Column Buckling - Inelastic

A long topic

Effects of geometric imperfection

EI x v Pv 0
EI y u Pu 0

Leads to bifurcation buckling of

perfect doubly-symmetric columns

M x P(v v o ) 0
EIx v P(v v o ) 0

v Fv2 (v v o ) 0
v o o sin

z
L

vo

v Fv2v Fv2v o
Mx

v Fv2v Fv2 (o sin

z
L

Solution v c v p

v c A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z)
z
z
v p C sin Dcos
L
L

Effects of Geometric Imperfection

Solve for C and D first
2
2
v
p Fv v p Fv o sin

z
L

z
z
z
z
z
C sin Dcos Fv2 C sin Dcos Fv2o sin 0

L
L
L
L
L
L
2
2

z
z
2
2
2
sin C Fv C Fv o cos D Fv D 0
L L
L L

2
2

2
2
2
C Fv C Fv o 0 and D Fv D 0
L
L

Fv2o
C
2
2
Fv
L
Solution becomes

and D 0

Fv2o
z
v A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z)
sin
L
2
2
Fv
L

Geometric Imperfection
Solve for A and B
Boundary conditionsv(0) v(L) 0
v(0) B 0
v(L) A sin Fv L 0
A0
Solution becomes
Fv2 o
z
v
sin
L
2
2

F

v
L
Fv2
o
2
P
o

z PE
z
L
v
sin

sin
Fv2
L 1 P
L
1
PE
2

L

P
z
PE
v
o sin
P
L
1
PE
Total Deflection
P
z
z
PE
v vo
o sin o sin
P
L
L
1
PE
P

z
1
z
E 1o sin
o sin
L 1 P
L
1 P

PE
PE

z
AFo sin
L

AF = amplification factor

Geometric Imperfection
1

AF

amplification factor
P
1
PE
M x P(v v o )
M x AF (Po sin

)
L
i.e., M x AF (moment due to initial crooked)
12

10

Amplification Factor A

Increases exponentially
Limit AF for design
Limit P/PE for design

Value used in the code is 0.877

This will give AF = 8.13
Have to live with it.

0
0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6
P/PE

0 .8

Residual Stress Effects

Residual Stress Effects

History of column inelastic buckling

Euler developed column elastic buckling equations (buried

in the million other things he did).

Take a look at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuleR

An amazing mathematician

In the 1750s, I could not find the exact year.

The elastica problem of column buckling indicates elastic
buckling occurs with no increase in load.

dP/dv=0

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

Engesser extended the elastic column buckling theory in

1889.
He assumed that inelastic
buckling occurs with no
increase in load, and the
relation between stress
and strain is defined by
tangent modulus Et

Engessers tangent modulus theory is easy to apply. It

compares reasonably with experimental results.

PT=ETI / (KL)2

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

In 1895, Jasinsky pointed out the problem with Engessers

theory.

If dP/dv=0, then the 2nd order moment (Pv) will produce

incremental strains that will vary linearly and have a zero
value at the centroid (neutral axis).
The linear strain variation will have compressive and tensile
values. The tangent modulus for the incremental
compressive strain is equal to Et and that for the tensile
strain is E.

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

In 1898, Engesser corrected his original theory by

accounting for the different tangent modulus of the tensile
increment.

This is known as the reduced modulus or double modulus

The assumptions are the same as before. That is, there is
no increase in load as buckling occurs.

The corrected theory is shown in the following slide

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

The buckling load PR produces

critical stress R=Pr/A
During buckling, a small curvature
d is introduced
The strain distribution is shown.
The loaded side has dL and dL
The unloaded side has dU and dU
dL ( y y1 y) d
dU ( y y y1 ) d
d L E t ( y y1 y) d
dU E( y y y1 ) d

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

d v
d L E t ( y y1 y ) v
dU E ( y y y1 ) v
But, the assumption is dP 0
y

y y1

y y1

( d y )

dU dA d L dA 0
y

y y1

y y1

( d y )

E( y y y1 ) dA E t ( y y1 y) dA 0
ES1 E t S2 0
y

where, S1 ( y y y1 ) dA
y y1

and S 2

y y1

( y y1 y) dA

( d y )

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

S1 and S2 are the statical moments of the areas to the left

and right of the neutral axis.

Note that the neutral axis does not coincide with the centroid
any more.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated using the
equation derived ES1 - EtS2 = 0
M Pv
y

y y1

y y1

( d y )

M dU ( y y y1) dA d L ( y y1 y) dA
M Pv v ( EI1 E t I2 )
y

where, I1 ( y y y1 ) 2 dA
y y1

and I 2

y y1

( y y1 y) 2 dA

( d y )

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

M Pv v ( EI1 E t I2 )
Pv ( EI1 E t I2 )v 0
v

P
v 0
EI1 E t I2

v Fv2v 0
P
P

EI1 E t I2 EIx
I
I
and E E 1 E t 2
Ix
Ix
where, Fv2

PR

2 EI x

E is the reduced or double modulus

(KL) 2

PR is the reduced modulus buckling load

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

For 50 years, engineers were faced with the dilemma that

the reduced modulus theory is correct, but the
experimental data was closer to the tangent modulus
theory. How to resolve?
Shanley eventually resolved this dilemma in 1947. He
conducted very careful experiments on small aluminum
columns.

He found that lateral deflection started very near the

theoretical tangent modulus load and the load capacity
increased with increasing lateral deflections.
The column axial load capacity never reached the calculated
reduced or double modulus load.

Shanley developed a column model to explain the

observed phenomenon

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

History of Column Inelastic Buckling

Column Inelastic Buckling

Three different theories

Tangent modulus
Reduced modulus
Shanley model

dP/dv=0

Tangent modulus theory

assumes
Perfectly straight column
Ends are pinned
Small deformations
No strain reversal during
buckling

Slope is zero at buckling

P=0 with increasing v
v
Elastic buckling analysis
PT

Tangent modulus theory

Assumes that the column buckles at the tangent modulus load such
that there is an increase in P (axial force) and M (moment).
The axial strain increases everywhere and there is no strain
reversal.
Strain and stress state just before buckling

PT

Mx - Pv = 0

T=PT/A

Strain and stress state just after buckling

v
v

Mx

T=ETT

Curvature = = slope of strain diagram

PT

h
h

T y
where y distance from centroid
2

T y ET
2

Tangent modulus theory

Deriving the equation of equilibrium

M x ydA
A

T T
T ( y h / 2) ET
M x T ( y h / 2)ET ydA
A

M x T y dA ET y 2 dA h / 2)ET y dA
A

M x 0 E T Ix 0
M x ET Ixv

The equation Mx- PTv=0 becomes -ETIxv - PTv=0

2
2
Solution is PT= ETIx/L

Example - Aluminum columns

Consider an aluminum column with Ramberg-Osgood

E 10100 ksi
stress-strain curve

40.15 ksi
0.2

0.002
E
0.2
1 0.002 n1

n n
E 0.2

0.002
n
0.2

n1
1
nE
0.2
0.2

E
E

ET
n1

0.002

1
nE
0.2
0.2
0.002

nE n1

0.000E+00
1.980E-04
3.960E-04
5.941E-04
7.921E-04
9.901E-04
1.188E-03
1.386E-03
1.584E-03
1.782E-03
1.980E-03
2.178E-03
2.376E-03
2.575E-03
2.775E-03
2.979E-03
3.198E-03
3.458E-03
3.829E-03
4.483E-03
5.826E-03
8.771E-03
1.529E-02
2.949E-02
5.967E-02
1.221E-01

18.55

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

ET
ET
differences
equation
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10099.9
10099.8
10099.5
10098.8
10097.6
10094.2
10088.7
10075.1
10054.2
10005.7
9934.0
9779.8
9563.7
9142.0
8602.6
7697.4
6713.6
5394.2
4251.9
3056.9
2218.6
1488.8
1037.0
679.2
468.1
306.9
212.4
140.8
98.5
66.3
46.9
32.1
23.0

Tangent Modulus Buckling

Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain

Stress-tangent modulus relationship

60
12000
Tangent Modulus (ksi)

Stress (ksi)

50
40
30
20

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000

10
0

0
0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

Strain (in./in.)

0.040

0.050

10

20

30

40

Stress (ksi)
ET differences

ET equation

50

Tangent Modulus Buckling

(KL/r) cr
223.2521046
157.8630771
128.8946627
111.6260523
99.84137641
91.1422898
84.3813604
78.93150275
74.41710153
70.59690679
67.3048795
64.4113691
61.77857434
59.17430952
56.09208286
51.5097656
44.14566415
34.1419685
24.00464013
15.9961201
10.48827475
6.902516144
4.596633406
3.105440361
2.129145204

Column Inelastic Buckling Curve

60

Tangent Modulus Buckling Stress

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50

PT
50

2 E T Ix
L2

PT
2 E T Ix
2 ET
T

2
A
AL2
KL / r

40

2 ET
KL / rcr
T

30
20
10

0
0

30

60

90
KL/r

120

150

Residual Stress Effects

Consider a rectangular section

with a simple residual stress
distribution
Assume that the steel material
has elastic-plastic stress-strain
curve.
Assume simply supported end
conditions
Assume triangular distribution
for residual stresses

b
x
d

rc

rt

y/b

rc

y
y

Residual Stress Effects

One major constrain on residual

stresses is that they must be
such that r dA 0

2 y
0.5 y
b
b / 2

b / 2

2 y
x d dx 0.5 y
x d dx
b
0

2d y b 2 2d y b 2
0.5 y d b 2 0.5 y d b 2


b 8
b 8
0
0

Residual stresses are produced

by uneven cooling but no load
is present

Residual Stress Effects

b

Response will be such that elastic behavior when

x
d

0.5 y
Px

2 EIx

and Py
L2
Yieldingoccurs when

2 EIy
L2

0.5 y i.e., P 0.5PY

Inelastic buckling will occur after 0.5 y

2
Y Y b Y (1 2 )

Y
Y/b

Residual Stress Effects

Total axial force corresponding to the yielded sec tion
Y (1 2 )
Y b 2bd Y
bd 2

2
Y 1 2 bd Y (2 2 )bd
Y bd 2bd Y 2 Y bd 2 2bd Y
Y bd(1 2 2 ) PY (1 2 2 )
If inelastic bucklingwere to occur at this load
Pcr PY (1 2 2 )

1 Pcr
1
2 PY

If inelastic bucklingoccurs about x axis

2E

d3
Pcr PTx 2 (2b)
L
12
2 EIx
PTx
2
L2
1 Pcr
PTx Px 2
1
2 PY
1 PTx
PTx Px 2
1

2 PY
PTx Px
1 PTx

2
1

PY PY
2 PY
PTx
1
1 PTx

2
1

PY 2x
2 PY

2x

PTx
21

PY

PTx
PY

b
x

Pcr PTx
2

P
1
E
r
Let, x 2 2
x
PY x
Y K x Lx

If inelastic bucklingoccurs about y axis

Pcr PTy

2E

(2b) 3

d
12

L2
2 EIy
3
PTy
2

L2
3

1
P
PTy Py 2 1 cr

2 PY

PTy Py

Pcr PTy
3

PTy
21

PY

PTy
1

PY 2y

3
PTy
21

PY

PTy
21

PY

PTy
PY

3
PTy
21

PY

PTy Py

PY PY

2y

r
Py
1
y
2 E
Let, 2

PY y
Y K y Ly

Residual Stress Effects

x
2.236
2.000
1.826
1.690
1.581
1.491
1.414
1.313
1.221
1.135
1.052
0.971
0.889
0.803
0.705
0.577
0.317

y
2.236
2.000
1.826
1.690
1.581
1.491
1.414
1.246
1.092
0.949
0.815
0.687
0.562
0.440
0.315
0.182
0.032

Column Inelastic Buckling

Normalized column capacity

P/PY
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
0.995

1.200

1.200

1.000

1.000

0.800

0.800

0.600

0.600

0.400

0.400

0.200

0.200

0.000

0.000
0.0

0.5

1.0
Lambda

1.5

2.0

Tangent modulus buckling - Numerical

1

Discretize the cross-section into fibers

Think about the discretization. Do you need the flange
To be discretized along the length and width?

For each fiber, save the area of fiber (Afib), the

distances from the centroid yfib and xfib,
Ix-fib and Iy-fib the fiber number in the matrix.

Afib
yfib

Centroidal axis
3

Discretize residual stress distribution

Calculate residual stress (r-fib)

each fiber

Check that sum(r-fib Afib)for

Section = zero

Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

14
6

Calculate effective residual

strain (r) for each fiber
r=r/E

13
7

Assume centroidal strain

Calculate the critical (KL)X and (KL)Y for the

(KL)X-cr = sqrt [(EI)Tx/P]
(KL)y-cr = sqrt [(EI)Ty/P]

Calculate the tangent (EI)TX and (EI)TY for the

(EI)TX = sum(ET-fib{yfib2 Afib+Ix-fib})
(EI)Ty = sum(ET-fib{xfib2 Afib+ Iy-fib})

Calculate average stress = = P/A

8

Calculate total strain for each fiber

tot=+r
Calculate Axial Force = P
Sum (fibAfib)

12

Assume a material stress-strain

curve for each fiber

Calculate stress in each fiber fib

11

10

Tangent modulus buckling - numerical

Section Dimension
b
d
y

12
4
50

No. of fibers

20

A
Ix
Iy

48
64
576.00

fiber no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Afib
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

xfib
-5.7
-5.1
-4.5
-3.9
-3.3
-2.7
-2.1
-1.5
-0.9
-0.3
0.3
0.9
1.5
2.1
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.5
5.1
5.7

yfib
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

r-fib
-22.5
-17.5
-12.5
-7.5
-2.5
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
22.5
17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5
-2.5
-7.5
-12.5
-17.5
-22.5

r-fib
-7.759E-04
-6.034E-04
-4.310E-04
-2.586E-04
-8.621E-05
8.621E-05
2.586E-04
4.310E-04
6.034E-04
7.759E-04
7.759E-04
6.034E-04
4.310E-04
2.586E-04
8.621E-05
-8.621E-05
-2.586E-04
-4.310E-04
-6.034E-04
-7.759E-04

Ixfib
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2

Iyfib
78.05
62.50
48.67
36.58
26.21
17.57
10.66
5.47
2.02
0.29
0.29
2.02
5.47
10.66
17.57
26.21
36.58
48.67
62.50
78.05

Tangent Modulus Buckling - numerical

Strain Increment

Fiber no.
-0.0003
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

tot

fib
-1.076E-03
-9.034E-04
-7.310E-04
-5.586E-04
-3.862E-04
-2.138E-04
-4.138E-05
1.310E-04
3.034E-04
4.759E-04
4.759E-04
3.034E-04
1.310E-04
-4.138E-05
-2.138E-04
-3.862E-04
-5.586E-04
-7.310E-04
-9.034E-04
-1.076E-03

-31.2
-26.2
-21.2
-16.2
-11.2
-6.2
-1.2
3.8
8.8
13.8
13.8
8.8
3.8
-1.2
-6.2
-11.2
-16.2
-21.2
-26.2
-31.2

Efib
T x-fib
T y-fib
Pfib
29000
92800 2.26E+06
-74.88
29000
92800 1.81E+06
-62.88
29000
92800 1.41E+06
-50.88
29000
92800 1.06E+06
-38.88
29000
92800 7.60E+05
-26.88
29000
92800 5.09E+05
-14.88
29000
92800 3.09E+05
-2.88
29000
92800 1.59E+05
9.12
29000
92800 5.85E+04
21.12
29000
92800 8.35E+03
33.12
29000
92800 8.35E+03
33.12
29000
92800 5.85E+04
21.12
29000
92800 1.59E+05
9.12
29000
92800 3.09E+05
-2.88
29000
92800 5.09E+05
-14.88
29000
92800 7.60E+05
-26.88
29000
92800 1.06E+06
-38.88
29000
92800 1.41E+06
-50.88
29000
92800 1.81E+06
-62.88
29000
92800 2.26E+06
-74.88

Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

-0.0005
-0.0006
-0.0007
-0.0008
-0.0009
-0.001
-0.0011
-0.0012
-0.0013
-0.0014
-0.0015
-0.0016
-0.0017
-0.0018
-0.0019
-0.002
-0.0021
-0.0022
-0.0023
-0.0024
-0.00249

T x
-417.6
-556.8
-696
-835.2
-974.4
-1113.6
-1252.8
-1384.8
-1510.08
-1624.32
-1734.72
-1832.16
-1924.8
-2008.32
-2083.2
-2152.8
-2209.92
-2263.2
-2304.96
-2340.48
-2368.32
-2386.08
-2398.608

T y

1856000
1856000
1856000
1856000
1856000
1670400
1670400
1484800
1299200
1299200
1113600
1113600
928000
928000
742400
556800
556800
371200
371200
185600
185600

16704000
16704000
16704000
16704000
16704000
12177216
12177216
8552448
5729472
5729472
3608064
3608064
2088000
2088000
1069056
451008
451008
133632
133632
16704
16704

KL x-c r
KL y-c r
T/Y
209.4395102
628.3185307
0.174
181.3799364
544.1398093
0.232
162.231147 486.6934411
0.29
148.0960979 444.2882938
0.348
137.1103442 411.3310325
0.406
128.254983
384.764949
0.464
120.9199576 362.7598728
0.522
109.11051 294.5983771
0.577
104.4864889 282.1135199
0.6292
94.98347542
227.960341
0.6768
85.97519823 180.5479163
0.7228
83.65775001
175.681275
0.7634
75.56517263 136.0173107
0.802
73.97722346 133.1590022
0.8368
66.30684706 99.46027059
0.868
65.22619108 97.83928663
0.897
57.58118233
69.0974188
0.9208
49.27629185 44.34866267
0.943
48.8278711 43.94508399
0.9604
39.56410897 23.73846538
0.9752
39.33088015 23.59852809
0.9868
27.70743725 8.312231176
0.9942
27.63498414 8.290495243
0.99942

(KL/r) x
(KL/r) y
181.3799364 181.3799364
157.0796327 157.0796327
140.4962946 140.4962946
128.254983
128.254983
118.7410412 118.7410412
111.0720735 111.0720735
104.7197551 104.7197551
94.49247352 85.04322617
90.48795371 81.43915834
82.25810265 65.80648212
74.45670576 52.11969403
72.44973673 50.71481571
65.44135914 39.26481548
64.06615482 38.43969289
57.423414
28.711707
56.48753847 28.24376924
49.86676668 19.94670667
42.67452055 12.80235616
42.28617679 12.68585304
34.26352344 6.852704688
34.06154136 6.812308273
23.99534453 2.399534453
23.9325983
2.39325983

Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

Inelastic Column Buckling

( T/ Y)

Normalized critical stress

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

KL/r ratio
(KL/r)x

(KL/r)y

140

160

180

200

Normalized column capacity

Column Inelastic Buckling

1.2

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.0
0.0

0.5

Num-x
Elastic

1.0

Num-y

Lambda
AISC-Design

1.5

Analytical-x
Analytical-y

2.0