulking depends on the type of material. Sand has virtually no bulking, while demolished brickwork has a high bulking factor. The decrease in volume due to compaction, and loss of material by hauling.
SHRINKAGE
SCALES Ordnance Survey Scales Plans Maps 1:1250 1:1000 1:2500 1:25000 1:50000 1:63600 1:250000 1:625000 1:1000000 Construction Scales 1:1 1:2 1:20 1:2000 1:5 1:50 1:500 1:1000 1:5000 1:100000 1:10 1:100
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