THE CONTINUING RESISTANCE

The capture of Emilio Aguinaldo marked the end of the Filipino-American war as far as as the Filipino elites and the Americans were concerned. Filipino masses continued the resistance. Three sector perspectives of resistance: Christian Muslim Tribal Katipunan Inertia General Miguel Malvar(Batangas) General Vicente Lukban(Samar) Macario Sakay--> tried to put up his own Tagalog Republic. Dominador Gomez- persuaded Sakay to surrender. Luzon, 1905 Disturbances reported in Cavite and Batangas. 1907--> Strong mass movement led by Salvador Felipe (Apo Ipe) -->Santa Iglesia movement (which means crusade of the Holy Church) 1910-->weakening movement in Nueva Ecija led by Simeon Mandac Bicol, 1902 Simeon Ola(Guinobatan, Albay) --> led the resistance in Bicol --> has been suggested as the last Filipino general to surrender (on September 25, 1903) in place of Malvar. (from wiki) Together with the insurrectos (rebels) Col. Harry Bandholtz- noticed Olas significant role in the American resistance in Bicol but regarded Ola as a notorious ladron. Reconcentration system (March-October 1903) -->Food and accommodation are inadequate and deplorable. -->300,000 casualties Governor Luke Wright and Dr. Pardo de Tavera-->went to Albay to persuade the people to surrender Ola. September 22, 1903--> Col. Bandholtz signed agreement with Ola promising the latter immunity and other things. Later, the Americans denied promising Ola anything. Late October-->Ola surrendered joined by about 500-600 followers. Ola turned state witness against those who joined him.
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Several followers were freed. Some were sentenced under Vagrancy Law, others under the Sedition Law. More serious cases were disposed of under Brigandage Act which carried death penalty. Ola was given 30 years in prison for turning state witness. Visayas, 1902 Pulahanes--> name given to the insurrectos (because of the red garments and because they leave a certain place that is on fire.) In Samar Tauiran Affair -->One of the serious incident --> July 10, 1904, in the village of Tauiran, town of Gandara -->100 houses were burned and 21 people killed. Cantaguic Affair -->led by Juliano Caducoy -->the police lieutenant and others were killed. -->after the killing, they went to the town hall where the teniente was seized and the American flag was put around his head. Kerosene was poured on him and he was taken into the town square. They burned the flag and the teniente. Caducoy warned the people that that same fate awaits those who served the flag. Then they cut off the tenientes lips, burned the barrio and took away 50 captives. Several towns had the same fate as Tauiran and Cantaguic. Vice Governor Henry C. Ide-->became Acting Governor-General on Nov. 4, 1905, he ordered Governor Curry of Samar to solve the problem. By 1906-->situation has not been changed and thousands of people joined the pulahan movement. Curry and the pulahanes reached an agreement which the latter were to surrender on March 24, 1906. Instead of surrender 30 pulahanes under Nasario Aguilar attacked the garrison. In Leyte, the disturbance began in June 1906 Governor Jaime de Veyra--> most obnoxious Anti-Americans Mindanao, 1903 March 23, 1903--> Howard Taft reported that a group of outlaws entered the town of Surigao and attacked the Constabulary under Capt. Clark. The captain was killed and the attackers. Misamis(May 1903)- the resistance is unlike in Surigao because real insurrectos were part of the resistance.

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Muslim Struggle Moro Resistance Lanao Resistance June 1902-->Datu Tungul of Onayan attacked Camp Vicars. -->Sultan of Binidayan was suspected by the American being involved in the Tungul Affair. He was arrested and ran amok(run riot or go in rampage) when he failed to convince the Americans of his innocence. His death triggered unrest among the Lanao Muslims. In Maciu-->led by Sultan Ganduli & Sultan Tanagan -->150-200 Muslims fought furiously against Americans. Only 3 Muslims escaped and 1 American soldier was seriously wounded. In Taraca-->May 1903 -->John Pershing stated campaign against the Lake Moros. -->Datu Ampuanagus defied American troops. In 1906-->he again defied the Americans. 1907-->military contingents engaged Amapuanagus at Didaganan. 1908-->he attacked Dansalan. Peace negotiations led to Ampuanagus surrender. Finally ending the Lanao resistance. Sulu Resistance Bates Treaty--> signed by Sultan Jamalul Kiram and Gen. John C. Bates -->August 20, 1899 Under the treaty, the local leaders agreed to allow the Americans the freedom to trade and engaged in commerce as well as the right to fly their own flag. Likewise, the Americans agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of the people in case of disputes and conflicts, to act in consultation with the local leaders, especially the Sultan. (Tausug version) (English version) -->The treaty clearly provides for the establishment of American rule in Sulu and the acceptance of American sovereignty by the Sultan and Datus. -->It allowed the American to interfere even in the resolution of disputes concerning matters related to slavery, taxes, peace & order, trade, commerce, foreign relation, except matters referring to religious practices and customs. Panglima Hassan, 1903 -->Sulus most colourful leader from the masses. -->defied American threat when he showed non-compliance with the American demand of at lest a nominal recognize. General Leonard Wood-->persisting campaign against Hassan. Col. Hughes Scott-->captured Hassan.
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-->deceived by Hassan to stop in his hideout, suppose to pick up his wife. With this, Hassan escaped. Moro informers confirmed Hassans location in the crater of Bud Bagsak. Wood ordered troops to move to Bud Bagsak the next day. Hassans death did not end Sulus resistance. Others were inspired by Panglimas exploits. Example is Pala--> he organize his own band and defied American rule from 19051906. Bud Dajo, 1906 -->Hundred of Muslims trekked towards the crater of an extinct Volcano, Bud Dajo. -->caused by a rumor that American intention was to wipe out the Jolo Muslims. -->American authorities denied the truth of the rumor -->Bud Dajo is formidable and strategic. Three small tracks, two feet wide, led to the crater about 15 acres. The crater has fresh water and stocked with food resources. Col. Hugh W. Scott (Zamboanga Constabulary) & Capt. John White were ordered to poceed to Jolo with 50 men. Prominent leaders of Patikul were tapped as peace emissaries- Datu Kalbi, Dat Julkanain, & Panglima Bandahala. For two days, the emissaries tried to persuade the defenders to abandon their resistance, on the third day they returned to Jolo to report their pointless mission. Sulu Gov. Scott ordered immediate assault on Dajo. March 5, 1906-->the battle began up to March 8 The effect of Dajo massacre on the Filipino independence movement was to blunt the Filipino parliamentary struggle in the U.S where the anti-independence forces in Congress tried to blow up the Muslim attitude to American rule as an evidence of lack of preparedness for self-government.

Jikiri,1907 -->native of Jolo -->began his piratical attacks on trading vessels early in the American period. -->his notoriety was based not only on the killing of victims and carting away of value but also on his obsession to get beautiful women. His obsession to beautiful women to some psychological caused or heightened by ugly facial features nature given him since birth.
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Battle of Bud Bagsak, 1913 -->Lati people took their stand at Bud Bagsak. -->Gen. Pershing tried to convince them that American intention was not to resort to final use of arms but rather to persuade them to surrender their arms for the sake of peace. -->ended with pax Americana dawning in Sulu as over 500 rifles were gathered from the island. Cotabato Resistance, 1903-1912 There were only two significant events marked Maguindanaos resistance. Datu Ali, 1903 -->defy American offer of peace and persuade Maranaos to join the Anti-colonial movement. March 1906-->Americans assaulted his fort in Serenaya, killed several Muslims and capture Datu Djimbangan(Alis brother) and held hostage to force Ali to surrender. But Ali refused. October 22,1906--> he was cornered ny American troops under Fank McCoy. October 31-->13 of his followers were killed including him and 3 of his sons. Datu Alamada, 1912 -->with 300 followers -->movement concentrated in Buldon & Upper Cotabato. Datu Inik collaborated with the Americans. He offered two plans in arresting or killing Alamada. Negotiations were made between American and Filipino officials and they finally convinced Alamada to surrender. But he opted to surrender to a fellow Filipino rather than an American official. Highlanders Reaction Back to Tradition Tribal groups although not joined with Aguinaldo, they opposed the Spanish elements. Tribal communities in Luzon were won over by Americans Episcopal missionaries and bay medical missions and schools. In Visayas( particularly in Negros and Iloilo), Presbyterian missions contributed to health, sanitation & education. In Mindanao, Subanun Affair, 1909 Only violent disturbance reported in Mindanao was among he Subanons. -->fight on November 28 at the sitio of Bobhoran between govt forces under Capt. H.H. Elarth and about eght to nine hundred Subanuns and Moros.
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Before the encounter, it was reported on November 1 that thousands of Subanuns were leaving their homes and were heading towards the mountains of Dapeok and Malindang on the call of two boy prophets who told them that the end of the wold was coming.

Literature of Resistance Tagalog writers expressed resistance through zarzuela and drama. Zarzuela-->Spanish comic operetta. Juan Abad-->wrote the play Tinakalang Ginto. -->Because of this, he was punished by the court for sedition and sentenced to two years imprisonment and $2,000 fine. --> continued to write seditious plays including Isang Punlo ng Kaaway. Aurelio Tolentino-->Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas. -->Nationalistic play that indicted American rule and indicted the outbreak of violent Filipino resistance to further American intrusion. -->was translated to Bikol and Pampango. -->the play was shown in various theatres in the country, especially in Manila, hence getting the attention of attention of American authorities. -->In 1905, he was arrested and tried for sedition and was given maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Although it was reduced to 15, and then 8, and in 1912, he was pardoned by Governor William C. Forbes. Newsmen and Journalists were also active in articulating the value of independence. Jaime C. De Veyra of Leyte Sergio Osmea of Cebu Rafael Palma of Manila El Nuevo Dia-->founded by Osmea -->known for its nationalistic fervor. -->De Veyra and Palma were regular contributors. El Renaimiento-->founded by Palma -->exposed American anomalies and abuses in the government. -->most famous cases was that of Interior Secretary Dean C. Worcester summed up in libellous editorial entitled Aves de Rapia(Birds of Prey).

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