Generator Dynamics Influence on Currents Distribution in Fault Condition

D. Stojanovic
Faculty of Electronic Engineering
University ofNis
18000 Nis, Yugoslavia
[email protected]
J. Nahman
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University of Belgrade
11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia
[email protected]
M. Veselinovic
Faculty of Electronic Engineering
University ofNis
18000 Nis, Yugoslavia
[email protected]
Abstract Current now calculation results along the
elements of complex power system are analyzed in this
work, during three-phase short-circuit taking into
account relative rntor swing. Analysis is implemented
on the examples when, heside infinite bus fault point is
supplied by one or more generators. It is sbown, that
generator swing neglecting during short-circuits,
essentially changing current distribution in the system,
which can bring to not permissible mistakes in
calculation results.
Keywords: short-circuit, generator, oscillations
I. INTRODUCTION
Short-circuit calculation results are the base for choice
and checking of the equipment in power plants and
protective relay setting. Great number of papers are
dedicated to short-circuit calculation problem in the world
[1 4] and in Yugoslavia [5 - 8]. These papers developed
the theory of processes during short-circuits, where the
methods are different, from approximately analytical
calculations to complex computer calculations. Electrical
value's calculations in a moment of fault occurrence do not
give answer how particular values are changing in time.
Mathematical formulation of short-circuit problem has
common with dynamic stability calculation, but sometimes
can be more complex. Electromagnetic and
electromechanical transient process has been usually
considered separately in practice, although they are
essentially the same process.
At short-circuit currents calculation and their
characteristic values calculation, as a rule, electromagnetic
transient process is taken into account only. But as a result
of fault, balance of torques at turbine-generator shaft is
disturbed, so it causes electromechanical transient process
which is expressed through rotor angle changing and angle
changing between electromotive forces (emf) of each
generator. Oscillations of these angles, caused by any rotor
swing, affect to character and current distribution during
short-circuit.
Entire influence of described factors produces intensive
changing of electric values in transient processes caused by
short-circuits, that is shown in [6, 7, 8]. This problem is
especially emphasized at faults very near to power station.
Relative rotor moving influence to symmetrical and
nonsyirunetrical short-circuit current is considered on the
example of single-machine system in [6]. The same
problem is analyzed in [7], when a few different generators
are connected to common bus-bars.
Practical interest is to make qualitative analysis of
electromechanical transient process influence to more
complex power system, that was implemented in this work.
Total short-circuit current and currents along system
elements are analyzed, and in that way the results achieved
in [6 - 8] are complemented. Result analysis is
implemented for three-pole short-circuit, when this
phenomenon is most expressed. Generator dynamics
calculation and calculation of currents along system
elements is implemented by special software for dynamic
stability calculation of complex multimachine power
system. All factors, which are usually neglected at
traditional calculations, are fully taken into account here.
As mathematical model of synchronous generator the fifth
order model is used based on Park's equations. In this
model, electromagnetic process in stator windings is
neglected, so RMS value of alternating component of
short-circuit current is attended only. Software is specially
adapted for result printing and drawing of currents along
system elements.
Calculation results could be practically useful for
choice and checking of switching equipment and for
protective relay setting.
II. MATHEMATICAL MODELING
A. The model ofsynchronous genera/or
Standard Park's model of synchronous generator [7 - 9]
with one damper contour along each axis, is described by
following system of equations:
Electromagnetic balance equations are:
- for stator
IPST'99-International Conference on Power Systems Transients June2()-24, 1999, Budapest - Hungary
185
4
difld . U . e
----OJ!f/q <r! = U
d
= - stn
dt
d'l'q . _ _
OJff/d ----rl
q
- U
q
- Ucos8
dt
- for rotor
(3)
(I)
(2)
3 6
t--------(_--l
1-
B. Model oftransmission elements
Transformers and lines are shown as serious link of
resistance Rand inductivity L.
Voltage balance equations on RL branch, through dq
componentsare:
With regard to the nature of here considered problem,
electromagnetic transient process is neglected in stator
windings, so the values difld and difl" in. (I) and (2)
dt dt
become zero. This simplification eliminates aperiodical
components of voltage and current. So this may enable to
observe periodical components of fault-current only. Also,
it enables simple including stator equations into network
equations.
,
, .
. '
f '!
". I .... ' . I"'
1. . \ . \
I '.', \ ".
'I .: ' ',\1 ~ ,
1\" '" 1.
, .. . ~ ' . \ f ~ :
,.' \ /' \ J. \
/' ~ \ I :
'.
I .
r. '.. ( ~
I ,
... -, ..---s-,
5
4
,
1
14
"
~
3
~
\ ..J43. -.
'"
,
,
0.>
. ,.
~
: ~ \
"
2
1
45
'.'
U .,
V

.,
Qualitative estimation of generator swing influence on
fault current is given on the base of three-pole short-circuit
current calculation results for two fault location.
Let us consider, firstly, current flow in time for short-
circuit in node 3. For a difference from the examples in [5 -
7], there is not radial supply of fault point here, because the
line 4-5 exists. As a consequence of it, one generator
current depends on another, relatively to their mutual
angle. Each branch currents of the network from Fig. I are
shown on Fig. 2. Obviously, all currents are changed
intensively in fault condition, that is a consequence of rotor
swing. Current I" is changed so much due to angle
changing between generators Gland G2, so the questions
arises could it be neglected and when. Namely, it is
calculated in literature sometimes with radial supply of
fault point where transversal branch currents are neglected.
6r----------------,
Fig. I Equivalent scheme of considered system
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 US 1.0 1.2 1.4
time [s]
Fig. 2 Network currents during a fault in node 3.
(4)
(5)
(8)
(9)
(7)
(6)
diflD . 0
--+rvl
o
=
dt
dB
-=a>-I
dt
diflQ .
--+rQI
Q
= 0
dt
U
1d
- U
2d
= wLi
q
+ Rid
u
1q
- U
Zq
=-mLi
d
+ Ri
q
da> = TT-T, = TT-(ifldiq-iflqid)
dt J J
- rotor moving equations
III. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES AND RESULT
ANALYSIS
Short-circuit currents calculation, taking into account
generator swing, is implemented at a number of examples.
Here will be shown results at a simple multimachine system
shown on Fig. I. The generators are of different rated
powers and inertia time constants. Before the fault, they
were loaded by rated powers.
Fig. 3 shows currents I" and I
53
coming to fault point
through the lines 4-3 and 5-3 and total current coming from
left (generator) side. Total current is shown as vector and
arithmetic sum of currents, At vector summing, the angle
between currents is taken into account, and aritmethic
means the sum of RMS values of currents.
In order to compare, Fig. 4 and 5 shows the same values as
on Fig. 2 and 3 but when rotor swing is neglected. This is
in accordance with usual calculation of total fault current.
It should be emphasized, current through the line 4-5
appears here, but significantly less. To avoid generator
IPST'99- International Conference on Power Systems Transients June2()-24, 1999, Budapest - Hungary
186
,
1.4 1.2
I
neglecting rotor swing
0,2 0.4 0,6 0,8 1.0
time [s]
Fig. 6 Current of branch 1-4
taking into account rotor swing
\
I\.
1
f-
a '
0.0
4
3

::l

...J-
2
Generator swing influence on some currents one can
see on Fig, 6, to II. which show parallel values of fault
current in the case with (-) and without (---) taking into
account relative rotor moving.

Ik=143+153
neglecting rotor swing
aki . ,I
mg mto ac unt
. . \
otor swing \
"'j', ,
I ","".. '
43 /',:.'
I
.. ,
53 C. ,
o'o.\. 1'0
0\ o' i'
"
0,0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time [s]
Fig. 3 Currents coming to fault point 3. from left sid
6,---------------,
::l 6
5
5

u 4
t:
::l
U 3
2
swing influence on branch currents, inertia constants are
taken Tn TJ2 10
10
in calculations.
10.---------------,
9
8
7
1 =' f-
- ',_ /1
45
-------_.
--------
taking intoaccount rotor swing
,I
I
neglecting rotor swing
5
4
". 0
' ..
... , ,
.....
:,"-/1
25
"" .
I , . T
'. "'., /'43
\.. . ',-
4
5
3 taking intoaccountrotor swing
\ ....
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time [s]
Fig. 7 Current of branch 2-5
rolor SWin
g\
2 -
10
9
8

7
I neglecting rotor swing

6
=!
ki I ,
5
-
5
ta mg mtoaccount rotor swmg

, /1
43
u
4 -

::l 0 ,
U 3
..
2
53
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time [s]
Fig. 4 Network currents during the fault in node 3 when
rotor swing is neglected
a
,
'; ,
a
,
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 06 08 1.0
time [s]
time Is]
Fig. 5 Currents coming to fault point (3) from left side
Fig. 8 Current of branch 4-5
when rotor swing is neglected
. ,
1.2 1.4
IPST'99- International Conference on PowerSystems Transients June 20--24, 1999, Budapest- Hungary
187
10,.-----------------,
It is interesting that generator currents 1
14
and 1
25
and
current I" also have oscilatorilly character; after beginning
fall, their values are increasing again due to rotor swing,
after certain time they accept the values near to beginning
ones (Fig. 6 and 7) or even grater, that is the case with I"
(Fig. 8). In concrete example, current I" gets it's repeated
maximum in t=0.64s, which accounts I" 3.905pu, that is
very near to beginning subtransient value 1
14
' = 3.9324pu.
In the same instant, this current is 16.6% grater than
corresponding one when rotor swing is neglected. Current
increasing is more expressed at linking line 4-5, where
maximal value, achieving in t=0.66s, is even 3.14 times
greater than beginning one. All these can be interesting
from protective relaying standpoint. Certainly, a question
arises is the fault lasting so long in real conditions.
Otherwise, in conditions when rotor swing is neglected,
generators currents are damping continually. For a
difference of generator currents, currents 1
43
and 1
53
have
smaller values in conditions of rotor swing neglecting.
Also, their sum current I
k
I" + 1
53
is rapidly decreasing,
so in t=0.68s it is only 3.58% of the value obtained when
rotor swing is neglected (Fig. 11).
There are similar dependencies for fault in any other
node. Fig. 12 shows network branch currents for three-
phase fault in node 5, and Fig. 13 shows total fault current.
Total fault current has oscilstorilly character here and their
values are always less than current sum of each branches.
As it was told before, oscilatorilly character of fault current
is a consequence of generator swing, relatively to angle
changing between generator Gland G2, and angles
between each generator and system. Total fault current is
rapidly decreasing, and already in s has fallen to the
value I
k
= 18.204pu, that is 68.92% of current value
obtained when rotor swing is neglected. Generally
speaking, total fault current is always less than the sum of
currents coming to fault point, because it is evaluated as
vector sum of these currents. This is convenient
circumstance from equipment standpoint, because the real
thermal and dynamic strains are less than ones obtained by
usual calculation.
15,.---------------,
1.4
,
1.4 1.2
/ ..'
taking into account rotor swing'
neglecting rotor swing
I
neglecting rotor swing
<c.:

0.0 0.2 0.4 06 0.8 1.0 1.2
time [5]
Fig. 10 Current of branch 5-3
, . , ,
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
time [5]
Fig. 9 Current of branch 4-3
- I.
taking into account rotor swing
3
4
5,-------------,
4
51-

2
" ..
'" .
8
2
neglecting rotor swing
/
taking into account rotor swing
10
Is3
1
45

I
1
43

i
I
1
i
I
,
0.4
,
0.2 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time [5]
Fig. 12 Branch currents at three-phase short-circuit in node5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 LO L2 1.4
time [s]
Fig. II Fault current coming from left side
IPST'99- International Conference on PowerSystems Transients June 20-24, 1999, Budapest- Hungary
188
V.REFERENCES
VI. APPENDIX
Pel/II ;;:; 580kW
- lines:
I" =60km, I" =80km, I" =100km,
r = 0.080/ km, x =0.410/ km
- generator G] :
P" =200 MW. U" =15.75kV , coup" =0.85.
n =3000 min-I . x ~ =0.19. x ~ =0.295. X
d
=1.84.
'Ida =6.8s, 7;; = Us, r; =0.l35s. 7;, =0.5465,
GD
2
= 25tm
cos tp" ;;:; 0.85 ,
X
d
=0.915,
~ = 0.955.
231/15.75kV,
231 /15.75kV , Uk =11.3% ,
Uk = 10.3% ,
- transformer 1; :
S" = 240MVA,
Pc,," =650kW
- generator G2 :
P" =171 MW. U" =15.75kV,
n =1000min-', x ~ =0..205, x ~ =0.345 ,
x; = 0.20 , X
q
= 0.65 , 'Ido = 8s,
2
'Id =0.035s, 7;, =0.205, GD = 68tm
- transformer T
2
:
S" = 200 MVA.
[I] R. Roeper, Short-circuit currents in three-phase
systems, Wiley, New York, 1985.
[2] A. P. Bergen, Power system analysis, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 1986.
[3]. IEC 909-1 "Technical report: Short-circuit currents
calculation in three-phasea.c. systems", IEC, 199I.
[4] IEC 865-1 "Technical report: Short-circuit currents -
calculation of effects", IEC, 1993.
[5] J. Nahman, Short circuit currents and their breaking
(in Serbian), ETF Belgrade, 1995.
[6] D. Stojanovic, N. Mitrovic, M. Veselinovic, "Influence
of Relative Rotor Swing to Short-Circuit Currents", (in
Serbian), Conference Juko-Cigre, R23-05, Vrnjacka
Banja, May 1995.
[7] D. Stojanovic, M. Veselinovic, "Influence of Relative
Swing to Short-Circuit Currents", UPEC'96, Iraklio,
Crete, Greece, Vol. 3, pp. 1016-1019.
[8]. D. Stojanovic, J. Nahman, M. Veselinovic,
"Calculation and analysis of generator dynamics
influence on short-circuit", MELECON '98, May 18-20,
1998, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
[9] P, C. Krause, Analysis of Electric Machinery, Me
Graw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1986.
35
neglecting rotor swing
30
~
I
=! 25
""
'" 0)
20
e
/
."
0
e
.5 15
taking intoaccountrotor swing
"
0)
~
10
=>
o
-=
"
5
'"
u,
0
IV. CONCLUSION
Long-lasting faults cause electromechanical transient
process in real multimachine system where all machines
participate more or less. The process is versatile,
deterrninated by all mutual rotor angle changing. The same
is process of angle changing between vectors of generator's
emf, and as a consequence of it, angles changing between
short-circuit current vectors. With fault occurrence,
generators is downloaded and accelerate independently, so
their mutual angle is changing and as a consequence of it,
currents coming from generator side are changing also.
Intensity of electromechanical process and it's influence on
fault current is depends on fault location, the type of fault
and on initial conditions. So it is necessary create the
method for simple modeling of generator dynamics.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
time [s]
Fig. 13 Fault current at three-phase short-circuit in node 5
This work shows calculation results of current flow
along system elements and of total fault current. Qualitative
analysis of rotor swing influence to aforementioned
currents changing intime is given.
It is established that at longer faults (t
i
>0.15s), rotor
swing neglecting can bring to significant mistake in fault
current evaluation. Fault current value, with taking into
account rotor swing, is always less than one obtained by
standard calculations, that is convenient from equipment
standpoint. In same cases, currents along system elements
get the values grater than expected. RMS values of current
has oscilatorilly character, that can cause malfunction of
protective relays.
Calculation results can be practically useful not only for
equipment checking but for choice and setting of protective
relays.
IPST'99- Inlemational Conference on Power Systems Transients June 2(}-24, 1999, Budapest - Hungary
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IPST '99 - International Conference on Power Systems Transients June 20-24, 1999, Budapest - Hungary
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