Elementary Sumerian Glossary

(after M. Civil 1967)

Daniel A Foxvog Lecturer in Assyriology (retired) University of California at Berkeley

A glossary suitable for the first several years of instruction, with emphasis on the vocabulary of easy literary texts, early royal inscriptions, and uncomplicated economic and administrative documents.

Revised August 2010 Not for Citation

For additional terms and alternate readings and translations see the Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary on the Web. Guerneville, California USA

A a, ` water, fluid; semen, seed; offspring, child; father; watercourse (cf. e) a Ah! (an interjection) (Attinger, Elments p. 414) a-a (aya) father a-a-ugu(4) father who has begotten, one's own true father, progenitor a-ab-ba, a-aba (water of the) sea (cf. ab) a-ab-ba igi-nim Upper Sea, the Mediterranean a-ab-ba sig Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf a-ah (or ah) (Gudea) uh a-ba(-a) who, whoever, whom, whose (interrogative and relative) a - bal to pour out water, libate, irrigate a-bul5-la abul a-da rivalry, contention, contest, fight (Civil, AuOr 5 (1987) 18 + n. 6; Klein, AV Cagni 568 n. 29)) a-da-ab (an OB hymn rubric, a hymn of praise consisting minimally of sagida, saara and urubi sections) a-da-al, a-da-lam now; current, present
a

ku

A.EDIN.L kusummu3

a-EN-da a-ru12-da a-etubku6 "carp flood," early(?) flood (Civil, AuOr 15, 52) a-ga back, rear (of a building), hind quarters; after a-ga-am, a-ga-m (etc.) artificial pond or lake for controlling flood waters (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 130f.); (an occupation, OS) a-ga(-a)-gi4, (OS ga-gi4) later, (the one) after (Civil, JNES 43, 286 n. 12; Selz, FAOS 15/1 No. 21 vii 1); cf. ga-gi4-a-b later, afterwards a-g A.KA a-gr, a-gar agricultural tract, area of field parcels, irrigation district a-gar5, a-gr, a-br lead (the metal) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 119ff.) a-gin7 how a-gb-ba lustration water, holy water
ku

a--l leather sack

a - ar to flood with water; to soak, rinse a-i6(-a) flood, flood wave A.KA ugu, gu

a-da-man/mn contest between two parties, (verbal) duel, disputation a-da-man - a5/du11 to hold a contest; to dispute, debate (Attinger, Elments 417-422) a - d to pour out water; to libate; to freshen (with water); to flood, be flooded (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 68f., 99) a-du10 fresh water, sweet water a - du11 to water, irrigate, flood (Attinger, Elments 477-484) a--a sudden onrush of water, damburst, flood wave

A.KA-a - ar gu-a - ar a-la(-la) ululation, expression of joy a-la la-la a-l (a demon) a-l-a roiled, disturbed, cloudy, muddy water A.LUM udu-aslumx a-ma-ru(-k), a-m/mar-ru10/uru5(-k) devastating flood; the mythical Deluge (see mar-uru5)

a-ma-ru-kam It is urgent! Without fail! (lit. It is like water of the tempest!) a-mah high water, flood, inundation a-na(-m) what, whatever (interrogative and relative)

a-(g), aa5(g)(GNA) field, parcel (for OS aa5 see Civil, JCS 25, 171f.; Powell, JCS 25, 178-184) a -ga u - du11 to inseminate, engender (later elliptically just u - du11) a-e-er a-nir

a-na-a(-m), a-na-(-m) why A.TIR ea a-na-gin7 how, why; thus, so a - tu5, (OS) a - tu17(A.TU5) to bathe, wash a-na libation; drinking water a-tu5-a bath, bathing ritual a-ne he, she, this one (OS for e-ne) a-zu, a-su physician a-nin pond, puddle, standing water a-nir lament; grief (Emesal a-e-er)
d

a-nun-na(-k) (a grouping of high gods)

, ax(DA) arm, wing; branch; side (cf. da); (knife) edge; strength, force; work-force; work-period/unit (measured in days); wage(s), hire, fee, payment, expenditure (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 81-84); point in time; horns, antlers (for ax see Attinger, ZA 87, 112) - to command, give orders or instructions to someone (-da-) regarding (-i-) -- instruction, order; news (Attinger, ZA 87, 115) -an handle(?) (Attinger, ZA 87, 115f.) -an(-z-lum) date palm spadix; broom -an-kra, an-kra, en-kra (a divine or royal weapon or staff) (Attinger, ZA 87, 182: an-kra) - - bad to open, spread the arms, wings -bad opened, outstretched arms, wings - dah to help (PSD and ePSD now read tah) -dah help, aid; helper -dam settlement, habitation

a-pa4 gutter, pipe; (as beer and water libation pipe, see Civil, AuOr 5, 33) a-ra-li (poetic term for the netherworld; the desert between Bad-Tibira and Uruk where Dumuzi pastured his flocks and was killed, see Jacobsen, JAOS 103, 194) a-ra-zu, a-r-zu, r-zu prayer, supplication (for writings see Bauer, AV Klein 24-25) a-r way, path, course; state, condition; multiplied by, "times" (math.) ; a-r N-kam for the nth time a - ri, a - ru to inseminate, engender, beget a-ri-a, `-ri-a wasteland, desert (Civil, AuOr 5, 33) a - ru to dedicate, donate to a deity a-ru-a temple donation, votive gift a-ru12(EN)-da (Pre-Sarg. and Sarg.) copper (variant of urudu) a-sig, a-si(-ig)-ga, a-sa-ga clear, clean water (m zaktu) (syllabic for sig5 and sa6(g), see Bauer, AfO 40/41, 95) a-sis salty, brackish water

- dar to seize illegally, confiscate -dra horns of wild goats, deer antlers (Steinkeller, BSA 63 n. 24) (see dra)

 - db to flap the wings; periphrastic: -db - a5 - to rear, bring up, take care of -g-zi-ga early morning, dawn -gb-bu left arm, side; to the left, on the left -l mighty, powerful, strong (cf. -nun-l) - ar to apply force, overpower -i6-ba(-a) at midnight -ki-ti (a festival and the temple where it takes place) - k to tire (the arms) (Attinger, ZA 87, 112) -k(-) adj. tired; n. tiredness; work, labor, toil; ppl. -nu-k untiring - l to tie the hands, fetter
ku

- tuku to have strength, power -tuku powerful, strong, able-bodied -u4-te-na (at) twilight, (in the) evening (coolness) -u4-zal-le daybreak, morning -zi-da right arm, side -zi(g) high-handed action, violence -zi- by a violent act, by force a5(k), ak to do, perform, exercise, act (often as an auxiliary verb); to make, construct; to make like, make into. Certain contexts require rdg. aka or k. It can be combined with a pronoun in forms such as h-na, -na, see AV Wilcke 226. For rdg. a5 perhaps = a4 = the aux. verb *za see Cavigneaux, ASJ 9, 49ff.; Urnamma Hymn B 52 has an Ur III (?) var. a-a for OB AKAK. For a comprehensive treatment see Attinger, ZA 95, 46-64, 208-275; Powell, AV Diakonoff 314-319. ab hole, opening, window, roof vent ab, ab-ba, a-ab-ba, a-aba sea ab-ba, bba(ABx) old man, elder, wise man; father; witness ab-ba-ab-ba grandfather ab-ll window, opening, pigeon hole b cow b-za-za (an exotic animal: water buffalo(?), zebu(?)) abgal (apkal) (a cultic profession); (mythical) sage abrig(NUN.ME.DU) (a cultic profession) (abriqqu) bsin, ab-sn furrow abul(la), a-bul5-la city gate, main gate/entrance abzu (mythological underground fresh water ocean, home of the god Enki); (a water-basin shrine in many Mesopotamian temples)

-l (a kind of drum)

-m(-k) arm of battle (describing a weapon, poetic) -nun(-l) having great power, (most) powerful (cf. -l) -nam-ur-sa heroic arm/strength/weapon (poetic) -sg (a demon); (a source of sickness or death) (> asakku) -si (leather) strap; urudu-si copper hinge (Van de Mieroop, Crafts 134; Civil, Iraq 23, 162) -sg slingstone - s(dr) to extend the arm(s), spread the wings; to proceed, march on; to sail -e now (anumma) -Emuen swan(?) (Landsberger, MSL 8/2 130) -ita4(U.KID)(-a) paraphanelia, implements (Civil, JAOS 88 (1968) 7) -u-r limbs (lit. "arms, hands, and feet")
(ku)

(gi)

ad beam, plank; raft (so PDS A/3 6, though Bauer, AfO 40/41, 94 disagrees; see discussion of Marchesi, Or 68, 105-108, also Attinger, ZA 95, 260) ad, ad-da father; forefather, great great-grandfather (so PSD) ad sound; voice, cry

ga-kr/ - s to conquer, defeat (cf. ga - kr to defeat) (Klein, AV Tadmor 310f.; Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 188f. + n. 17) ga-r(n) aarin ga-s, aga-s constable, guard, bodyguard; soldier (Lafont, CDLI 2009:5, 9ff.) (lik urki 'one who goes behind') agargara(NUN)(ku6) (a fish or fish spawn) agrun(.NUN) (a sacred building or room); (an epithet of the abzu) (Attinger, ZA 95, 268) to measure out, mete out; to pay (esp. in grain) - gi4 to kill (Jacobsen & Kramer, JNES 12, 185 n. 68) aarin(AMA.dINANNA), ga-r(-n) mother (creatress); (fertile) soil; mold, crucible; mixing basin (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 239) arig steward (PSD A/3 translates "housekeeper") ah, aah (in Gudea) uh ak a5 ka(ID) fleece; tuft of wool akan(UBUR) udder, teat, nipple akkil cry, clamor; acclaim
tg

ad - gi4 to advise, take counsel with (-da-), consult; to discuss; to echo, respond ad-gi4(-gi4) advice, counsel; advisor, counselor ad-KID reed craftsman, basket and mat weaver (The reading ad-kub4 cannot be justified. Steinkeller, Sale Documents 171, therefore suggests that only adgubx (adKID) may be possible, based on Akk. atkuppu.) ad - a4 to sob, groan, wail ad-a4 wailing, lamenting (nissatu); sound (of an instrument or song)
ku

ad-tab reins

(gi)

d(GR-gun), ddu boxthorn; thorn (eddettu) (some now read kig) (see Attinger, ZA 95, 263f. for detailed discussion of readings) ad4(ZA-ten) crippled, lame (kubbulu)

adda/ad6(Lx) (also written L. or ad8(Leigx) and adx(L.GAM)) (human) corpse (Veldhuis, AV Sigrist 224-6). ad6 is also used for animal carcasses, e.g. Nik I 162 i 3. dda/d(UDUx) (also written UDU. or GUDx ) (animal) carcass (Veldhuis, AV Sigrist 224-6) addir river-crossing, ford; toll, fare, rent, hire (RLA 8, 157 Miete) (cf. m-addir ferry boat)
gi

aktum(A.SU) (a garment)

gi

al mattock, hoe, "pickaxe"

al - a5 to hoe, work with the hoe al - du11 to desire, want; to request, ask for, demand (Attinger, Elments 429-438)
gi

ddu(.GR) (reading uncertain, compare gid)

ag a5 aga (a kind of crown, "tiara, diadem"); (an axe) ga-gi4-a-b later, afterwards (see a-ga(-a)-gi4)

al-ar (a musical instrument) (PSD A/3 147 translates: (a lyre)) (Attinger, ZA 95, 270)

al-ar-sur/sur9(-ra) (a musical instrument, probably drumstick) (Veldhuis, AfO 44/45, 119f.; Attinger, ZA 95, 270)

gi

al-la-nu-um oak; acorn al-lubku6, al-lu5(b) (older rdg. al-lul) (crayfish or crab) al-tar construction work (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 231-5)
(d)

ama5, (ama) private quarters of women and young children (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 76-78) (cf. m) ama5-kalam-ma storehouse/dwelling-quarters of the land (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 78) amalu(AMA.dINANNA) (personal) goddess amar calf; young of other animals
d

alad(LAMMAxBAD) male guardian angel, male counterpart of dlamma

alal(IDxA), alalx(ABxA) conduit, pipe alam, alan figure; statue. PSD A/3 170a calls alam the preferred phonetic form. A reading ala based on the important reference PEa 845 (Jx) a-la-, is doubted by Krecher [privately circulated correction sheet to his AV Matou II article] and by J. Bauer, Or ns 43, 129. See also Yoshikawa, ASJ 12, 344-347. alim bison (kusarikku) alim-ma honored one (kabtu) am wild bull am-si elephant ama mother ama-a-tu ama-tu ama-ab, ama-ad parents ama(-ar) - gi4 to free, manumit ama(-ar)-gi4 manumission, freedom ama-r(-ra) wailing woman, female mourner ama-rin(-na) elite troops AMA.GAN(.A) aganx AMA.dINANNA aarin, amalu ama-tu(d), ama-a-tu house-born slave (cf. ama5)

amar-utu(-k) Marduk, patron-deity of Babylon

ama sheepfold ambar marsh, swamp an sky, heaven; the sky god An an, an-na high, tall (cf. n and i6-/un-na) an-bar, an, K.AN iron (Reiter, AOAT 249, 244ff.) an-bar7 noon, noontime heat an-dl shade, cover; protection an-eden-na high plain, steppe an- and still, even so an-kra -an-kra an-na (or AN.NA, perhaps to be read niggi or nagga) tin; iron(?) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 259ff.) an-pa heaven's top, zenith an- heaven's middle, middle of the sky an-r heavenly sphere, whole sky an-ta above, from above, down; in front; prefix (grammatical term) an-ta-sur-ra (a Lagash geographical area); (obsidian?)

ama-ugu(4) mother who has born, one's own true mother

an-ub-da-lmmu-ba the four world quarters an-r base of heaven, horizon

an-usan, an--sa11-an evening an-za-gr tower, (fortified) outpost

a(a) v. and adj. (to be) one, alone, unique (cf. dili) (Edzard, AV Klein 99f.) , -, a curse

ane donkey; (equid in general) ane-bar-l pack ass ANE.KUR.RA sisi ane-knga (ANE.BARxAN) mule (offspring of a donkey and an onager) (Heimpel, BSA 8, 89-91; RlA Maultier) ane-zi-qm equids kept at royal road stations (Ur III) (Heimpel, RA 88, 5-31) anzu(d)muen, nzu(d)muen (a mythological lion-headed eagle, symbol of Ninirsu & Ninurta) (also with phonetic indicator ananzumuen, older reading danzumuen, see Borger, AOAT 305, p. 171). For derivation from /imdugud/ see Jacobsen, AV Kantor 129 n. 18.
gi

- a5/bal/du11 to swear at, insult, curse (Civil, JNES 43, 294; Attinger, Elments 445-450)
munus

-gr female goat (reading zh is obsolete; Heimpel, BSA 7, 116ff. reads agar)

six (Edzard, AV Klein 102) aa5 a- agab leatherworker

anan (a goddess figure personifying emmer wheat) (see also dezinu) az bear

apin plow

apin-l tenancy, rent; tenant, lessee; cultivator (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 114 n. 5) apkal abgal ar-ga-nm (a resin) r, ar, a-a-ar praise r - a5/du11 to praise (Attinger, Elments 439f.) r to mill, grind flour
na4

azlagx(L.TG), azlag3-6 fuller, washerman (also conventionally read lag, etc.; see Yuhong, AV Klein 394f. for writings and etymology) (alku)

B ba to allot, distribute, assign, divide up, give a gift or share; to reduce, diminish, deteriorate ba allotment, share baku6 snail(?) ba-al to dig up/out, excavate, mine, quarry (her); to unload (a boat) ba-al-gi(4), ba-al-gu7 (also with fish determinative) turtle ba-an bn

ra mill, millstone

r-d HAR-tud, r arad, rad r arhu compassion, mercy; womb (rmu) (Civil, AV Hallo 78 + n 21)
gi

sal(A.TU.GAB.LI) Euphrates poplar(?) (arbatu)

asil(a)(EZENxLL), asil-l acclaim, paean, jubilation

ba-an-du8(-du8), ba-an-du5 (reed, wood or copper determinative) bucket, pail; sowing basket (cf. Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 74 + n. 26, contra PSD B which considers the two variants to be two different words.) ba-an-gi4 response, answer

ba-ba(-da/za) porridge ba-da-ra dagger, a ceremonial kind of knife (Akk. patru > Sum. ba-da-ra back-loaned > Akk. patarru) (PSD B 18 'rod, prod' is not correct; see Civil, Oriental Institute website corrections to PSD) (Civil, AV Biggs 18) ba-ri/r-ga (a large measuring vessel = 60 sla in Ur III) ba- chief goddess of irsu, consort of Ninirsu (also read dba-ba6) (for reading see Marchesi, Or 71 (2002) 161-172) ba-za cripple, dwarf b(E) v. to halve; n. half babbar, bar6-bar6 (PSD bbbar) v. and adj. (to be) white, shining bad(r) to open up, spread wide, be wide apart, separate; to untie, unravel, reveal; to be distant, remote, removed; to thresh (see recently Krecher, AV Kutscher 111-116) bad, bad-r, bad-da open(ed), spread wide; remote bd (city) wall, fortification bd(-da) high (cf. n) bd-si parapet bhar potter (Sallaberger Tpfer passim) bal to cross (over), pass by or through; to turn over, around, aside, upside down, against; to change, exchange; to pour out (liquid) bal-a-ri opposite side, shore
d

bala harp (some translate 'lyre'); (a large drum?); (an OB and later eme-sal lamentation, part of the temple liturgy) (Civil, AV Biggs 18; Veldhuis, AfO 44/45, 120) (balangu) bala-di harp player, lamentation singer
gi

ban gipan

bn, ba-an (later with wood or pot determinative) (a container and capacity measure = 6 sla in PreSargonic texts, 10 sla thereafter) (Steinkeller, Or 51, 359f.) bnda, bn-da (or bndada) small(er), young(er), minor, junior; short (time); impetuous, wild (note that Borger, AbZ reads banda3 rather than Deimel's banda1, a practice now currenct) bnda young one, child, infant; offspring, progeny; attendant
gi

banur table; offering table, altar

bappir, bppir beer bread (a baked loaf of brewing ingredients) bar to (make) lie/be outside, go away, send out, set aside, release, split open; to delimit, allot (fields) bar outside, exterior; outer appearance; body; back, edge; fleece bar alien, strange; cf. l-bar-ra foreigner, stranger bar "liver" (as a seat of emotions), mood, spirits bar NOUN-ak-a or bar-PRONOUN-a because of, instead of, with regard to, e.g. bar-bi-a because of this bar - a5 to examine, test, put to trial bar-da, bar-d-a crosspiece, crossbar

bal-bal-e (an OB hymn type)

tg

bala spindle; rod, pin

bar-dul5 (a common garment); (describing a goat or a goat hide) bar-l unshorn, with unplucked fleece

bala (rotating) term of office or service, turn of duty; reign; cf. bala-gub-ba term of duty bala(-) - a5 transport (for trade)

bar-l (a canal basin?) bar-rim4 arid, dry land

tg

bar-si sash, shawl

bl-ga (fresh) fruit; (male) ancestor, cf. pa-bl-ga bl-l pe-el-l bl-l, bl-la hot bl-l-b, bl-la-b heatedly, feverishly, ardently biluda, bi-lu-da, p-lu5-da, be6-lu5-da rites, rituals, customs, usages (< bltu, Steinkeller, JNES 46 (1987) 58. Cf. Steible, AOAT 253, 380f.) bir (reduplicated: bir-bir-re, bi-ib-r(e), bi-bi-r(e)) to scatter, disperse br v. to shrivel, wrinkle; adj. flacid, shriveled *br surx, rin (rdg. br is now obsolete; see Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 192, JNES 46, 58f.; Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178) bir4 to bake (bricks, pottery) (pronunciation is uncertain) bir5(NAM)muen locust (Veldhuis, Education 224)

bar-su(-ga), bar-s(-a) with plucked fleece, with fleece removed bar-s(d) (a rubric marking a sub-section of a tigi or adab hymn of praise) bar- out, away, toward the outside bar-(-) fog, mist, drizzle bar-ta away, aside, outside bar-ta - gub, bar- - gub to stand aside, keep away, stay aloof bar - tam to examine, choose, select (periphrastic: bar-tam - ak) bar-udu sheep's fleece bar-s(urudu) (pointed) goading stick (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 72) bar7(NE) to blaze, flame, burn

bir6, bir7, bir to rip/break to pieces, shred, tear bra(g) (barag) conventional translations: dais, throne; sovereign, ruler, king; (pack-)sack. Civil, AV Biggs 21 now reads /parak/ and translates: (1) 'curtain of separation' (around the area reserved to the king and royal family or to a deity in a temple); fig. 'royal person, royal abode' (parakku); (2) 'a package made with sackcloth' (baamu, saqqu) bra-mah high dais bra-si-ga socle bra(g), ba-ra(-g), (pr) to spread out (upon), strew bi-iz biz b-za-za frog bi7(d), bd n. excrement, dung; anus(?); v. to defecate bibra(HL)muen (a bird); (a bird-shaped cup) (Veldhuis, Education 224) bl to heat, burn, scorch b, bu, p to flit, rush about biz, bi-iz to drip, drop -bra (wr. -ib-ra-a, ba(r)-ra-a) to fly (loan from the Akk. root pr) bu(r), b(r), bur, br, bux(PAD) (variant bu-s, Emesal z(r), z-z) to pull, rip, tear, pluck out, uproot, extract, extirpate; to drain (water) (Molina, JNES 63, 5-7) bu b bu-lu-h, bu-luh, bu-h, bu-bu-luh to quiver, shudder, be frightened bu-lu-h/buluh - si-il to belch, burp bu-ud-ba-ad - za to thud (an onomatopoetic construction, see Civil, JCS 20, 117ff.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.) bu-s bu(r)

bugin, bunin (multiple spellings exist, middle/last consonant may be //) bucket, trough bul (bu5), to blow, blow up, fill with air bulug chisel; needle, pin; seal-pin (Civil Oriental Institute website corrections to PSD B); latch-pin(?); border-marker(?); axis bulug-KIN-gur4 (surgical) lancet blu to grow up, rear children or young, make grow, ripen; to be great, to elevate blu, bul- foster-child bunga(NITA(2).GA) child bur (stone) bowl, vessel (Yuhong, AV Klein 391) bur-gi4-a (a kind of offering) bur-gul stonecutter, engraver bur-sa (a servant); (a building used for storage of offerings, see Heimpel, JCS 33, 106) bur-u-ma old woman, matron, matriarch bur-zi (a kind of bowl)

buru4muen (a bird of prey or a vulture, OS); raven (Ur III onward) (Veldhuis, Education 226-228) buru5muen (bur5) (a small bird that lives in flocks, possibly a sparrow); locust (OB and later) (Veldhuis, Education 229-231) buru5-habrud(-da)muen partridge(?) (iur hurri) (Veldhuis, Education 231-233) buru14 harvest, crop; harvest time

D da, da(g) side; near (cf. Krecher, ASJ 9, 88 n. 39) DA da-ga-an, da-ga-na, daggan(KI.GIGAL) bedroom, private room (Krecher, ASJ 9, 88 n. 39; Civil, AV Biggs 18) (dakkannu) da-gi4-a, dag-gi4-a district, ward, city quarter (bbtu); cf. sar da-gi4-a neighbor (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 242f.) da-ri, da-r lasting, eternal (cf. Akk. dr) da-ri/r- forever da - ri to lead at one's side (so Selz, ASJ 17, 251ff., who reads the verbal root as /dri/; cf. ma-da-ri-a) dab5, dab, dab6/da5(b) to fasten onto (-a), hold onto, detain; to seize, take (with -e/a); to be attached to, employed at (-da) (often elliptical for u - dab5) dabin(Z.E) barley meal or flour dadag v. and adj. (to be) (cultically) pure, (legally) exonerated dag to move, run about, roam dag-gi4-a da-gi4-a daal v. & adj. (to be) wide, broad, vast, far-reaching, widespread; n. breadth daal-b broadly

br (a kind of grass)

br to free, loosen, release; to reveal, explain, interpret (dreams); to undo, nullify (curse, sin, anger); to spread widely, spread out over, cover (cf. - br, ki-br, m - br) br, bu, bu7 to glow, shine br-ra(-ah) (an architectural term) br-ra-b openly, publicly
i7

buranun(-na) Euphrates

bru (br) (area measure = 18 iku = 1800 sar = ca. 63,510 sq. meters) (Yuhong, AV Klein 391) bru(d) (br) n. hole, pit, depths; depth; v. to make a hole, pierce, break into, burgle; to be deep, deepen; to penetrate, understand; adj. deep

10

daal - tag to spread wide dah to add (to); to do, say, give in addition; to help (ePSD now reads tah)
gi

de5(g) to pick up, gather up, collect; to remove, plunder (Sallaberger, AV Klein 250) Many still read ri(g); Selz, ASJ 17, 260 reads /dri/. See also Steinkeller, JCS 35, 249f. de5-de5-ga collected (dead animals or people) (technical term in Girsu and Umma, Heimpel, BSA 8 138 n. 80; Sallaberger, AV Klein 250) de6 tm di du and du11 di(d) court case, lawsuit, claim; verdict, judgment di - dab5 to render a verdict di - du11 to sue, go to court, trial, litigate with (-da-) (Attinger, Elments 459-464) di - ku5(dr) to judge, render a verdict di-ku5 judge; judging (cf. ki di-ku5) di4(l) smaller (Civil, OrAnt 21 (1982) 12) di4-di4(-l) little ones, youngsters, children (reduplicated form of tur) W. Farber, Mesopotamian Civilizations 2 (1989) 9 reads du13-du13-l. dib to pass, go, move (by, along, or beyond); to walk (along), tread; to pass in review (at an inspection, see Heimpel, BSA 8, 120) dida sweet-wort didli individual; individually, singly; several, various, many; miscellaneous (Laga I) (< dili-dili) diir (conventionally dingir) god, goddess dili one, single, individual, lone, unique (Edzard, AV Klein 99) dili-b, dili-bi- alone, by oneself dli(m), dlim spoon; shallow dish, balance-pan (of a scale) (Civil, AV Biggs 23)
gi

dal, dalx(HU) crosspiece, traverse beam (tallu)

dal to fly dal, dal-a, dal-dal flying, in flight dal-ba-an(-na) in between (area) dalla - to be visible, apparent, manifest; (to shine forth in radiance, be/make resplendent, splendid, i.e. near synonym of pa - ?) (up) dam spouse, wife, husband dam-bndada secondary or junior wife, concubine dam-gr merchant (tamkru) dam-ha-ra battle (< Akk. tamhru) dam-ha-ra - a5 to do battle with (-da-) danna(KASKAL.GD), da-na double hour (a distance measure, ca. 6.6 miles) dan6(UxTAG4) to clean, wash (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 83-84) (cf. gb-dan6 cleaner) darmuen francolin (ittid) dar to split dar-ra split, fileted (fish) dra, darah, dara4 Persian wild goat, bezoar (Steinkeller, SEL 6, 3-7; BSA 8, 50; SEL 6, 3-7) (PSD A/2 109 reads tarah, ePSD reads durah.) dra-ma wild goat stag d to pour d-dal ashes de5(g) na - de5(g)

dim post, mast dim-gal, gidimgul mooring-pole (tarkullu)

gi

11

dm to fashion, form, create, build; to make like, make into (-) dm-ma judgment, discernment (< mu)
gi

du6-r, du6-r (the name of the ziggurrat in Ur) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 334-338) du7(dr) to be complete, perfect, unblemished (uklulu); to be fitting, proper, suited for, becoming to (wasmu, see Attinger, ZA 88, 182 n. 64; Sjberg, AV Wilcke 263 + n. 29 ) du7(dr?) to batter, gore, attack du8 opening (pet) (Yuhong, AV Klein 378)

dimgul gidim-gal

diri(g) to be more than (-a, see FAOS 5/2, 289), greater than, exceed, surpass; to be excessive, extra, surplus, additional; (also used as adj. and noun) diri(g) to float, drift, glide; to sail (downstream) diri-b, diri- overwhelmingly, even more di one (the counting word?); a single, certain one (Edzard, AV Klein 99f.) du to come, go, move (about) Forms include: du imperf. sg.; en perf. sg.; su8(b) imperf. pl.; (e)re7 (OS erx(DU.DU)) perf. pl.; di present participle (atalluku, Sefati, Love Songs p. 159); e26(n) in imperatives (Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 134f.; Sallaberger, AV Schretter 557ff.) DU ku4(r) du-lum misery, suffering, hardship d to build, erect, make; to plant; to apply, affix make fast, build onto; to detain, hold back; to drive in, insert . Some now read dr (cf. r). DU3 r d-a(-bi) all (of it/them) du5-mu dumu du6(dr) hill, hillock, mound, "tell" (often confused with habrud, see Yuhong, AV Klein 374-381, who states that the Auslaut is /l/; ePSD assumes a /d/; Steinkeller, AV Biggs 219 n. 2 provides references for /dr/) (tillu) du6-k The Holy Hill (a primeval residence of the great gods, cf. the Greek Mount Olympus. See Hruka, WZKM 86, 161-175) du6-ul (or dul6ul) to gather (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 92)

du8(h/r) to release, free, let fall away, hang down, fall free; to wean; to redeem, ransom; open, untie, take off; to bake; to caulk (the last two may be separate or different verbs) du8(b) to equip richly, adorn; to heap up, fill up (possibly a variant of dub) du8-du8-a richly laden, equipped
(na4)

du8-i-a topaz(?)

du9 to churn du9(n), dun5, (sun5) to be humble; to be subordinate to, under the authority of (cf. the OS adj. dun-a subordinate to, in the charge of) du9-na (sun5-na) humble du9-na-b, du9-n-e humbly (ari) du10(b), du10-ub knees, lap du10(b) - bad to stride, run du10(b) - gurum to lie down, rest (said of animals) du10(b)-tuku having strong legs (for running) du10(g) (dg) to be good, pleasing, enjoyable, sweet (fig.); to enjoy, relish du10(g), du10-ga good, pleasant, fine, sweet du10-du10-ga best, finest du10-ge-e finely, sweetly (said of the voice) du10-sa companion, comrade

12

du11(g) (dug4) to do, use (aux. verb); to act or serve as. Forms include: du11 perf. sg.; e perf. pl. & imperf.; di present participle & infinitive (later, rarely, finite imperf.) du11(g) to say, speak (elliptical for inim - du11) du12 (short form of tuku, seen especially when reduplicated) du14 quarrel (with /d/ or /dr/ Auslaut, see Attinger, Elments p. 466f. ) du14 - m to incite a quarrel dub tablet, document dub to heap up, pour in piles dub-ba-an, gi-dub-ba-an(-na) reed fence-post, fence of bundled reeds (Alster, Dumuzi's Dream p. 95-96) dub-dab5 - za to thud, batter (an onomatopoetic construction, see Civil, JCS 20, 117ff.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.) dub-l gatehouse, gateway(?); foundation platform, terrace; canal locks(?) dub-sa first (mahr) dub-sar scribe dub-en (treasure) chest (as part of temple furnishings); foundation box db to tremble, shake, quake; to flutter, flail, flap (hands or wings) dubsig(L) (or dupsik) work basket, corve basket (often with a wood or reed determinative; previously read dusu) (tupikku) dug pot, jar, vessel
ku

dul, dl, dul5(TG) to cover; to envelop, wrap dum-dam - za to complain (nazmu); to howl, roar, cry out; to rejoice (Sjberg, AV Limet 126f.) dumu child, son, daughter; citizen (of a particular city); (member of a class, group, craft) Emesal du5mu dumu-gi7(-ra) free or "conditionally free" person (cf. ASJ 11, 217), freeborn citizen; noble, princely child; aristocrat (Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 240) (Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 39) dumu-KA (descendent or the like) (Sjberg, AV Falkenstein 209-212) dumu-munus daughter (some read dumu-m; reading dumu-sal is obsolete) (logogram is an Akkadian innovation, not attested before Ur III; see Steinkeller, Or ns 51, 358) dumu-nita(h) male child (see also ibila(DUMU. NITA) (male) heir) dun to dig dun to weave dun(-a) v. and adj. (to be) under the authority of, subordinate to (see du9(n)) dun5 du9(n) dungu(IM.DIRI) cloud dur cable, cord (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 132); umbilicus; bond, link dur-an-ki(-k) Bond of Heaven and Earth (poetic term for Enlil's temple complex in Nippur) dr, dr-ru(n), durunx tu dr base; bottom (the body part, cf. MSL 9, 65:92 Ugu-mu Susa); seat, residence (idu, aplu)
gi

dg-gan bag (tukkannu)

dugud v. & adj. (to be) heavy, huge, weighty, important duh, dudda(?) bran, chaff

dr seat (of a chair); bottom board, wooden bottom

dr-bi-, dr-ra-ni- at the bottom or back, in last place (physically or in a scale of values) (Civil, JNES 43, 285f.; AuOr 7, 147)

13

dr - ar to take a seat, settle, establish residence (for reading cf. Shulgi F 24 dr-ra-ni b--ar) dr-ar chair, throne (durgar(r)) (Steinkeller, JNES 52, 144) dr, dur9, du24-r (or dur9r) donkey stallion
urudu gi

e-ne-/ -ne- e-pa5 (raised) irrigation ditch e-sr street e-sr, (e)sir(LAK 173) sandals (see Civil, Or 56, 237, also Steinkeller, AfO 28, 140f. for the OS writing) house, household, estate; temple (Read now ` or `, pronounced [ah] or [hah]? Some Auslaut must be posited to account for the common writing -a-ni rather than -ni.) (read ` or ` as an older variant of a "water") -ba-an, -pa-na pair -babbar (the temple of of the sun-god Utu in Larsa and Sippar) -bappir (possibly -lunga in certain contexts) brewery
ku

dur10(EN) (an ax)

dur10-al-lub (a war ax with curved handle or semicircular blade) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 149151)
urudu

urudu

dur10-tab-ba double-ax (Civil, AuOr 5, 22f.)

duru5, dur5(-ru) wet, moist, damp; irrigated; fresh

durun-na, imtu-ru-na oven (Civil, JCS 25, 172-175)

gi

dusu(L) (read now dubsig)

E e Hey! (an interjection) (Attinger, Elments p. 178) e du11 e, g, e4(A) (raised) irrigation ditch, embankment, levee, "a broad earthen wall which accomodated a ditch or small canal running along its top" (Steinkeller, JAOS 115 [1995] 543) (iku) (conventionally read e, but see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 109-113, 136 n. 2) e-el-lu, e-li-lu, e-lil-la (a shout of joy, a work cry)
ku

-d-a built-up house lot, improved real estate -dub-ba(-a) school; storehouse (in some contexts read -kib-ba?) -duru5 village, hamlet -(-k) jail (Civil, AV Hallo 75) --dam -dam -gal palace E.B (read kuguru21/kuru14?) belt, girdle -gar8 wall -gi4-a (prospective) daughter-in-law, bride -itima dark room, cella (divine or royal inner chamber, bedchamber) -kiib-ba warehouse, storehouse

ku

E.B-r (siege-)shield (Attinger, ZA 88, 182 reads e egurxr = /egbur/? < Civil, AuOr 5, 22 n. 12) e-ki-sur-ra boundary ditch e-ne (older a-ne) he, she

-kur (the temple of Enlil in Nippur) e-ne - du11(g) to play, dance (Attinger, Elments 468474) (cf. emen) e-ne - s(-ud) to copulate (Attinger, Elments 474477) -lunga(n) brewery (see LSUr 306; perhaps read bappir in certain contexts)

14

-mar-URU5, mar-URU/ru10 quiver (Eichler, AV Hallo 90-94; Civil, JCS 55, 52) -me-e summer -muhaldim cookhouse, kitchen -n-gur11(GA)-ra treasury (but see disc. under ar for rdg. -ga-ra) -ri-a a-ri-a -su-lum-ma rope-box -utum(GI.NA.AB.TUM/DU7) storehouse (utummu) (Pettinato AV Rmer 278f.) (d) to come, go forth; to withdraw, remove, bring out e11(d) to go up, down; to bring down, raze bih(.MAH) heavy rope (ebhu) eden (edin) plain, steppe, desert eden-ll haunted steppe g e eger (egir) back, rear (side); behind, after; inheritance eger-u4-da(-k) future days gi(MUNUS+GI7), egi(GI7) (or gir, gir) princess, mistress (Steinkeller, AV Klein 305-310) gi-zi faithful princess (an OB cultic office, also gizi-an-na) (egitu) (Steinkeller, AV Klein 301ff. and in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 122) ellag block, ball eme tongue; language, speech; blade eme-gi7(r) (eme-gir15) native(?) speech (the main dialect of Sumerian) eme-sal fine speech (the women's dialect of Sumerian, used in laments and temple liturgies and for direct speech of goddesses)

eme-sig base speech, slander, calumny eme-sig - gu7 to slander, denounce me-da or emeda(UMxME.DA) nursemaid (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 62; ASJ 88-90) me-ga wet nurse (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 62; ASJ 88-90) me, eme6 female donkey, donkey mare en lord; high priest, high priestess (Steinkeller, in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 103ff.) Emesal -mu-un
d

en-ki(g/k) god of water, wisdom and magic, patron of the city Eridu en-ll the chief earthly god, city-god of Nippur

en-na until, as long as; up to (temporal), as far as (spatial); as much as (in extent or amount) en-na-me- how long? en-nu-, en-nu-u5, en-NUN watch; watchman, guard (cf. MSL XII 101:107, 116:14 contra Krecher, AV Matou II 37) en-nu(-) - a5 to guard, watch en-te-en winter n-du song (zamru) (J. G. Westenholz, AV Klein 348-350) n - tar to ask, question, investigate; to take care of, attend to, tend engar plowman, farmer engiz(EN.ME.GI), ngiz (OS) temple cook engur depths (synonym of abzu.) enkara, en/an-kar -an-kra enku(dr) fishery inspector enkum temple treasurer, tax collector; (a mythical servitor of Enki; the female equivalent is ninkum)

15

enmen, nmen thirst (ePSD reads now immen) ensi(EN.ME.LI), nsi (OS) dream interpreter nsi(k) ruler, governor; farmer (iiakku) (Jacobsen, AV Civil 113-121; Sjberg, AV Limet 125; Frayne, RIM Early Periods 1, 15f.) (Emesal -mu-un-si) r, r tear(s); lament, wail

surx) (Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178; Steinkeller, NABU 1990/12)

rin i-rn s-ad trap, snare esi(g) ebony esi(g) diorite

gi

gi

na4

r-du10-ga tears of joy esir, sir bitumen r - du11 to perform a lament (Attinger, Elments 501507) r - p(d) to produce tears, (begin to) cry r - e8() () to cry, weep r-gig - e8-e8 (i-i) to weep bitter tears r--hun- (a type of 1st person Emesal penitential prayer) r-m-ma (a short Emesal lament or penitential hymn, later a part of the temple liturgy) ere(NIN), eri lady, queen (see Marchesi, Or 73 [2004] 186-189 on reading nin vs. ere) ere-diir the human consort of a god (= the female en); the attendent or companion of a goddess (dependent upon the date of the text) (The reading nin-diir is conventional, but the dictionaries now read ere-diir. See Flckiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 171 and the exhaustive discussion by Steinkeller in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 120ff.) rim evil; enemy (some read ne-ru) rim-du evildoer; inimical one rim-l evil, hostile rim, rin, erim/n5 storehouse, treasury
gi

sir-a-ba-al (a kind of bitumen) sir--a refined(?) bitumen sir-HD dry(?) bitumen (see HD) e, e5 three (Edzard, AV Klein 100f.) e-bar, -bar oracle, divine decision, revelation e-bar - k to provoke an oracle, seek a divine decision (paraphastic: e-bar-k - du11, see Attinger, Elments 507f.) e-da (a cultic vessel, variant of ita) rope, measuring-line; a length measure = 10 nindan = 20 gi = 120 k = ca. 59.4 meters -dam, --dam inn, tavern; brothel(?) -gna field surveyor's measuring-line -gr assignment; song series, collection .MAH bih shrine, sanctuary (a smaller establishment than an temple, see Allred, AV Sigrist 12) - (a regular offering held 2-4 times monthly at the lunar phases) (eeu) ea(A.TIR) (a kind or quality of flour, sasq) emen(KI.E.NE.DI.dINANA) jump-rope (keppu)

eren (gierin) cedar (tree, wood)

rin workers, work-gang; conscripts (Durand, CDLJ 2009:5, 12); troops (Ur III and later; for OS read

16

ekiri(U.ENxKR), -kri nose-rope, lead-rope (cf. Veldhuis Education 175f.) etubku6 (a kind of carp or barb) ezem, ezen, (eze?) festival
d

ga6() in ga6(L)- (var. ga-an-, gan-) to transport (Waetzoldt NABU 1992/16) Relation to l(la) is unclear; they can cooccur. Cf. the phonetic spelling iti-ga6-ga6- for standard iti-gan-gan-, Steinkeller, Sales Documents 225. ga'ar(a)(LAK 490) ga-r gb gb gb-, gan- (in frozen cohortative verbal forms used as nouns such as gb-ra or ga-an-tu (Selz, RA 87 (1993) 29-45) gab2-dan6(UxTAG4) cleaner (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19 (1980) 83f.) gb-gi(-in) guarantor gb-ra ga-ba-ra gaba breast, chest; front, edge, facing side; coast (of the sea); frontier; surface gaba - l to be proud, plume oneself (cf. German "sich brsten") gaba-gi4 counterpart, adversary gaba nu-ru-g unopposable, irresistable gaba - ri to advance against gaba-ri rival; equal, equivalent; copy, duplicate; response, answer gaba- - du to go before; to confront gaba u - ar to hold back, detain; to resist, oppose gaba-u-ar rival, opponent gada linen garment, cloth gag (or kak) peg, nail, cone, plug (For description of the inscribed pierced cones which recorded property sales see Steinkeller, Sales Documents 238-241.) gakkul (brewing) vat gal cup
(gi)

zinu (grain goddess, divine personification of emmer wheat, grain) (also read danan)

G ga milk; suckling (as attribute of animals) ga-r(a), gra, ga'ara(LAK 490) cream; cheese made without rennet (modern kik) (see Civil, Or 56 (1987) 234f.; Stol, BSA 7, 104ff. with proposed etymology of E.R. Ellison: "milled (grated) cheese"; Teuber, BSA 8, 26ff. for origin of ga'ara sign) Note that ePSD now separates gamurx(LAK490) , gra "cream" from gra, ga-r "cheese" (eqdu). ga-ba-ra, gb-ra (OS) herder, herding-boy ga-ba-ra-hum rebellion (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 78) ga-e8(KASKAL) (or ga-ra) traveling merchant, import-export merchant; collector of tax or customs dues (also wr. ge(KASKAL.GA) in OS) (Sjberg, AV Limet 129) ga-e8 a-ab-ba seafaring merchant ga-e8 - bar ka-a - bar ga-i-ti-ir-da buttermilk ga-ki-si(-im)-ma clabber (cf. the yoghurt-like modern Iraqi lebn) ga-lam galam ga-na Up! Come on! (interjection) ga-ranisi leek
gi

ga-rg comb

ga-a-an (Emesal for nin)

17

gal, gu-ul v. and adj. (to be) big, large, great; older, elder, eldest gal(-la) great, greater (see also gu-la); adv. well, greatly gal-b greatly, well, to a great degree, generously, in a grand manner gal-le-e, gal-bi- (synonym of gal-b)

gna field area, agricultural tract, (cultivated) ground or land (Powell, JCS 25, 178-184) GANA2 a-(g), iku, kr ganam4 ewe, sheep (cf. u8) (Civil, AV Biggs 18) ganzir(IGI.KUR.ZA) (netherworld entrance) (Katz, AV Klein 191-193) gr - dar to subdue, overcome

gal-di (ppl. of gal - du11) greatly accomplished, preeminent, excellent, excelling (ra'bu, tizqru); cf. galgal-di boaster, boasting(?) (mukabbiru) (Attinger, Elments 510ff.) gal - zu to be very wise, all-knowing, able gal4-la vulva gal5-l (or galla) constable (Ur III) (cf. Civil "prosecutor," AV Hallo 74, rare after Ur III); a demonic bailiff of the netherworld (post-Ur III) gal5-l-gal chief constable (Ur III) gala (cultic) hymn/lamentation singer, temple liturgist (cf. Gelb, StOr 46, 64-74; W. Roscoe, History of Religions 35/3 [1996] 213-217) GALAM sukud galam, ga-lam stair, step (of a ladder) (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 176) (nakbasu); ladder, staircase (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 227 n. 20) (simmiltu) Cf. kun4-5 galam to (make) rise in stages, steps (Landsberger, AfO 12, 55) (summulu) galam(-ma), ga-lam(-ma) artfully wrought/fashioned, artful, clever, skillful (naklu); stepped, storied (mountains) (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 227 n. 20) galam-kad3/5 artfully wrought, well formed galla gal5-l gam gurum gm handle (of a knife), hilt gan-tu resident, tenant (wabu)
(i)

gra ga-r garadin (karadin) sheaf (kurullu) (MSL 14, 50; MSL 9, 117) gra(KI.KAL.BAD) disaster, catastrophe in kagra-a mouth/opening of catastrophe (poetic) (Civil, AV Biggs 19) (p karam) gaam expert, master craftsman, artisan, wise person; master, mistress gaz to crush; to smite, slaughter, kill (Read na in some meanings; see also gum.)
gi

gaz ( read gina at least for OS) mortar

gazi wild licorice (Steinkeller, AOS 68, 92; Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 214); previously cassia(?) (kas) ge(n) gi(n) gme (OS var. gan) (dependent) woman; female serf (Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 36); female slave, servant, worker (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 91-93) gme-r-r female miller (some read gme-kkken) gpu, geba strength; fight, wrestling match (Sallaberger, Der kultische Kalender I 178 n. 838) gi reed; measuring-reed, "rod" (a length measure = 6 k = ca. 2.5 meters) (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 125-146) gi(n), ge(n) to be firm, stable, secure, true; to make firm, confirm, prove, verify, certify, guarantee; to standardize (weights or measures) gi(n), gi-na right, true, truthful; firm, secure; n. gi-na regular dues (Sjberg, AV Limet 127)

18

gi-di(-da) reed flute (player); cf. l-gi-di-da flutist gi-di-ninda(n) measuring-reed of one nindan length (one gi is normally 1/2 nindan in length) gi-d-a reed fence (surrounding fields, Ur III) gi (r-ra) - du11 to play the flute/oboe (of lamentation) (Attinger, Elments 514-516) gi-dub-ba (reed) stylus gi-dur umbilical cord gi-n-bar, NE.GI-bar (a kind of reed); cf. e-NE.GIbar (a kind of millet?) (read perhaps gi-li-bar) gi-gd flute or double-oboe (like the Gk. aulos) gi-gun4(-na), gi-g-na cella, chapel (on top of the temple tower or upper terrace), divine audience chamber and living quarters (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 323-329; Steinkeller, AV Biggs 229 + n. 27) gi-gur reed basket gi-henbur(GAG), young reed gi-izi-l torch gi-kaskal traveling basket gi-kid gikid gi-mu steering-oar, punting-pole(?) (Powell, BSA 6, 117f.) gi-na gi(n) GI.NA.AB.DU7/TUM -utum(x) gi-nindan gi-di-ninda, nindan gi-rin (or gigirinx) n. flower; adj. flowered, blooming (Civil, AV Biggs 24f.) (cf. gurun fruit) gi-sal (reed fence or screen on the roof of a building) gi-sun mature, old reed gi-ukur-ra ukur
gi

gi-zi reed shoots, fodder reed (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 129f.) gi4 to return; to remit; to send after, back, over; to send as a messenger; to turn away, aside, back; to bar, close up, lock away, withhold; to be sated; elliptical for inim - gi4 to answer, respond (A rare /r/ Auslaut is seen in Pohl, TMHnf 1 4:9.) gi4-me-a-a colleague GI6 gg, i6 gi7(r) (gir15), gi(r) (girx) native, local, indigenous, domestic, domesticated (Steinkeller, AV Klein 305310; BSA 8, 64 n. 30) Steinkeller proposes an underlying pronunciation [ngir] or [ngidr]. ePSD reads ir15. Cf. ur-gi7(r) and eme-gi7(r). gi16(l/b), gil/b, gilim/b to lie across, bar, block, obstruct (Civil, AV Biggs 24 reads gilimb) gi16-sa adj. lasting, enduring, permanent; n. treasure (ukuttu) gi16-sa(-a/) - a5 to make (into a) lasting (thing) gi16-gi16-sa jewels(?) (Ludingira 26) gibil v. and adj. (to be) new, fresh gd to be long, lengthen; to pull, draw, drag, tow (a boat); to stretch, tighten (strings); to measure, survey; to milk (for the first meaning compare s(d)) gd(-da) long gidim (i.e. g/kid/tim) ghost (Civil, AV Biggs 24) (eemmu) (for sign form see Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 139) gig wheat gig to be sore, painful, sick, weak; to be bad, evil, bitter, hateful; to be interdicted, "taboo" gig-b bitterly gg(GI6), gi6(g) black ePSD reads giggi like babbar when simplex, but gi6- gi6 when reduplicated. See ku10 and cf. i6 night (Civil, EBLA 1975-1985, 155 n. 32.)

19

gi

gigir chariot, wagon

g(n), g-un (or gnun) load, burden; tax, tribute; talent (a weight = 60 ma-na = 28.8 kg.) g neck, shoulders; edge, bank, shore (of a canal, river, sea); totality; cf. g-g region (Pre-Sarg.) g - a5 to submit

gil/b, gilim/b gi16(l/b) gilim entwined reed cords, cables (used as construction material) (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 132-134) gn (gi4) shekel (a weight = 1/60 ma-na = 8 gr.); (an axe? Cf. aga, tn/ag) Proto Ea 718 supports a pronunciation /gi/, though /gin/ seems correct for OS; see Krecher, ZA 63, 199. gir young cow, heifer gir4 oven gir4-bil oven-heater, stoker giri17-zal joy, delight; luxury
gi gi

g-(a-)ab-ba seashore g-an- grand total, all together g - d to hate; to refuse, neglect g - to wear, be wrapped, enveloped, clothed, clad in g- coat (nahlaptu) (also with wood or leather determinatives, see Ferwada, Isin 19f.) g-en(-na) throne room, audience hall (lit. "totality of lords") g-gal (k-l in Ur III) (chief) water regulator, canal inspector (gugallu) (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 233) g - ar to gather, assemble
tg

gisal oar

gissu(n) (gizzu(n)) issu GIGAL-di lu-di gizzal - a5 to heed, pay attention to gu flax; linen(?); thread, string; snare gu-du buttocks gu-la large; larger, greater (see Krecher, Or 47, 384 "gro gegenber einem anderen") (variant of gal-(l)a; both ma-s-gal-gal and ma-s-gu-la occur in DP 51 i 1, iv 5) gu-kilib gu-nin gu-nin bale (Heimpel, CDLI: CDLN 2003:003 argues against conventional reading gu-kilib) gu-ul (variant of both gal and gul) gu-m cuneiform sign, script, wedge impression
gi

g (ki-) - ar to lower the head, prostrate oneself, submit g i - ar/l to put a neckstock on, make wear a yoke, subjugate (cf. i-g) g - gid2 to spy g - gur to gather together, assemble, pile up, stock up, pack full g-gur5(-ru(-u)) - a5/du11 to trim, strip, cut off (Attinger, Elments 519-523) g-ha back of the head, nape, mane (older reading g-tar possibly correct in some contexts; cf. the loanword kutallu) g-ha - l to dress the hair g - l to lean over; to hang the head, submit; cf. g ki - l to fall prostrate g - l (with -da-), g-da - l to embrace

gu-za chair, throne gu-za-bra dais-seat, throne

gi

20

g - si to gather, assemble g-si-a all, all together, assembled g - s to devote oneself to g - ub to neglect g-TAR g-ha g - zi to busy, occupy oneself with g voice, sound g - d to speak, say, address; to summon, designate, call g - du11 to make noise, give voice, cry out; to chant (Attinger, Elments 526-536) g - db to shout, cry, scream g - to emit a cry, sound; to roar g-nun - du11 to make a loud noise, to cry out loudly g-nun-di (that which is) making a loud noise g - ra(h) to roar, yell, cry out (as) g - m to repeat, echo gu4ku6 marsh-carp (arsuppu) (better etubku6?) gu4(dr), gud(r) bull, ox; cattle gu4-alim bison bull gu4-i yoked ox, work-ox (OB and later: ox older than 3 years) gu4-si-dili battering-ram (Sjberg, AV Klein 296) gu7 (conventionally read k) to eat; to have the use of; to consume (by some means) gu4-ud to jump, dance, prance

disposal, service. Plural forms: su8(g), u4(g) (Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 134) gb(LI)-ba pure (ellu) (Yuhong, NABU 1990/3, 86); cf. a-gb-ba lustration water, holy water gb(-bu), gbu, gb, ga-ba left, left side (cf. -gbbu) gud(r) gu4(dr) gd nest gd - s to build a nest gudu4(g) (an ordinary kind of priest) (the older rdg. gda is still seen) (pau)
na4

gug carnelian

gg sweet cake gukkal fat-tailed sheep (< *kun-gal) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 51) gul, gu-ul to destroy gul, gu-ul to add, augment, make great(er) (verbal byform of gal) GUL.BU (a tree and its wood; some connect with Akk. dulbu plane tree) (Powell, BSA 6, 112f.) gum, kum (read nax/naa4 in some meanings) to crush, pulverize, smash, beat to pieces (cf. gaz) gn, gnu to be dappled, spotted, mottled, (multi)colored, colorful, decorated with colorful materials (cf. e-gu-nu) Sign is REC 34. See Steinkeller, BSA 8, 68 n. 103 for the gn/dar vs. si4 sign contrast.) gn, gn-na, gn-gn (multi)colored, dappled variegated, speckled gur, gur4 to turn, go around; to turn away; to return; to roll gur gur4

gub to stand, stand open, make stand, station; to erect, plant; to serve, be on duty, assist; in phrases igi PN+ak+a - gub, igi-PRO+a - gub to be at someone's

gur "kor" (a capacity measure = 30 bn = 300 sil = ca. 250 liters in Ur III and OB)

21

gur-sa-l (a Lagash I capacity measure = 4 ul = 144 sil = ca. 121 liters) gr gam gr to bear, carry; to be clad with gur4, kur4, gur to be thick, enlarged, swollen; to be proud, (self-)important; to fatten (animals) gur4(-ra) fat, fattened; proud gur4 gur gur4-gur4, gur8-gur8 amphora (for beer) (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts p. 53f.; Powell, RLA 7, 506f.; Selz, FAOS 15/2, 405) gur5-ru(-u), gru, g-guru5 - du11 to strip away, cut off (kasmu), tear to pieces; to despoil; adj. gur5-a stripped away (Attinger, Elments 519-525) gur5-ru-u/gru - br to bear the teeth/fangs, gnash the teeth (Civil, AV Biggs 28) (qaru) gur7, guru7 grain store, granary; grain-heap (as a measure); heap, pile (now read kara6 in this meaning by Marchesi, LUMMA 111 + n. 569)
urudu

ar -dub-ba (a high-ranking official in civil and temple administrations) (andabakku) (Sjberg, AV Limet 133) -e, e26-e I (= ego) (Krecher, AV Matou II 39 suggests reading ex(G.E), likewise zex(ZA.E); alternatively perhaps e26e) (Emesal m-e or me-e) -la - dag/tag4 to stop, leave off work, cease; cf. -la nu-dag-ge (that which) is unceasing, incessant -nu (i.e. e26-nu) du/ en (ventive imperative) -ra ar l to exist, be present; to cause to be, produce, provide; to be in the care or possession of (-da-) l - tag4 to open (often elliptically just l in imperatives) alga thought, mind, understanding; counsel anba market price, value anun, -nun storehouse, warehouse ar to put, place, set, situate; to set up, establish; to put down, restrain, oppress, stop; to set aside; to plate, inlay. Imperf. form: -. Based on Proto-Ea, Civil now distinguishes two roots, ar "put" and gar "pile up(?)". The Ur III writings or glosses -ar or -ra make the choice of the former explicit; the latter can be seen in such phrases as n-ga-ra "property" or sa-nga-ra "capital," where ga is currently read gur11. AR.DU nindan arza (divine) rite, ordinance (cf. biluda) en ordinary (quality) en, e26(n) du (d) sixty (Steinkeller, ZA 69, 176-187; Edzard, AV Klein 106) (cf. ugula-eta/-da)

gur10 sickle (cf. e - gur10 to harvest grain)

gurud(NUN-ten.KI) to throw gurum (gr), gur to bend, bow down, crouch; to lay low, kill (older reading gam) gurm kur7 gurun fruit; fruitfulness, ripeness, lusciousness, abundance (cf. gi-rin flower) (Civil, AV Biggs 25) *gukin (obsolete rdg. of k-sig17) guurx(GI.RAB.GAL) great clamp (for immobilizing enemies/miscreants, poetic; see Civil, AV Hallo 43 and cf. girab)

shed, barn, enclosure (or the like)

-u seventy; six hundred (Edzard, AV Klein 106)

22

epa(I.UB) javelin (conventionally "throwstick") (reading uncertain, cf. giilar) etin grape; wine(?) (Badler, BaM 27 (1996) 42 notes: appears on plant and fruit lists, not in contexts that can definitely be translated as a grape liquid) See also tin 'wine'. etin-bil-l vinegar (lit. spoiled wine, see pe-el-l) etin-HD raisin (read probably -h) etu(g)1-3 ear; intelligence, mind, understanding, reason tu(g) - a5 to listen to, pay attention to tu-bad wide wisdom tu - ar to pay attention to, pay heed to, listen to tu - gub to decide to do, plan i6 night (see also gg and ku10) i6-MA i6-sa9 i6-pr, i6-par4, OS iparx (KISAL) residence of the high priest(ess) (Krebernik & Steinkeller, ZA 75, 46; Steinkeller, Priests and Officials (1996) 109f.) i6-sa9(MA) midnight i6--na, i6-un-na midnight, night
gi

r - dab5 to take the road, follow the path r - du11 to use the foot (hapax in Gilgame and Enkidu 165f.) (Attinger, Elments 537) r - ar to step, tread upon; to prepare the way, make possible r - gub to step in/into, set foot on/in; to stand there r-KIN - du11 ri-sag11 - du11 r-kr - dab5 to take a wrong path, an unfamiliar path; to leave, abandon r-lam (a small basket or container for fruits, eggs, fish) (Landsberger, Date Palm 37; Attinger, AV Schretter 70) r-pad-r bone r-saga11(KIN) - du11 to trample under foot, crush (reading secured by syllabic -sa-ga in Shulgi X 88; see Attinger, Elments 538-540) r-s-ga domestic servant, menial ri - s to step on, tread on ri - z-er to slip iskim sign, mark; signal (Ur III) (Civil, AuOr 8, 110 and AV W. Lambert 109) iskim-ti trust, trusted issu(n) (izzu(n)) shade, shadow; protection (reading with // is not completely secure, see Krecher AV Matou II 46f.) i tree; wood, timber, piece of wood, log; yoke (some read e) i - bar ka-a - bar i-br snare, trap i - d to bring an offering (Sjberg, AV Limet 139) i-gana, i-gan-na wooden pestle; (door) bolt, bar i-gi canebrake, reed thicket

idri, idru scepter

in du r to flash (cf. nim - r) r, ri knife, dagger r(-tab) scorpion r-l butcher r, ri (also r in Gudea) foot; path, way; conveying/ routing official, "via" (in Ur III administrative texts, cf. Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 117 n. 20; Owen, JNES 33, 174 ad 91:7)

23

i-gi-na, i-gin7(-na) warp-beam of a loom; (a writing for i-gana) i-gi4-l antiphon(?) (an OB hymn rubric)

GI.UB giilar i - ub to cast lots i-ub(-ba) lot; share

i-gd-da spear, lance (Rmer, AfO 40/41, 24-28) i - tag to sacrifice i-g neckstock (cf. g i - ar/l) i-g-di (or gig-di ?) lute(?); musical instrument in general(?) i-r foot fetters (Molina, JNES 63, 13 + n. 93) (kur) i-h firmament, vault of heaven i - hur to incise, draw, make a plan or drawing i-hur drawing, plan; divine design i-k-na(-k) door-frame (gikanakku) i - k to dam, block a watercourse i-k-da wier, dam i-k-ti handiwork; craftsman i-n or gigen(N) bed (1st reading with ePSD, 2nd following Mittermayer & Attinger, Altbabylonische Zeichenliste No. 364, with Proto-Ea 843. Conventional reading is gin, but the word occurs with and without determinative, for example DP 490 i 1-2, ii 1, iv 5; DP 427 i 1-3 (OS), BiOr 42, 20 (Ur III). Cf. Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 79 n. 1.) i-nu11 inux(NU11), iinux i-nu11-gal, na4nu11-gal alabaster (alternative rdgs. include inux(NU11), iinux , iinuxgal) (see Veldhuis, Education 20f. ; Marchesi, SEL 16, 10 + n. 29) i - ra to strike, hit, beat upon; to thresh i-rn balance, scales (girinnu) I.RU epa, giilar i-u manacles, handcuffs H ha-la share, portion (see hal)
na4

i - tuku to listen to, hear; to heed, obey i-r (ePSD now reads iuur) roof beam, rafter (> guru) i-zi(-da) (side) wall (Powell, BSA 6, 112, argues against standard reading iz-zi, q.v.; perhaps two different words?) , i penis - d to "insert the penis," copulate, mate - du11 to "do the penis," copulate ibun, ibunx(KI.KA) banquet, feast, party igal (astral) station(?) (manzzu) (cf. Lugale I 24)
gi

iimmar ginimbar

inux(NU11), iinux (or i-nu11) light (nru); alabaster (Marchesi, SEL 16, 10) itlam, nitadam(MI2.US2.DAM) husband; spouse (PSD reads munus-nita-dam; ePSD prefers itlam) (ES: mu-ud-na) izzal attention izzal - a5 to pay attention to, attend, heed uru (young) man; able man, adult male worker, laborer (Civil, AV Biggs); male serf (Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 36) (elu)

24

ha-lam to be lost, forgotten; to destroy, annihilate (Emesal gel-le-) (Civil, AV Biggs 19) (halqu) ha(z), ha-za, ha-ha(-za) to hold fast to, retain; to grasp, understand
gi

hahur apple (tree, wood, fruit) (Steinkeller, ThirdMillennium Texts p. 57) h-m, h-a Let it be (so)! (interjection, verbal form, and substantive; cf. h-m - du11 to accede to, approve) h-du7 distinguished (in appearance), ornament

gi

ha-lu-b oak(?) (cf. PSD B 88)

ha-luh hu-luh HE2-du7 (read perhaps gan-du7) architrave

ha-u-r (a type of cypress) h-l abundance, prosperity

ha-za-nm mayor h-nun, hi-nun abundant, luxuriant; abundance

ha-zi(-in) axe hi to mix

habrud(a) (wr. LAGARxU, DU6xU, KIxU) hole, burrow (hurru) (Yuhong, AV Klein 374-384) . hd (cultically) pure (Foxvog, JCS 46, 12-14) HD dry, dried (reading probably h) (see Foxvog, JCS 46, 13 n. 7) hal, ha(l), hal-ha, ha-la to divide, apportion, allot hal-hal fast-flowing har, har-har ring, bracelet; coil, spiral HAR-gud mur-gu4
gi

hi-li (female) sexual charm, allure, appeal; ripeness, physical prime; luxuriance; wig HU (In Gudea Statue E: a container, or an Akk. loan is-hu "string" of fruits?); (Bauer, AV Klein 27 suggests a "rack" or "frame") hu-luh. huluh, ha-luh to tremble, be afraid; to be fearsome; to scare, frighten (Sjberg, AV Klein 300 + n. 14; Civil, AV Biggs 28) HU-ri(2)-in u11-ri-in hu-ru(-um) dolt, bungler, idiot, inferior hb, hub to heap up; to smite, destroy (in this meaning better reading is tu11, tu10) hb - sar to run hu (still regularly written hun) to hire; to install in office; to be calm, soothed, quieted; to be welldisposed toward hul to ruin, damage, destroy hul(-a) evil, bad; adv. evilly hul-b, hul-bi- evilly, miserably hul-l evil, evildoer hul - gig to hate, dislike
gi

har-har (a stringed instrument)

HAR-ra ur5(-ra) har-ra-an road, highway (Civil, AV Biggs 19) (harrnu) HAR-tud (OS) (a kind of domestic servant) (read probably r-d; see also r) harub(DAG+KISIM5xU2.GIR2) carob ha, ha-a to cut, split open (Civil, AV Sigrist 42) ha(-a) (OS ha-a4) broken, crippled (limb) ha4, h thigh

25

hul-gig hatred, hostility hul - ti to dwell in wretchedness; to be spoiled HLmuen bibramuen hl to rejoice, delight in, be happy

i-ne-e -ne-
gi

i/-ri9-na root

i-si-i laughter, delight; derisive laughter, derision; wailing, grief (J.G. Westenholz, AV Klein 361) i-si-i - ar to afflict with grief, deride(?)

hl(-la) happy, joyous; joy hl-bi-, hl-la-b, hl-la-e happily, joyfully hun hu hur to scratch; to incise, draw hur, hur-ru-um hole in the ground, cave (Civil, JNES 31, 385) HUR r, har, kikken, mur, ur5 hur-ru-um cave hur-sa mountain range, highlands, foothills, mountains (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 223-232) hur-sa-galam-ma stepped, storied mountain (the ziggurrat in Ur or Nippur) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 331332) hu fierce, furious, terrifying, terrible; fiery, red-yellow -gi4-in-zu, igi-zu as if, as though (but cf. Alster ASJ 9, 34) I i, i-i (by-form of ) to sprout, come forth; to praise i-b, -b smoke (qutru)

i-si-i - l to be full of laughter, delight; to suffer derision; to be be afflicted with worries (Krecher, Sumerische Kultlyrik 89ff.) i-ti iti6 i-dutu cry or appeal for justice (Steiner, AOAT 253, 407-410) i-zi (flood-)wave, swells (Heimpel, RlA 9, 153f.; Alster, AV Klein 6) i-zi, iz-zi wall (of a building); fence (cf. i-zi) , a oil; fat, tallow; butter -b-a butterfat -b-za financial loss -du10(-ga) fine, sweet-smelling oil

-i vegetable oil; sesame oil -hi-nun-na precious oil -ir-a perfumed, scented oil -li fine(st) oil -ne-/e, i-ne-, ne- (ne-), e-ne- now, finally (Sjberg, JCS 25, 131) -nun(-na) (clarified) butter, ghee (Stol, BSA 7, 101103, RlA 8, 197)
(l)

i-li-nu-u (a plant)

i-lu cry; wail, lament; song i-lu - du11 to perform, intone an i-lu (cf. ul-di lament singer) (Attinger, Elments 555-563) i-lu-lam-ma (herder's) work-song i-lu--ga heart-felt song

-r-r perfumer, ointment mixer (muraqq)

-h pork-fat, lard

26

-im aromatic oil, perfumed oil -ub gi-ub -ti iti6 -udu sheep-fat, tallow (ePSD now reads libx) (lip) i7(d) (d) river, canal, channel i7-ki-sur-ra(-k) boundary canal i7-l-ru-g ordeal-river (often divinized) a, five (Edzard, AV Klein 101) b waist, hips, loins b anger, rage, fury b-l belt -b/ib-ra-a -bra ibila, i-b-la heir
i7

igi - du8 to see, look at; to experience igi-sir (a kind of bitumen, perhaps "surface crude bitumen") (pan itt) (Civil, NABU 1989/62) igi - l to see, look upon, look into; to comprehend igi-l outlook, view; comprehension, intelligence, wisdom; wise person igi - ar to regard, gaze at; to confront, face IGI.GAR kur7 igi - gid2 to look angrily at (nekelm) igi - l to raise the eyes toward, look towards, regard igi - kr to inspect, examine (Steinkeller, ASJ 4 (1982) 149-151) igi - lib/lib4(IGI) to be sleepless igi-niin-na-ka in the twinkle of an eye igi-nim upper (land); above igi-nu-du8 (in Pre-Sarg. Lagash, a class of menial workers who could be bought and sold) igi-NUM-l (a fraction, e.g. igi-3-l one third) igi - ri to set eyes upon, gaze at igi - sa5(LAK 159)/z(ID) to examine, check; to select (nasqu, bru) (Proto Ea 557) igi - s(g) to look at, inspect igi- before, in(to) the presence of; often in the phrases igi PN-ak- or igi-PRONOUN- igi-te-en meshes of a net igi-tur - gd to sneer at, distain igi-zu i-gi4-in-zu igitu(IGI.DU) foremost (aardu) (< igi--du)

idigna the Tigris

idim spring, underground waters idim fierce, wild

ig door

igi eye; sight, vision, view; face, countenance; front igi-a - gub gub igi-a - sa6 to be favored, pleasing in the eyes of someone. igi - bar to look at, gaze at, regard (Krecher, AV Kutscher 108-111) igi(-) - du to go at the fore, precede igi-du one who precedes, goes at the fore, harbinger, herald(?) (lik mahri) (cf. palil and igitu) IGI.DU igitu

27

iku (an area measure = 1/18 br = 100 sar = ca. 3,528 sq. meters) l to lift, raise, bear, carry; to bear (fig.), endure L(-) ga6()
gi

im-ri-a, im-ru-a clan, family, kin (Selz, AV Schretter 584, suggests reading n-ri/ru-a) im-u(-k) "hand-tablet" (a type of tablet or writing exercise, a paragraph or extract?) (Civil, AV Birot 75) im-u-rin(-na) oven; brazier(?) im-tuku4 buffeting wind

ldag poplar

ldu(m)(IGI.NAGAR.BU) clan im-u18-lu, im-ul south wind

ilar(UB), illar, illuru throw-stick, spear, or javelin (?) (see Rmer, AfO 40/41, 32-38) (cf. giepa)

m strange, alien, other imaa1-3 ZZ.AN imin seven; "many, all" (poetic) (Edzard, AV Klein 102f., now reads umin) in straw, chaff (cf. in-nu)

ldag, ildag4 poplar(?) (ildakku, adaru) ilimmu nine (Edzard, AV Klein 103) im clay, earth (as building material); tablet im wind (can also be read tum9, tumu, tu15(m)) im rain (probably to be read eg7) im(-ma) previous year (in OS; later written mu-imma, cf. addagda) IM.A rainstorm(?) (see Flckiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 222) im-babbar, im-bbbar gypsum (gau) im-dub in-dub im-d-a, im-du8-a mud-brick wall, adobe wall (pitiqtu) (cf. Sallaberger, Tpfer p. 12; Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 172)) im-du8 dew IM.DUGUD muru9 IM.DUGUDmuen anzumuen im-gd-da long tablet, one-column tablet IM.MImuen nzumuen im-mir/mer (or better tum9-mir) north wind

in insult, taunt, invective (pitu) in - a5 to insult, abuse in-d(TI), in-di road, course, way in-dub(-ba), im-dub (heap of earth serving as a boundary marker) (substantivized verbal form) (Sjberg, Or 39 [1970] 81) (pilku) in - dub to define a district (probably a back-formation from in-dub) (palku) in(-) - db to hurl (as) an insult, insult in-nin(9) lady, mistress in-nu, in-u straw (cf. in) in-nu-ha (a kind of barley) inanna(-k) goddess of passion, love and war, citygoddess of Uruk (reading dinana has become common, but Attinger, NABU 2007/37, favors the traditional reading with double /n/ ) inim (or enim) word; matter, affair inim - bal to exchange words, converse, have a dialogue; to interpret
d

28

inim - du11 to say, speak, tell (Attinger, Elments 490501) Old syntax: to do words about (-a) something. The verb also commonly occurs elliptically as du11 while retaining the older dimensional marking in the verbal chain. inim-l-la legal claim (OB) inim - ar to put a matter (to someone, for judgment), raise a legal claim, sue, litigate inim-ar legal claim, complaint; oracular utterance (in this meaning perhaps read i5-ar > Akk. egirr) inim - gi(n) to confirm, make firm, guarantee inim - gi4 to answer, repond; to revoke inim-inim-ma incantation; counsel(?) (cf. Cooper ad Curse of Agade 30 & 70) inim - kr to (try to) alter the words; to vindicate, go back to court concerning inim-ma - s(g) to inspire, encourage(?); to put into words or concepts, plan out ( Jacobsen, JCS 41, 85 n. 26); to imagine (Civil, AV Birot 75) ir smell, scent, fragrance ir-nun princely fragrance; perfume (cf. Ukg 4 x 11-13) ir - si-im to smell, sniff r r r, ir11, arad, rad male slave, servant. (a) Pre-Sarg. r/r(NTA) or ir11(NTAxKUR) and r-d. (b) Sarg. r-d abandoned in favor of arad(NTA) or rad(NTAxKUR). (c) Sarg. and Ur III arad/rad and r/ir11 are all possible (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 82ff.) Some editors now prefer just ARAD or RAD everywhere. (ardu) ir7(KASKAL)muen urnu-dove (Sollberger, AfO 40/41 52f., Ur III Drehem); compare ir7-samuen wild pidgeon(?) (PSD A/2 195a) iri(URU) uru irigal (or urugal) netherworld; grave (poetic)

gi

simu, simu sprout, shoot

i(i) sand dune (bu); (previously: mountain, mountainous country) (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 219-222) iib incantation priest (< Akk. ipu)
d

ikur god of rain, patron of Karkara

iti6(UD.dNANNA), -ti, i-ti moonlight itima(-k), itim-ma (or itimama) dark chamber, bedchamber, cella itu(d) or iti(d) month; cf. itu-da monthly iz-zi i-zi izi fire izi - bar7 to blaze izi-bar7-bar7-ra blazing fire izi-ar torch izi - l to light a fire; to refine, purify with fire (?) (Bauer, AfO 40/41, 95) (cf. gi-izi-l torch) izi - m to light a fire izi - ri to set fire to izi - s(g) to set fire to izi - te(n) to extinguish a fire

K ka(k), ka(g) mouth; opening; origin, beginning, inception (see Attinger, ZA 95, 47f. for k/g refs.) ka-al(-ak) excavation, brickmaking pit (> kalakku) (Heimpel, JNES 46, 208) ka-a(-bar) (divine) decision ka-a(-bar) - bar, ga-e8 - bar, gi - bar to decide, render a (divine) verdict

29

ka - ba to open the mouth; to talk, speak (cf. Krecher, AV Kutscher II 117f.) ka - du8 to open wide the mouth, roar

KAL rib, sig15, sun7 kal to be precious, dear, valuable kal(-la) precious; kal-kal(-la) very precious

ka-guru7(-k) granary superintendant, head grain stores keeper (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 199f.) ka-gra-a catastrophe, annihilation (p karam) KA - k to put together, collect, muster, organize, form KA-keda contingent, group, collection ka-m opening, beginning of battle ka - si-il to graze ka-tab lid, cover KA-tar - si-il to extol, sing the praises of, proclaim the glory of (for the meaning of the verb compare perhaps ka-ta-ar-zu he-si-li-im CT 44, 14:33') ka-t unity; unified, of one mind ka-t-a - s(g) to unify ka-t-a s-ga unanimous, harmonious k(n) gate (read perhaps kan/kan4; see Attinger ZA 88, 182) (cf. i-k-na) K.GAL abul ka5-a (some now read ka5a) fox kb - du11 to measure ( with a container); to verify, test, check (Attinger, Elments 572-576; Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 153-163; cf. latku) kb-du11-ga (a kind of jar) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 160-162); "geeichtes Gef" (Sallaberger, Tpfer p. 102) kadra(N..A), kdra(N.) present (to a superior), offering (cf. Attinger, ZA 87, 115, who reads kdraa) (Sjberg, Or 39, 81) kak gag

kala(g) (kalag), kal-la(-g) to be strong, mighty; to strengthen, mend kal-ga (or kalag-ga) strong, mighty; hard (/kalag+a/ > /kalga/ like /uzud+a/ > /uzda/) kalam country, nation (normally referring to Sumer, see Jacobsen, AfO 26, 9) kankal(KI.KAL) bare, fallow ground kar quay, wharf; market kar to flee, escape; to take away, remove, strip off; to steal kar-KID, (OS kar-kid3) conventionally "prostitute," but now understood as a class of women not living under male authority, an independent woman (harimtu) (Assante, UF 30, 5-97; cf. Glassner, RAI 47, 151ff.) kr to be bright, shining; to light up, flare up; to provoke, incite (cf. nu-kr-kr-d without provocation) Wr. GANA2 (non-ten) in OS. kara6(GURU7) granary, grain store, grain heap (for reading see Marchesi, LUMMA 111 + n. 569) karadin garadin kaskal road, highway; caravan, expedition KASKALmuen ir7muen ka, kas beer ka-d-a feast, banquet ka4/kas4 - du11 to run; to hasten (Attinger, Elments 578-586) k(d/r) to be bound, tied, joined; to be locked, closed, blocked, stopped, sealed. The root has a /d/ or /r/ Auslaut, and the full finite root may be keedr; cf. OBGT 12, 5: sa k--ra-ab = kiar and see Steinkeller, JNES 46, 57. The past participle is written

30

k-da (kedada) or keda(K). Cf. gi kirid(KEDA) ki place; ground, earth; (a term for the netherworld); place where (as relative pronoun); used before a GN to designate a state, e.g. ki Lagaki "the state of Laga"; used to express spatial ideas with PN's or pronouns, e.g. ki PN-ak- "to PN's location > to PN," ki-bi-ta "from there," ki-ba "here" KI.A ki-duru5, pe10 ki-a-na place of (funerary) libations ki(g) - to love ki-ba - ar to replace, substitute, exchange ki-bala, ki-bal-a rebellious, rebel land ki-b - gi4, ki-bi- - gi4 to return to its original state, restore ki-bl-l hot, scorched place; ki-bl-bl-l hottest place ki-br solution (to a riddle) ki - dar to break through the ground, emerge from the earth (cf. ki-in-dar crevice) ki-dr stool (ePSD) Cf. ki-tu residence ki-duru5 damp ground, wet place (describing fields) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 69) ki-e-ne-di, ki-a-ne-di game, play, dance KI.E.NE.DI.dINANNA emen ki-en-gi(r), ki-in-gi(r) Sumer (Steinkeller, AV Klein 308-309, analyzes as ki-engi(r) with pronunciation [kin gir] (cf. gi7(r)) ki-en-gi ki-uri Sumer and Akkad ki-gal the netherworld; (a term for foundation) ki-gub(-ba) station, position, standing; constellation ki - ar to (firmly) found (buildings), to settle (people) ki-ar grounds, settled place

ki-hul funeral (rites) ki - hur to scratch, paw at the ground ki-in-dar crevice (nigiu) KI.KAL kankal ki-l weight ki-lul-la treacherous, dangerous place ki-mah grave, cemetery ki-n sleeping quarters, resting place, camp; bed ki-s (Ur III ki-s-a) platform (so Suter, ZA 87, 6 in a discussion of s "square" in Gudea. She finds no direct lexical proof for conventional translation "supporting or retaining wall." (kis). Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 171 translates "foundation terrace.") ki-sa6-ga happy place; happiness ki-s-ga funeral offerings, rites ki-si-ga quiet, silent place ki-sikil pure place; young woman, maiden ki - su-ub to kiss the ground, make obeisance (periphrastic: ki-su-ub - a5) ki-su7(r), ki-sura12 threshing-floor (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 94) ki-sur-ra boundary, border, place of demarcation; demarcated area, territory ki-r(-ra) horizon; everywhere ki-e-er - tuku to know moderation, have a limit or barrier; to be off-limits (Civil, RAI 41 = BBVO 18, 260) ki- finale, coda, end (of a song) ki - tag to lay, put, leave on the ground; to plant; to found (cf. tag4) ki - tm to bury

31

ki-tm grave ki - tu to establish, take up residence ki-tu seat, residence, dwelling place, habitation ki-u4-ba formerly, once when, "once upon a time" KI.UD kislah

k- skilled k - gi4 to send a message k-gi4-a messenger, envoy; omen, as in Ur III sila4 k-gi4-a omen-lamb (Heimpel, BSA 7, 132f.) k-nim (cultic) morning meal, service k-sig (cultic) afternoon meal, service
(l)

ki-ul primeval place ki-ulutin (a mythical place of original creation) ki-r terrace (in a temple complex, especially that of Nippur - a site of divine assemblies) ki-uri
(ki)

kikkin(HAR), kkkin(HAR.HAR) millstone, grinding slab Cf. gme-kikkin grinder, miller (some read knkn or kinkinx, others read r-r (OB); vars. kikken, na4 kikkin-na (see Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, p. 131f.) klib(-ba) all; klib-ba-bi every one of them, all of them kin k kin-gal leader, expert; dining hall kinda, kindagal, (knda in OS) barber; slave marker (gallbu) kr kd kri, kir4 hyena (bu) kri, kir4 nose, muzzle kri-dab5/dab groom kri u - l to show reverence, make the gesture of reverence (the hand held up to the nose), make obeisance; periphrastic: kri-u-l - a5 kri-zal giri17-zal
gi

the state Akkad

ki(-a/e) - s to (make) lie on the ground, touch, press the ground; to found, ground, make fast; to compact (earth), pack densely, pile up/accumulate (by wind) (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 226 n. 19) ki-s dais(?), cultic seat(?) ki-s-sa firmly grounded, founded ki - za to prostrate oneself, make obeisance ki-za obeisance, homage ki-za - tm to refuse obeisance KIB (dedicatory) clay nail
gi

kid reed mat

kd, kr to pinch off, cut off kd-kd-da ritual k (kin) to seek, search out k (kin) work, job; duties (Civil, AV Hallo 76) (k is now the preferred writing, but the word is still seen written with a final /n/ like hun) k - a5 to perform work, labor k - du11 to perform work, labor

kirid(KEDA) hair clasp (Farber, AV Reiner (1987) 96-99) (kirissu) kisal courtyard kisal-luh courtyard sweeper kislah(KI.ZALAG) empty, uncultivated land, vacant lot

(na4)

kiib seal, seal impression; sealed document

32

kiib - ra to impress a seal kii8 ant kiig(.GIR2-gun), kii16 (a kind of acacia) (agu) (Veldhuis, Education 170; Biggs, OIP 99, 6970). Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 298 now identifies as shok (= Arabic shauk), a thorny bush, prosopis farcta.
(gis>) (gi) (gi)

III see Krecher, ZA 77, 7-21. Wr. LIL and E+U in Ur III) (Veldhuis, AV Sigrist 226-8) ku5(dr), kud(r) to cut, cut off; to decide (verdicts) ku5-da (kud-da) turtle, tortise ku6 (kua) fish (Englund, BBVO 10, 227-230) ku6-a-d fresh fish ku6-izi smoked fish ku7(d), ku7-ku7 sweet ku10(g), kukku5 black, dark; darkness (often reduplicated: ku10-ku10 or kkku; see also gg) (Civil, EBLA 1975-1985, 155 n. 32) kux(dr) ku4, tm kul handle (of a tool) kum gum

kiig2(GR-gun), (gi)kii17 (gi)d

ku-li friend (ePSD now reads gu5-li) ku-mul cumin(?) ku-nu to come (a literary word) k gu7 k(g) (kug) to be sacred, holy; to sanctify k(g) holy, sacred; shining, bright, clean, pure (cf. Vanstiphout, AV Jacobsen II (2002) 259f.) k(g) (kug) silver

km v. to heat; adj. hot KU3.AN iron; (a tin-antimony alloy?) (amtu) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 353-357; 384-388) k-babbar, also k-bar6-bar6 (or -bbbar) (Ur III and earlier esp. in Laga texts) silver k-dm silversmith, goldsmith k-l g-gal k-luh-ha refined, purified silver (Reiter, AOAT 89) ku3-NE(-a) (a type of precious metal) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 85) k-sig17(GI) (k-si22(GI)), k-s(g)(ZI) gold (the reading gukin is obsolete) (Civil, JCS 28, 183f.) k-sig17-hu red gold k-zu clever, experienced, expert ku4(r) (kur9) to enter; to make enter, bring in; to become, turn into, be declared to be; to be made liable for (For a reading kux(dr) of the DU sign in OS and Ur kun tail; mouth of a river, canal kun-zi-da canal storage basin, reservoir
gi

kun4-5, kun (syllabic) stairs, ladder (simmiltu) (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 176) knga ane-knga kur mountain; foreign land; netherworld kur-gal Great Mountain (standard epithet of Enlil) kur-gi16muen, kur-gi(4)muen (domesticated) goose(?) ( > Akk. kurk) (Veldhuis, Education, 263f.) kur-ku/ku4 torrent, waves (ag); triumph

kr v. and adj. (to be) different, strange, foreign; (to be) hostile, inimical; to change, alter kur4 gur4 kur6 uku

33

kur7 inspection (also read kurum7 or grum, written both IGI.ERN and IGI.GAR) (Civil, AV Biggs 28) kur7/kurum7 - a5 to inspect kurun, krun (a beer or wine) (karnu, kurunnu)

suggested, l-, l-a or l-ux; cf. Steinkeller, AuOr 2, 137-139; Snell, YNER 8, 228 . In OS Laga economic texts the term is written l-a. lag clod (of dirt) lagab (massive) block, lump (upqu)

kuruda small-cattle breeder, animal fattener (some read guruda or g/kuruta) (Civil, AV Biggs 29) ku skin, hide; leather KU.A.EDIN.L kummu k to be(come) tired, weary, exhausted; to be troubled; to sigh; to ponder, deliberate; to rest, relax, be calm, calmed, soothed k cubit (a length measure = 1/6 gi = ca. 0.5 meter)

LAGAB gur4, kur4, lgud, nin lagar, lagal, lagarx(SAL.HB) "vizier," a highranking priest(ess) or official (Wiggermann, ZA 78, 225ff.; Civil, AV Biggs 20) lagaski, lagaki the city and state of Lagash (see Attinger, NABU 2007/37 for final sibilant) lah4-5 tm lahar ewe (Civil, AV Biggs 20) (lahru)

k mould ku7(SAHAR) (newest reading is , possibly to be distinguished from a different occupational term sahar) equerry, groom, page, personal attendant (Beal, NABU 1992/2; Steinkeller, Sale Documents 180) ku shark (PSD B); turtle, tortise (Cohen, JCS 25, 203-210); crab or snapping turtle (ePSD)
ku6

ll date syrup, sweet syrup, honey; adj. sweet (as honey) (cf. Zgoll, AOAT 246, 376) ll-hur wax; model(?)
d

lamma(r) (some still read dlama) female protective deity, good genie, "angel" (Heimpel, NABU 1994 p. 73) lam lum

gi

lam almond lam-gal pistachio (buuttu) le-um writing board(s) li juniper (buru)

L la-ha-ma (a class of long-haired servants of the god Enki, residing in the Apsu) la-la, a-la (male) prime, vigor, fullness, appeal, handsomeness (Sjberg, Or 39, 75-77) l(l) (lal) to hang, suspend; to spread, stretch out, extend; to weigh; to pay (in silver or other metals); to tie, bind, attach, gird, wrap; to harness, yoke; to wear, carry; to load (a pack animal); to diminish, decrease, reduce, refine l minus (in counting, accounting) l-NI arrears, deficit; surplus, remainder, difference (accounting and math.). Several readings have been

gi

gi

gi

li(b) to be happy, glad li-li-s kettledrum libir v. & adj. (to be) old, lasting lil foolish (> lillu fool, idiot) ll air; nothingness; phantom (cf. eden-ll haunted steppe, l-ll incubus > lil)

34

limmu, limmu2/5 four (Edzard, AV Klein 101) lipi (libi) heart; strong emotion, anger, courage

l-kar one (in charge) of a harbor district (Sjberg, AV Limet 127 + n. 6) l-kar-ra fugitive, refugee

lipi - bal to become angry l-ka4-e runner lipi-tuku in anger, angrily l-ki-inim-ma, l-inim-ma witness lirum physical strength, athletics; cf. l-lirum athlete, wrestler lu to be or make numerous or abundant, multiply (Akk. mdu, du, kamru) (Steinkeller, SEL 1, 5ff.) lu l lu(g) (lug), lu5(g) or lu5(k) before Ur III to live (referring to animals); to herd, pasture, tend (animals) (Akk. uzuzzu, rabu) The plural root is sig7 or se12 (see Steinkeller, SEL 1, 5ff., Third Millennium Texts 35, reading lukx or lugx) (see Attinger, ZA 95, 47f. for distribution of g/k ) lu(g), lu-g to be twisted, crooked (zru) (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 100; Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 175) lu(-b)nisi turnip(?); bean(?) (Akk. luppu) lu-lim lulim l person, man; someone; person in charge (Jacobsen, AV Kutscher 69ff. "boss"); the one who (relative pronoun) (Emesal mu-lu) Cf. l-lu l-bappir, l-bppir (OS) brewer (cf. lunga) l-bar-ra outsider, foreigner, stranger l-dun-a (OS) subordinate, one subordinated to (cf. Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 239) l-rim(-du/l) enemy l-gi-di-da flutist (Sjberg, AV Limet 137) l-hu- hired man, hired worker; the constellation Aries l-igi-nin (an elite class of citizens in Laga I administrative texts) l-kin-gi4-a messenger l-kr(-ra) stranger, foreigner, enemy l-la-ga (an outlaw, perhaps a livestock rustler) (Heimpel, BSA 8. 106f.) l-lirum athlete, wrestler l-lul treacherous person, traitor l-mah (a high-ranking priest, the male counterpart to the ere-diir priestess); (an ecstatic priest?) (see lumahhu, mahh) l-na-me (or just na-me) no one, someone l-n-zuh (or ln-zuh ?) thief l-nisi-ga vegetable gardener (cf. YOS 18, 115 iii 24) (l-nisi in Laga I texts) l-tg-du8 tg-du8 l-u5 mounted courier
ku

lu-b leather bag (luppu)

l-lu, l-u18-lu men, people; human beings, humanity, mankind (< *l-l) l-ur5-ra lender, creditor; debt-collector (Oppenheim, Eames TT 6) l-uzug5-ga a sexually impure or unclean person l-zu-a, OS l-su-a someone well known, acquaintance (also written elliptically just zu-a) l, lu to be(come) disturbed, stirred up, blurred, confused; to mix

35

lu5(g) lu(g) lub(-bi) (with wood or copper determinative) (a kind of axe) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 149) lugal king, master; owner lgud(-da) short, small (Civil, AV Biggs 29) luh to be clean; to clean, wash; to purify, refine lukur (a kind of priestess); (a cloistered woman, nadtu) LUL lu(g), nar lul v. & adj. (to be) false, lying, deceitful, misleading, treacherous (opposite zi(d)) lul lie, falsehood; treachery, danger lul-ba furtively, treacherously lul(-da) - du11 to speak falsely, tell a lie (Attinger, Elments 597f.) lul-da, lul-du falsely (lul-da < *lul-du-a like niga < *n-gu7-a) lul-da - p(d) to swear falsely lulim, lu-lim stag lum to be fecund, prolific, grow luxuriantly (by-form lam)
(l)

ma-az, ma-ra-az (to be) abundant(?), joyful(?) (elu) (ePSD now translates "to swell") (often occurs together with hi-li) ma-da country, land, district, territory (Limet, RA 72 (1978) 1-12) ma-la(g) boy-friend, (girl-friend) ma-mu(d), ma-m(d) dream ma-na "mina" (weight measure = 60 gn = 0.48 kg.) ma-nu (a kind of tree/wood used for cabinetry and fuel, perhaps cornal or willow(?) (e'ru) (Powell, BSA 6, 102f., Steinkeller, AOS 68, 91f.) ma-s(-ab) (a kind of basket) (Zgoll, AOAT 246, 372f.)
(gi) gi gi

m boat

m-addir ferry boat, hired boat m-d boat builder m-gd boat tow-man m-GN, m-DN boat caulker, asphalter, shipbuilder (Steinkeller, Sales documents 255) m-gur8 deep-going boat, procession-boat; a boatshaped pot stand m-lah4 boat owner, skipper, boatman
tg

lunga(3) (lumgi(3)) (wr. L.IM, IMxNINDA, IMxA, KASxNINDA) brewer The reading remains unclear (previously read l-bappir(3) in early Laga texts), probably a genitive construction. (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 291)

ma6 (conventional reading, perhaps better tgba13) (a fine divine or royal garment) (nalbau) MAH utur mah (to be) high, chief (in status), lofty, exalted, great, august

M
gi

mah-di one acting in an exalted, magnificent manner (tizqru) mar wagon (abbreviation for mar-gd-da, Civil, NABU 1989/62)
gi

MA gip

ma-(an-)si-um/ grain sieve (napptu); (a symbol of royalty, see CAD ma B and Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 242)

(gi)

mar spade, shovel

36

mar-tu (or mar-d) Amorite; West(ern)

me-lm divine radiance, brilliance, splendor, aura, halo (now read me-lem4, see Krecher, ZA 63 [1974] 199) me-li-e-a Alas! Woe! me-te (var. n-te) fitting, proper thing; ornament(?) (simtu) (Cunningham, Analysing Literary Sumerian 76f.) me-te - l to be fitting

mar-uru5/ru10(GUR8/TE) mighty storm, hurricane, tempest, west wind, storm wind (Eichler, AV Hallo 9094). Attinger, ZA 88, 182: marmarux. Cf. a-ma-ru(-k)

mar-uru5/ru10 -mar-uru5/ru10 mas-su, mas-s leader, chief; councillor (mass) ma one-half

me-te-na n-te-na ma m me-t/te-e - i-i to praise, extol ma-da-ri-a (OS, an obligatory offering or tax) (Selz, ASJ 17, 251-274 reads the root as /dri/) ma-d (mada) gazelle (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 50) ma-gaba(-k) offering(?) kid; (semi-weaned(?) kid, Steinkeller, BSA 8, 55) (for the genitive see sila4gaba) ma-gn tent; tent-ground, camp, settlement (makanu) m, ma kid; (male) goat m, ma increase of a herd, yield; tax (Sarg.); interest (Ur III) (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 139f.) m-ane herd, (wild) animals m munus m-i6(-k), ma-i6 ominous dream (lit. "kid of the night") m-sa bellwether, leader m-u-gd(-gd) haruspex, diviner makim commissioner, deputy, inspector, bailiff me divine power, attribute, office me silence, dumbness, daze me, -m to be (copula) me- where, in the phrases me-a where(in), me-ta/da wherefrom, whence, me- whereto, whither me-dm bodily members, features m - du11, m-zi(-d-e) - du11 to treat carefully, gently; to take care of, provide for, cherish, nuture; to adorn, decorate; to flatter, praise, extol rightly (also with special verbal prefix i-ri-) (Attinger, Elments 603618) M.S.DAM itlam M.S.S son-in-law, brother-in-law (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 37-38; Sjberg, AV Falkenstein 221-225.) Now often read mussas. Cf. n-M.S.S M.S.S-tur son-in-law (Sjberg, AV Falkenstein 225f.) M.S.Smuen pelican or crane(?) (read gambi ?) (Veldhuis, Education 242-243) m battle, war men, OS men4 (a kind of crown or turban) mes strong, vigorous youth, young man (Marchesi, Or 73, 191-3)
gi

mes (a native tree/wood used to make furniture) (Van de Mieroop, BSA 6, 159f.) (msu)

mi-ri mir
gi

mi-r-tum (a stringed instrument)

mi-tum gimitum

37

mn, min two (Edzard, AV Klein 100) min-kam-ma-ka with a/the 2nd (something), for a/the second (time) (Marchesi, Or 68, 108-110) mn-na-ne-ne, mn-a-bi the two of them, both of them mir, mi-ri, me-ri v. to be enraged; n. rage; adj. raging

mud to create, engender, sire mud5-me-ar joy, rejoicing (rtu) muhaldim (muhaltim) cook, kitchen chief (nuhatimmu) (See Sjberg, AV Limet 131f. for extended discussion.) mul star, constellation

im

mir, immer im-mir, tum9-mir

mitum(TUKUL.AN), mi-tum divine weapon, mace (also read mitta or midda; cf. mtum(TUKUL. BAD) and other similar writings) (miu) mu name, fame; year; line (of writing) mu NOUN-ak-, mu-PRONOUN- because of, in place of, someone or something mu-gub(-ba) assigned lines, writing exercise, model tablet mu-im-ma (in the) previous year (wr. im-ma in OS) mu-lu (Emesal form of l) mu - p(d) to reveal, call the name, invoke, name someone (cf. mu lugal(-la) - p(d) to swear by the king's name) (Sallaberger, AV Sigrist 159ff.) mu(-) - sa4 to name, call as a name mu(-) - sar to write by name, inscribe mu-sar-ra inscription mu-tuku famous, renowned mu-ud-na itlam

gi

mul to shine, sparkle, glitter; to be radiant, radiate; to spread (branches, Urnamma EF 34), flower(?) mun, mun4(SES) n. salt; adj. salty munu8, munu3/4 malt munu8-m(d) maltster munus woman, female (some read m in certain contexts, but its relationship to munus is unclear) mur lung(s); breast mur-gu4 fodder (imr) murgu back, backbone; shoulder muru9(IM.DUGUD) cloud murub4 middle (part), midsection; midst mu snake, serpent mu-r "dagger-snake" or "scorpion-snake" (a mythical or literary serpent) mu-hu fierce snake (a mythical or literary serpent, later a symbol of Marduk) (muhuu) m - br to loosen the hairdo, let free the hair

m to grow (up, out), sprout; to ignite; to incite (Auslaut /d/, /r/ or /dr/? Cf. OS munu8-m(d) maltster and Sarg. Adab l gu4 m-da cattle raiser) mu4(r) to clothe oneself, dress, wear; to use, take, give as clothing or as cloth covering mu7, mu7-mu7 incantation mud blood

m, m countenance, appearance, aspect; halo, aura; (a kind of crown) mu1-3 - tm to cease, have an end, stop (work) (Wilcke, Lugalbandaepos p. 130f.) muen bird muen-d birdcatcher, fowler

38

naa alkali-plant, soda; soap N na stone, boulder (cf. na4) -na a5 na-an-na besides nagar carpenter (Civil, AV Biggs 20) (naggru) na-d(IZI), na-de5 incense (qutrnu) (Veldhuis, CDLI: CDLN 2003:003) na - de5(g) a) to clarify, explain, instruct, advise; b) to purify (ellu); c) to clear away/out, separate (animals from herds, especially dead animals); d) to clear out, cut (timber) See most recently Sallaberger, AV Klein 229-253; also Klein, AV Kutscher XVff.; Civil, AV Hallo 74. Many still read the verb conventionally as ri(g); Selz, ASJ 17, 260-262, reads /dri/. See also de5(g). na-gada herdsman, shepherd na-ma-su nu-mu-su na-me someone, anyone; no one, nothing, none (usually ellipsis for l-na-me or n-na-me); cf. ki-name- to no other place, u4-na-me never na - r(D) to erect a stele (read perhaps dr) na-r-a stele (some now read na-d-a despite the Akk. loanword nar) n, gin n, gin na4 precious stone (cf. na) na4-r grinding slab (Ur III) (some read na4-kikkin) (but cf. Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, 132) na4-u(-k) stone hammer, pounder (Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, 132f.) na8 na na to drink, give to drink (reduplicated na8-na8) na-ku5 a side pond or water reservoir for flood control (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 133f.) nam being, state, "that which is" (Krecher, ASJ 9, 86); fate (Zgoll, AOAT 246, 378f.) Cf. also nam-bi- because of this; nam NOUN-ak- because of something; nam-u10 "what is it to me?" (ironic) nam-, nm- (abstract noun formative) nam-rad slavery nam-dag nam-tag nam-du10-sa companionship, friendship nam-dumu children (collective), childhood (abstract) nam-rim (assertory) oath; evil nam-rim - ku5 to swear a (declamatory, assertory) oath (perhaps strengthened with a curse) (Sallaberger, AV Sigrist 159ff.) nam-ga-e8 (foreign) trade nam-gal greatness nam-uru young men (collective); young manhood (abstract) nam-kal-ga strength, might nam - ku5 to curse nam-l-u18-lu, nam-l-lu humanity, human beings, people, population nam-lugal kingship nam-mah greatness, majesty nam-nar musician's craft, musicianship; music naa-si- sprouted alkali-plant na, naa4 to grind, mill (cf. gaz, gum)
gi

na mortar, hand-mill (OS, cf. Selz, FAOS 15/2 557)

39

nam-nin queenship nam-nir-l authority, sovereignty, royalty nam-ra(-ak) booty, plunder nam-e brotherhood, fraternity nam-ita (a prayer or rite) nam-ub incantation nam-ul valorous youth(fulness) nam-tag, nam-dag evil deed, sin, guilt nam - tar to decide fate, determine destiny Cf. older syntax nam- - tar to decide ... as a fate nam-tar fate, destiny nam-ti(l), nam-ti-il life nam- death nam-zu knowledge, wisdom
d

nesa, ne-sa, n-sa first fruits (offering); prime, foremost. The nesa sign is LAK 159, distinguished from murub4 only through Ur III. ni-is-ku finest, select (said of equids) n fear, fearsomeness (see major study by G. Cunningham in Analysing Literary Sumerian [2007] 70ff.) n self (especially with possessive pronouns, e.g. n-bi or n-ba by itself); one's own (with pronouns, e.g. n-za your own house); character, nature(?) (cf. Shulgi B 10, 77) (Cunningham, Analysing Literary Sumumerian 70ff.) n - br to show off, make oneself important n - db to relax, rest n-gal great fearsomeness, awesomeness n(-gal) - gr to be clad in (great) fearsomeness, awesomeness n gr-ru clad in fearsomeness n me-lm fearsome brilliance (two divine attributes which often appear together as a hendiadys) n - ri to impose fear upon, oppress by fear, terrify, cloak in fearsomeness n silim-e - du11 to boast n-su-ub crazy person; (an ecstatic?) n - te() to grow afraid, be afraid of (-da-) n-te() fear n - te(n), te-en to refresh oneself, cool oneself under -i-); to calm down, relax n-te self; cf. n-te-n by himself, herself n-te-na(-k), me-te-na, mete(TE.ME)-na his or her own n - tuku to revere, respect, have fear of n-tuku reverent, respectful

nanna(r) the moon god, patron of Ur

nar musician ne n NE bar7, km, e6 Cf. also me-lm(NE) and z gir10(NE) NE-NE nin ne, ne-en, ne-e this (one) (cf. ne-e = n-e = an-[nu-] Emesal Vocabulary III 157) ne- -ne- ne-me, ne-me these (anntu) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 221) ne-mur ashes, hot embers (tumru) ne - su-ub to kiss n, ne, n strength, might, (military) force(s)

40

n() (n) thing; that which (impersonal relative pronoun); (abstract noun formative) Note that n is now the preferred reading. n--zi(-ga) violent act (nu) n-ak-a accomplishment n-r-ra groats n-ba allotment, portion; gift

n-ku5 - a5 to tax, bring in revenue n-kr hostile, hateful thing

n-lm (a kind of garment)

n-me-ar awed silence (qlu); cheer (ritu) n-M.S.S betrothal gift (Englund, Fischerei 111 n. 357; Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 37f.) n-na-me something; nothing (with negated verb)

n-bn(KAxIM) turtle n-na(m)-ma everything, all sorts of things n-buru14 harvest yield n-nam - zu to know all, everything n-dab5 appropriation n-sa-ha fruit n-d-a string of (dried) fruit (Pre-Sargonic, replaced by e-er-gu in Late Sargonic, see Civil, Or ns 56, 233ff.); a container for figs and apples (Postgate, BSA 3, 123-124) n-du7 a (theologically) fitting thing (The reading is conventional, but many now read n-ul "primeval thing." Cf. n-ul-l-a in Ean 1 vi 6 and Urnamma 26 ii 1 and see J. Bauer, AV Klein 26f. and AfO 40/41, 94 with J. Cooper, followed by C. Suter, contra Falkenstein GSGL I 60 and Edzard, RIME 3/1. Compare the Laga I male PN n-du7-pa-, where du7 seems to make more sense than ul.) n-rim (or n-ne-ru) evil (thing), fraudulent action n-GA(-r) possessions, goods, property (Until recently read n-gur11, but see disc. s.v. ar. Michalowski, RAI 47, 418, takes as a loan from makkru.) n-galam artfully wrought thing; artfulness n-ul n-du7 n-gi-na truth, right; law; justice n-gig(-ga) interdicted thing, taboo; abomination, evil act; bane, curse; a bitter thing n-gur11(GA) n-GA(-r) n-kas7 - a5 to make an accounting n-kas7-a5 (n-ka9-a5) (balanced) account, accounting n-ku5 tax, revenue n-zi-l living thing, creature (iknat napitim); wild animals (namma) (Tinney, Nippur Lament p. 167f.) n-z-gub lunch, snack
(l)

n-sa nesa n-sm/m price (mu) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 161) n-sm-ma(-k) merchandise, purchasing capital; purchases (imtu) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 162) n-si-s justice n-ID n-kas7 n-u goods, production n-tuku wealthy, rich (person); wealth n - tuku to be a creditor, lit. "to have something with (-da-) someone"

n-zuh thief

n-zuh-a stolen thing, theft

41

ni9-ar (niar) cella (older reading is nin-ar; recently Zgoll, ZA 87, 190 reads niarxar) (Civil, AV Biggs 26: // is uncertain) niga grain-fed, grain-fattened (< *n-gu7-a like lul-da < *lul-du-a or bar-da < *bar-d-a) nidaba(PAD. INANNA) (or nindaba, nidba) (food) offering (see CAD nindab LL for writings) nin to circle (about), go around, wander about; to encircle, enclose, surround; to be surrounded with (OB). Reduplicated imperfective form is probably to be read ni10-ni10, byform ni5-ni5(NE). niin(-na) total, totality, all together nin-ar ni9-ar niir (conventionally written nimgir) herald, town crier; bailiff nim, num fly nim - r to flash lightning nim-r(-r) (flashing) lightning
gi d

nin-ka5/(LUL), dnin-ka6(P) mongoose, rodent(?) (> ikk) (Veldhuis, JCS 54 [2002] 67-9)

nin-kilim(P) (a goddess) (Veldhuis, JCS 54 [2002] 67-9)

nin-ll consort of Enlil the patron god of Nippur

nin-nnnamuen (a kind of harrier) (see Veldhuis, Education 272-275 for writing variants)
d

nin-tu(d) the creative mother goddess, goddess of birth-giving nin-urta(-k) weather and farmer god, son of Enlil

nin9 sister (this sign is distinguished from the sign nin only after OS) NINAki (now being read niinxki based on Proto-Ea 288) ninda bread, food nnda breed bull; seed funnel of the seeder plow nindaba nidaba nindan(NINDA), nindanx(NINDA.DU) (a length measure = 2 gi = 12 k = ca. 5.94 meters) (cf. gi-dininda(n) measuring-rod 1 n. long) ninkum enkum ninnu fifty (Edzard, AV Klein 106, reads final vowel as long: /ninn/) nir trust; sovereignty, authority, noblity (?); (vault, arch?) nir(-ra) clean (grain) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 95) NIR-da er7-da

nimbar (old giiimmar) date palm The current reading is in flux. Older sources show /nimbar/, /ninbar/, /nimmar/. Civil, AuOr 5, 28f. + n. 25, reads gi nimbar. nimgir niir nimin, nin5 forty (Edzard, AV Klein 105) nin lady, queen, mistress; sister (Pre-Sarg. for later nin9) For meaning in male divine names see Heimpel, AV Jacobsen II (2002) 155-160. Marchesi, Or 73 (2004) 186-9, distinguishes ere "lady, queen" vs. nin "mistress, proprietess." (ES ga-a-an, also -mu-un in male gods' names, e.g. Nane B iv 20) nin-diir ere-diir

nir - l to trust, have confidence in (-a), rely upon

nin-r-su(-k) chief god of the Laga state nir-l sovereign, noble, princely one; trust(worthy)

nin-hur-sa- the creative mother goddess, goddess of birth-giving, patron goddess of K

nir-l-b (ES e-er-ma-al-b) proudly (etelli)

nir7(ZA.MIR) chalcedony

42

nisaba (or nidaba) goddess of reed and writing

nisi(g)(SAR) vegetable; greenery, vegetation; (postdeterminative for garden vegetables). Cf. l-nisi-ga "vegetable gardener" YOS 18, 115 iii 24; l-nisi in Presargonic Laga texts ni twenty (Edzard, AV Klein 104f.) nita(h), nta(h) male, man (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 8284) NITA.GA bunga nitadam itlam nu not to be (in limited use as a finite verb) nu- (old by-form of l which begins a handful of compound nouns) nu-bnda inspector, overseer; lieutenant

n(d), nux(SA4) to lie (down), go to bed; to lay down (e.g. traps, snares; see Sjberg, AV Klein 297); to creep, slither Conventionally read n. For the value nux see e21; Veldhuis, in Education 284, calls e21 "the inanimate complement of n."
gi

n i-n nu11-gal na4i-nu11-gal,

na4

numun (i.e. nuun) seed; descendant (Civil, AV Biggs 30)

nmun (a type of rush or sedge) (Civil, AV Biggs 30)

NUNku6 agargaraku6 nun noble, prince; princess (cf. Temple Hymns line 82) nun(-na) princely, noble, preeminent, grand; loud nun-b loudly

nu-bar (a kind of priestess) (kulmatum) nundum lip; lip or rim of a vessel

nu-dm-mud (a by-name of Enki) nunuz egg

nu-(-k) (a priest in the cult of Nippur) (> nakku) (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 226) nu(-u8)-gig (a kind of consecrated woman, often associated in some way with birthing) (qaditum, itartum); (conventionally "hierodule" as an epithet of Inanna) (Emesal mu-gib(GIG), mu-gi17(GIG)-ib) nu-(gi)kiri6(-k) orchardman, gardener (also with phonetic indicator in Ur III: nu-kikiri6, nu-kiri6ki) (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 168f.; Powell, ZA 62, 190ff.) Sjberg, AV Limet 128, argues this is not a genitive compound, but rather a form */nukarig/; cf. the g/b alternation in the loan nukaribbu. nu-mu(-un)-su, nu-ma(-nu)-su, na-ma-su widow Rdg. is conventional; newest reading is nu-mu(-un)ku for which see Cavigneaux, RA 87, 111. nu-siki, nu-sg fatherless or homeless child, orphan, waif
gi

nunuz - ar to lay eggs

P pa branch, branches; stick pa-, pa-an zi - pa-, za-pa- pa - to come forth radiantly; to be/make resplendent, splendid; to make famous; periphrastic: pa- - a5 to make resplendent pa-muen(-na) feathers pa-pah cella; bedroom (Alster, AV Hallo 15 + n. 2) pa-sa-l-a tied bundle of sticks p(d) to come into view or consideration, be revealed; to reveal, show; to call (up), choose; to find, discover

nu-r-ma pomegranate (nurm)

43

pa4, pa5 irrigation ditch (palgu) pa4, pap older brother, eldest son; forebear, "father" pa4/pa-bl-ga grandfather; paternal uncle; ancestor
gi

pisa-dub(-ba) tablet (storage) box or basket pu-h-ru-um assembly (< Akk. puhrum ) p well (see also tl) p-gikiri6 irrigated orchard puzur5, buzur5 secret

pad (a kind of basket)

pad(r) to break off a piece (kaspu), chip off; to crumble, crush, destroy (ebru,passu) (PSD B now connects, at least in some meanings, with bu(r), q.v.) (Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 191 + n. 18) pad(r) portion, piece (see also uku)
tg

R ra, ra-ah to hit, beat upon; to strike down; to drive (animals); to impress (a seal). Verb has dual syntax: to make something beat upon (-a/e) (older), to beat with something (-e) (newer) -(b)-ra-a -bra ra-gaba, r-gaba mounted messenger, courier, rider

pala1-3 (a divine or royal garment)

palil(IGI.DU) foremost one (cf. igi-du)

pan (rarely giba-na) bow (reading ban is obsolete, see Civil, JCS 55, 50f.) pr-rim4 bar-rim4

r-zu a-r-zu pe-el to defile, spoil, dirty (lu'')

pe-el-l, p/bl-l spoiled, sour, bad; defiled, desecrated (cf. u pe-el-l - du11 to defile) pe heart of palm pe, pe4 to swell, expand, become fat, thick, enlarged; to be(come) pregnant; to grow (said of a child, cf. UrNamma A 152) pe - l to be powerful p mouse (humru)
gi

rab clamp, stock (cf. guurx)

re7 du ri to lie (heavily) upon, press upon, put (firmly) onto, into; to oppress; to affix, cover with; to found, erect; to equip with ri to blow; to drift; to convey ri(g) de5 ri-ri-ga de5-de5-ga rib, ri(b) great, surpassing, huge ru-g to face, stand opposite, counter, confront, oppose r(DU3) to erect, in na-r-a (read dr ?)

p(MA) fig

pe5 to card wool pe10(KI.A) riverbank, seashore pi-lu5-da biluda piri lion pisa (conventionally read pisan, better bisa, bee?) box, container (often with reed or wood determinative)

S sa sinew; string, cord; net; bundle, bunch

44

sa-al-kad5 net sack sa-ga sa6-ga, sig5-ga sa-ar-ra (an OB hymn rubric, the second main section of tigi and adab hymn types) sa-gaz migrant laborer(?); highway robber, murderer(?) sa-gaz - a5 to perform migrant labor (?); to commit murder (?) (cf. A. Westenholz, ECTJ No. 8) sa-gi bundle of reeds sa-gd-da (an OB hymn rubric, the first main section of tigi and adab hymn types) sa-pr (sa-br), sa-bar (hunting) net sa-u throwing net (also as weapon) sa-tu mountain (< Akk. ad) s square (in Gudea and math., see Suter, ZA 87, 5) s to be equal to (-da-), match; to rival, vie with (-da-); to make (accounts) balance s - du11 to reach, arrive at, attain, obtain, overtake (Attinger, Elments 632-652) s-du11(-ga) regular offering s - s to plot, plan strategy sa4 mu - sa4, e21 sa6(g), a6(g) to slaughter (sheep, goats) (reading uncertain, cf. perhaps sg/sg to strike, also r to slaughter sheep) sa6(g), a6(g) to be good, beautiful; to be pleasing to; to be pleased with (-da-); cf. igi-a - sa6 to be a favorite of (sa6 is now the preferred reading, at least for OB and earlier) sa6(-ga), a6(-ga) good, beautiful, pleasing sa7(g) to be well-formed, perfectly formed, beautifully created (probably connect with sa6)

sa7-ga well-formed sa10 to buy (with -i-); to sell (with -ta/ra-, secondary development). Originally and in math. the meaning was "to measure out grains as equivalents for other goods" (cf. s). See Steinkeller, Sale Documents 153-162. Older reading m is often still seen. Cf. sm. sa12-du5 (or sa-du5) field or land registrar (assukku) (Falkenstein, NSGU III 153) sg - du11 to scatter, disturb, dislodge, disrupt, dissipate, diminish (Attinger, Elments, 655-664) Linked with sg(SG) "to beat" by ePSD. sg sg sag8(KAL), sag10 sig5 sagi cupbearer sa head; front, fore, beginning; surface; man, person, human being; slave, servant (G. Farber, AV Klein 108115) sa first, foremost, principal; prime, first rate; firstborn; sa-bar head hair sa-bi- - to go to the fore, be foremost, most excellent sa-du head sa-du5 sa12-du5 sa - du11 to achieve, complete, create with great care (Attinger, Elments 653-655) sa - ar (-) to proceed, venture against, attack, (dare to) oppose sa-gaz - a5 to commit murder sa-gg(-ga) Black Headed Ones (native designation for the Sumerians) sa i - ra to commit murder, kill sa-i-ra-a murder

45

sa - l to lift, raise, hold the head high, be proud sa-l-la proudly, with head held high sa - kal to give preference, prefer sa-kal first rank, preeminent, foremost (some read sa-rib, others cautiously prefer sa-KAL) sa - k to organize sa-k - a5 to pay attention to (-/-e) , heed sa-ki forehead sa-ki - gd to furrow the brow, frown sa-ki-zalag - bar to look upon with a shining countenance
gi

saa chief (temple or palace) administrator (some read saa, conventional reading is still sanga) (ang) sau, sa-u4 helmet, head covering (usually with wool or copper determinative) sahar dirt, soil, sand; dust, powder; ore (Civil, AV Biggs 21) sahar-dul-tag4 burial mound (Pre-Sarg.) sakar u4-sakar sal v. & adj. (to be) fine, thin, delicate; to be frivolous (cf. eme-sal) sal v. & adj. (to be) wide, broad (cf. tl) SAL munus sm, m price (cf. sa10 and see discussion in Steinkeller, Sale Documents 153-155) saman lead rope (Civil, AV Biggs 21) (ummannu) sanga saa santag(2-4) (i.e. satak) cuneiform wedge (Klein, RA 80, 3f.) sar garden plot; (an area measure = 1/100 iku = 1 sq. nindan = ca. 38.28 sq. meters) sar to write (on), inscribe

sa-kul bolt, lock

sa-men crown sa-munus (grown) woman, female (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 130f., reads sa-SAL; others read sa-m) sa-nita (grown) man, male (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 130f.) sa-n-GA-ra financial/business capital; amount available before crediting or debiting The rdg. -gur11ra is still current; for rdg. -ga-ra see disc. s.v. ar. sa(-e-) - rig7 to give, present, grant sa - s(g) to entrust; to take care of, tend to, attend

sar to run, chase SAR nisi, u4-sakar

sa - sg to be brought low, down, be in despair sa - m to hurry, rush (into combat) against, attack sa-u4 sau sa-ur-sa (a member of the cultic personnel of Inanna, perhaps a "cult warrior" figure who engages in mock combat in her honor? Cf. Flckiger-Hawker, Urnamma, p. 225) sa-s regular, constant, reliable; constant supporter si to tie (shoes, sandles) (Civil, Or ns 56, 237) s(g), s(k), s(g) to become, act, make like, make into; to be equal, equalled; to set, put; to cast (in moulds); to provide with se12 sig7 ses e, sis si (animal) horn; horn (the musical instrument); hornshaped thing; tip, point

46

si(g) (sig9), s(g) to be(come) full; to fill or occupy a space, container, area; to cover, put all over, or to completely occupy an area or surface; to pile up (apku); to inlay, overlay, coat; to sink (a well, post, peg into the ground); to do fully; to suffice, be enough; to add (interest to) (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 142 + n. 77) The verb has dual syntax: to fill into (older), to fill with (newer). si(g) to be(come) silent si(-ga) silent, silently; adv. si-ga-b quietly
gi

sig(-ga), si-ga weak; thin, narrow; low, lower, lower land; south, southern sig(-ga), si-ga a-sig sg siki sg (sg) to strike, beat upon, beat down, fell; to make tremble, quake. Some now read sg with Proto Ea 490. The verb has dual syntax: to make something beat upon (earlier), to beat with something (later) (connected with sg - du11 'to scatter' by ePSD) sig4 (eg12) brick; brickwork, brick walls (sig4 is conventional; the newest reading is eg12) (ES e-eb) SIG4 - gi4 e25 - gi4 sig4(-al)-r/ur5-ra baked, fired brick (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 193f.) sig5, si-ig, sig to be(come) good, fine, pleasing, beautiful (by-form of sa6(g); see also a-sig) sig5(-ga), si(-ig)-ga, sig15(KAL) good, high or best quality, pleasing, beautiful. ePSD now prefers to read sag10, sag8(KAL) (cf. sa6-ga, sa-ga) sig7 (se12, si12) to cut (plants, with a small tool, an agricultural activity) (compare parallels -kul z-a UTI 4, 2697:2, -kul se12-a UTI 4, 2769:2, -kul ku5r UTI 4, 2398:3) (see Molina & Such-Gutirrez, JNES 63, 1-16) sig7 (se12, si12) to be(come) green, yellow, sallow, pale (read si12-si12 when reduplicated) sig7(-ga), sig17, (reduplicated si12-si12) green, yellow, tan; verdant (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 56) Cf. k-sig17(GI)) sig7 (perhaps better se12 or si12) plural of ti(l) and lu5(g) sig7-sig7 - ar to produce sobs (onomatopoetic?) (George, RAI 47, 141-143) SIG7-igi gur-igi sig15(KAL) sig5 siki (sg, sk) wool, hair (siki is now the most common reading)

si-ar (door) bolt, bar

si--tum (Akk.) remainder si-ig sig si-il, sl(NUN) to unwind (a cord, rope), unfurl; to split, cleave, divide, breach; to tear or rip up, off, open; to peel off, strip; to disband (a group) (saltu) si-im m si-im to smell (Perhaps connect with im? Cf. ir - siim) si-im(-si-im) - a5 to smell, sniff
(urudu)

si-im-da, sim-da owner's mark, emblem, brand; branding-iron (< Akk. imtu) (Foxvog, ZA 85, 5-6)

si-m radiance si - s to do or perform in a regular, right, correct, proper fashion; to maintain properly; to supply, provide regularly; to make regular, regulate; to prepare, ready in a correct way, put in order; to go straightway, directly, guide straight si-s just, righteous; just person s(g) s(g) si4, su4, sa5 red, reddish, brown (the sign is REC 48, i.e. SI-gun) sig, si-ig to be(come) weak, thin, flat, low, level; to bring down, tear down, rip apart, demolish, level, remove

47

siki-ba (sg-ba) wool ration siki-mug wool of poor/inferior quality (mukku) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 57 + n. 133, Waetzoldt, Textilindustrie 56-57) sikil to be pure, clean, pristine, virginal; to purify sikil(-la) pure, clean sl(NUN) si-il sila street sla (a capacity measure = 0.842 liter or ca. 9/10 quart) sila4 male lamb sila4-ga(-sub-ba) suckling lamb sila4-gaba(-k) offering(?) lamb; semi-weaned(?) lamb (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 55) For the genitive cf. Ukg 1 iv 30 bar sila4-gaba-ka-ka. See also Archi-Pomponio, Drehem No. 40; Selz, FAOS 15/1 p. 379. sila11(), sila(ID) to knead sila11- dough silig ilig

sir5, ir5 to spin wool sis(E) (ses) v. and adj. (to be) bitter, brackish, saline (For a reading zahx see Steinkeller, NABU 2007 p. 18; see also mun4(E) 'salt, brackish') sisi(ANE.KUR.RA), anes-s (Ur III) horse sskur, szkur (a kind of prayer or rite) su body; kin, family (e.g. Gilg. & Huwawa A 144); substance (of the country) (cf. ku) su(b), su-ub, sub, sub6(TAG) to rub, wipe, scrub, polish; to reap; to smear on (ASJ 11, 213; 8, 12); to suck, suckle su(g) to replace, repay su(g) s(g) su-bar the outside of the body su-dinmuen, u4-dinmuen bat (sutinnu) (Veldhuis, Education 281) su-GAN, s-GAN (a kind of copper?) su-kalam(-ma) well-being of the nation su-lim awesome light, brilliance

silim to be well, whole, healthy, safe, at peace, in good condition; to fulfill an office or term silim(-e) - du11 to greet, salute; to boast (Attinger, Elments 673-678) silim-ma adj. whole, well; in good condition (as of plows in Nik I 287); n. well-being silim-ma Be well! (imperative) simug smith simmuen swallow (sinuntu) (Veldhuis, Education 279280) sipa(d) shepherd; chief shepherd

su - zi(g) to have goose flesh, become frightened su-zi fear, dread su-zi - ri to lay fear upon, strike fear into s(d) (sud) or s to sprinkle, spatter (elhu, zarqu, zalhu); to decorate (ulluhu); to overlay, adorn (znu) (there is some confusion with s(g)) s(dr), sud(r) to be(come) distant, remote (in time or space); to extend, prolong, elongate; to be long-lived or long-lasting s(dr), sud-r distant, remote s(g) (sug4), su(g) to be empty, deserted; to be naked

sr zi(r) s(-ga), su(-ga) empty, deserted, desolate; naked, plucked

48

s(g), su(g) to sink (as of boats) s(g) to be full, filled with (-a) (var. of si(g)); to be (richly) equipped or embellished/decorated with; to wear (a beard); to be served food (see - s(g)) sud-r- (yellowish) gleam (said of moonlight); amber; electrum(?) su4 si4 su6 (sum4) beard

suhu sole of the foot; base, foundation sukkal vizier, chancellor; envoy, messenger (Wiggermann, ZA 78 (1988) 225ff.) sukud(r) to be (piled) high, towering sukud(r), sukud-r/da adj. high, towering; n. height suluhu(SG.S) "long fleece," a kind of sheep and fleece, also a kind of garment made from its wool sum to give (older reading, now replaced by m)
(tg)

su6 - l to wear a beard su8(b) du su8(g) gub subur, ubur servant, slave (< gentilic 'Subarian'; form with // is late) (Civil, AV Biggs 30; Gelb, AV Diakonoff 89f.) sud s(dr)
d

sum(nisi) garlic, onion(?) (ePSD now reads m) (m) (Stol, BSA 3, 57-59) sum-sikil onion, shallot (amakillu) (Stol, BSA 3, 5962) sumun (suun), sun (to be) old sn, -sn, smun wild cow sun5, sun5-na humble (probably a by-form of du9(n)) sun7(KAL) to be harsh(?), vain(?) sur to press out (liquids), squeeze, extract; to plait, twist together (rope); to wipe away; to oppress, suppress; to draw a boundary, mark off, demarcate, delimit, divide sr, r, sumur furious, fear-inspiring sr zi(r)

suen(EN.ZU) one of the two names of the moon god (cf. dnanna), patron of the city Ur

sug (reed) marsh sug-ge - gu7 to be obliterated, destroyed (lit. "consumed by the marsh") suh, suh5 to tear, rip, pluck out; to select, choose (nasqu) suh-(h)a, suh5-ha selected, select, first quality; elite (troops) sh to be confused, blurred, tangled, in disorder, in disarray; to be dangerous sh-sah4 - za to make a crunching sound (an onomatopoetic construction; see M. Civil, JCS 20, 117ff.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.)
ku

sr-dmuen falcon (surd) sr, sur ditch, trough surx(RIN) team; workers, work-gang, troop (OS) (see Steinkeller, NABU 1990/12; Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178) Cf. rin

shub boot, shoe -a (a suffix occurring with the fractions 1/3 and 2/3 in older texts, meaning unknown)

suhur (a feature or style of hair) suhurku6 (a kind of carp)

49

(g) (ag4) heart, inside, interior, middle; womb; meaning - bal to breed -bal-bal-a progeny; generation

-sr-ra raging, furious heart - ed7-8 to cool the heart, calm, soothe -tm meadow - tm/tm to decide

- dab5 to feel hurt, be worried -zu midwife (abstu) -du10 young (of humans and animals), infant -gal fodder; food (ukull) -ar aar -ge - du11 to say to oneself, say inwardly -ge-guru6-7 one's heart's desire abra, sabra municipal overseer of fields -ge - p to envision inwardly (conventionally "choose in/by the heart") -gu4 plowman's assistant - gur4 to feel wonderful (see Civil ad Ninkasi Hymn 61f.) - hu (wr. conventionally hun) to soothe the heart, appease, calm down -hul-gig hatred h, ah pig (cf. z-eh) - hl to gladden the heart, make happy
dug

a4 ad - a4, e - a4 a6(g) sa6(g) a6-ga sa6-ga ab (a kind of container)

aa(LxKR) prisoner(?); (one to whom an injustice is done, see Krecher, AV Matou II 57) aganx(AMA.GAN(.A)) bearing mother (human and animal) (see now Attinger, ZA 95, 274f. for rdg. amaaganx(GAN) with or without phonetic indicator) aar(GU7), -ar, e-ar starvation, famine, hunger agina governor; general

akir churn

-hl-la that which gladdens the heart; a glad heart, happiness, joy (also construed with a genitive: -hlla(-k)) -ka-tab fast, fasting - k to deliberate, take counsel with (-da-) -l-s(d) merciful, gracious - sg to be depressed, anxious -sg depression, sorrow -s-ga emptiness, nakedness -sur diarrhea

m sm, sa10 andan(a)(GAL.NI) gardener r to be or make numerous, multiply r the numeral 3600; adj. numerous, many, innumerable, manifold, all; n. multitude r to slaughter (sheep) r-ra-ab-du8 (a field worker) e barley, grain; (a weight measure = 1/180 gn = ca. 1/20 gram)

50

E niga e(g) v. and adj. (to be) agreeable, willing, obedient e-ba barley, grain ration e-du10 (a tree and its wood) (Powell, BSA 6, 115f.) e-er to be bright, radiant (namru) (cf. e-er-zi) e-er-gu string of fruit (from late Sarg. on); ringshaped ornament (OAkk) (Civil, Or 56, 235) e-er-ka-an - du11 (vars. -ha- and -ga-) to decorate, adorn (Attinger, Elments 683-688; Civil, Or 56, 235 n. 10; Sjberg, TCS 3, 92) e-er-ma-al-b proudly (Emesal for nir-l-b = etelli) e-er-zi (also just e-er) gleam, radiance, brilliance (Rmer, BiOr 32, 158-162) (arru) e-ga willing, obedient e-ga-b, e-ga-ne-ne by mutual agreement, with both (or all) of them in agreement e-ar aar e-gn glue (also as paint medium) e-gu-nu, e-g/gn-nu speckled barley; second, late crop (cf. gn) e - gur10 to harvest grain e-i- sesame (see BSA 2 passim) e-li pine or juniper seeds (kikkirnu) e-L coriander (kisibirru) e-numun seed barley, seed grain e - a4 to moan, groan e-e9 ripe barley e--suh fir cone (ASJ 9, 349 n. 9) (terinnu)

e8 ( ) to cry (cf. r - e8) e21(SA4) (a) (a writing for sa4 = nab); (b) (an error for n, i.e. nux(SA4). See Civil, Iraq 23, 168; Wilcke, LE ad 35. Veldhuis, Education 284 calls e21 an "inanimate complement" of n. e25 - gi4 to cry out, scream, screech. The old reading is ix(d). Read now e25/eg10 for KAxID or e26/eg11 for KAxDB. Gudea texts write eg12(SIG4). See Zgoll, AOAT 246, 312f. ed7-11, e4/12/18, se11(SIG) to cool, be cool, cold; to soothe, calm, appease (A.AN), e7(IM) to rain; n. rain (also written IM.A.AN, IM.A, or IM.A.A) e6 to boil, cook, heat, bake (balu) (Steinkeller, AV Sigrist 186) e9 ripe (grain) e9 wild boar; wild sheep(?) e9-bar (or ebarx(E9)bar) Mesopotamian fallow deer (conventionally "wild ram, sheep," but see Steinkeller, BSA 8, 50) eg10-11 - gi4 e25 - gi4 eg12 sig4, e25 - gi4
(urudu)

m, si-im (a kind of drum)

urudu

en (a kind of kettle or ewer)

EN dur10 en v. & adj. (to be) clean, pure en-en very clean, immaculate en-en battle (cf. the same sign read dur10) er7(NIR)-da capital crime/offense, serious "felony"; a corresponding punishment. Civil, AV Hallo 75ff. reads NIR-da, Emesal r-da, e-er-da (the er7-da read by some cannot be proved directly; perhaps Akk. nrtu "murder" was the original source for a word *ner-da?) E sis

51

e brother (probably to be read ses at least through OB; cf. se-s = E Proto-Ea 623) e-gal elder brother; school monitor e8 e4, to anoint, anoint oneself i-pa- zi-pa- ibir(U.ENxKR) (shepherd's) staff (ibirru) (Veldhuis, Education 175f. Civil, AV Biggs 27) id to count; to recount, recite, read; to count, number among, reckon as; to do an accounting id counting; line count (at the end of tablets) ika (pot)sherd; fragment (of a tablet)?; shell, carapace; (fish) scales; cf. ika-ku5-da broken potsherds (Marchesi, SEL 16, 16) (ihilu) ilam(TRxSAL) (domestic) mother cow (Veldhuis, JCS 54 [2002] 69-74 ilanga sila(-) ilig (silig) to cease (usually in negated participle nuilig-e unceasing); to make cease, annihilate im aromatic, a substance having a pleasing odor or fragrance (first element of numerous terms for resins) Cf. perhaps si-im to smell. im-zi-da, im-bi-zi(-da) mascara, kohl (antimony paste)
gi

ita (syllabic e-da) (a kind of priest); (a cultic vessel) Cf. nam-ita ita-ab-(b)a (a kind of priest) ta (obsolete, read now utg mace) itim, idim (house) builder, mason, bricklayer (itinnu) (Sjberg, AV Limet 128f.; Civil, AV Biggs 27) (< *udm? Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 237) u hand; handwriting; handle (Steinkeller, ASJ 9, 349 n. 11); pounding stone, muller (Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, 132); responsibility of u-a - bal to transfer, transmit, hand over (Civil, JCS 28, 79) u-a - gi4 to return to the charge/control/care of (Sallaberger, AV Klein 249f.), to hand over, turn in, transmit, hand down; to repeat (with or without -a) u-a - si(g) to pay, put full payment into the hand u - bad to open the hand; to lay hands on, seize, loot (cf. u - ba(r)) U.BAD zapah u - bal to overturn, alter, change u-bal - a5 to overturn; to replace, change X into Y (Civil, JCS 28, 79f.) u - ba(r), u - bar to release, set free; to forget (the original root is /badr/; cf. u - bad and see Krecher, AV Kutscher 111-117) u - dab5 to (make the hand) seize; to take (with) the hand u - dag to wander; to abandon (cf. dag) u-daal - du11 to effect or accomplish much, make great exertions (cf. u - du11) u - d to slander, denounce u - d to capture (cf. CAD K 129a) u - du7 to do, set, perform, prepare, correctly or perfectly; to complete, perfect; to embellish, adorn

inig tamarisk (bnu) (Powell, BSA 6, 106f.)

r song (J.G. Westenholz, AV Klein 350f.) (ru, zamru) r - ra to strike up a song, sing r(-re-e) - du11 to say (as/in) a song, sing (Attinger, Elments 690-695) r-nam-ub (a mainly Emesal hymn type) (FlckigerHawker, Urnamma p. 260-263)

52

u-du7(-a) perfect u - du8 to hold (in the hand); to guarantee, provide surety for u-du8-a guarantor u-du8-a - gub to establish a guarantee or surety, to serve as guarantor for u - du11 to use the hand; to do, effect; to exert oneself; to accomplish (Attinger, Elments 696-703) u-du11-ga accomplishment, creation u - ar to set the hand to, do something (good, worthy), do a favor, favor u-ar - gi4 (also u - gi4) to avenge, take vengeance on, repay (lit. "to return, send back what was done") u-gi4 old one (person or animal) u - gi4 u-a - gi4, u-ar - gi4 u - gd to reach out the hand, take, accept; (to perform an extispicy, cf. m-u-gd-gd) u-HA(d) (or u-pe(d) or u-ku6(dr)) fisherman. The old reading is u-ha; many now read u-ku6. See major discussion in Englund, BBVO 10, 230-236. In view of the variant pe(HA-gun), the reading might be upe11(HA), assuming that the problem of the Auslaut is the same as that of kdr. ePSD reads /ukud/. J. Bauer, ZDMG 146 (1996) 183, hesitantly proposes /ukudr/ in the OS Laga texts. Cf. also Bauer, AWL p. 375f. and CAD ukudakku. u - hu/ru-uz to burn, roast, set on fire (Civil, AV Biggs 32) u-i barber u-l-la (an Emesal temple prayer) u - kr to insult, denigrate u-kr equipment, tools, implements (untu); (a musical instrument) u-k service, assignment
gi

u-k - dab5 to do a service; to revere; periphrastic: u-k-dab5 - a5 u - l to defile, desecrate u - luh to wash the hands; to wash, cleanse; periphrastic: u-luh - a5 to clean (a canal) (Civil, AV Biggs 32 + n. 30) u-luh lustration, washing ritual (cf. uluhhu) u - m to make grow, emerge; to pray u - nin to circle around/back, make a round trip u-nin(-na) all encompassing u-nin, u+nin sub-total u+niin grand total u-nir standard u-pe-el-l - du11 to defile (Attinger, Elments 710714) u - pe to increase, broaden, expand u - ri to lay the hand upon; to wring the hands u-ri-a, (OS u-ru-a, u-r) one-half (Civil, Or 56, 234; Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 142) u-si finger u si - s to keep in good order u-sh-a - du11 to produce confusion, disturbance (Attinger, Elments 716-718) u - m to give, entrust u - tag to touch; to play a musical instrument (e.g. Nane Hymn 44; see Sjberg, AV Limet 135); to decorate (Attinger, Elments 722f.) u-tag - du11 to decorate, adorn (Attinger, Elments 720-725) u - tag4 to dispatch, send out, send over (Civil, AuOr 8, 109-111 reads. tak4)

53

u - ti to take from (-i-), accept, receive, get, seize, catch; to reach for (the imperf. root is usually te()) u-tur inscription
gi

ukur thorn, needle ukur reed fence, corral (Civil, AuOr 5, 22; Rmer, AfO 40/41, 30ff.; Michalowski, Lamentation p. 75)
gi gi

u-r-me/mn, urmen(U.ME.EREN) cypress (the tree, its wood, or its resin) u - r to erase, rub out, annihilate (imperf. often written uru12(R) as well as r-ru/re)

ukur, uruduukur, spear, lance

ul young, youthful one (Marchesi, Or 73, 191-3 (some now read sul) um to slaughter

u-ur6(-r) r
urudu

um saw um-gam curved(?) saw

u - s to push (open)
urudu

u - zi to raise the hand (destructively) against (), u4 (u) to (let) fall upon, spread over, cover (especially with nets); to overwhelm, cast down; to become obscure, dark ub to (let) fall, be felled, fell; to throw down, away; to forsake, abandon, dismiss; to give up, leave off ub-ba fallen, collapsed, demolished, abandoned UB-lugal royal subordinate, vassal(?) (a class of workers in Presargonic texts) uba(ZA.M), ba(ZA.M) bright, shining, pure; multicolored
(na4)

m(SUM) to give; to pay (in commodities or a combination of a metal and commodity) The standard older reading sum may also be correct in some contexts; see Zgoll, AOAT 246, 311. m(nisi) garlic, onion(?) (conventionally read sum) (m) (Stol, BSA 3, 57-59) r to be furious, enraged r, u-ur6(-r) adj. & adv. furious, angry, haughty; angrily (Civil, AV Biggs 31 s.v. /sumur/) r-b furiously, angrily r-dmuen falcon

ba(MxZA), uba agate(?) (ub) urim(LAGABxGUD:GUD), rim(LAGABx GUD) dung u, ku7 utur(MAH) quality cloth

ubun ibun ubur subur d, u12 n. prayer; v. to pray d - du11 to say a prayer, pray (Attinger, Elments 726-728) d - r to pray
gi

T ta(-m) what?

udul(4) yoke (some read udun)

uku(dr) subsistance allotment/plot (uku is the conventional reading, ePSD reads kur, and some now read pad(r). The value kur6 does not exist; see Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Legal Texts 69, also Civil, AV Biggs 29 s.v. kurum.) (kurummatu)

tab to be parallel, lie parallel to; to double; to twist, entwine; to link, join, unite; to lock; to sweep away, devastate (sapnu) (cf. Michalowski, Lamentation p. 71; Civil, NABU 1987/49)

54

tab-ba companion; pair, twin; together tb, tab to burn, glow

t, te-e unity, oneness; each one, one another (connect with di one) t-a, t-ba, t-ta together, as one

tag to touch, prod; to touch wrongly, profane, spoil; to weave; to overlay, face, embellish; to apply, treat with; to broadcast (seed-grain, cf. Maekawa, ASJ 15, 112) TAG sub6 tag4, tak4 to leave, leave over, leave for the benefit or use of; to abandon, divorce; to remove (see Civil, AuOr 8, 111 in disc. of u - tak4) tl(PI) to be broad, wide; to widen, expand; to spread out, lay out (cf. sal) tl(-la) wide tan4 dan6 tar to divide, separate, cut Cf. nam - tar
gi

t-a s-ga(-b) put together as one, acting in unity t-b, t-bi- as one, all together t-b - gu7 UR-b - gu7 t - du11 to shout together, roar(?) ti(l), ti-il to live, be alive; to dwell (the plural root is sig7/se12 (Steinkeller, SEL 1, 5ff.; Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 135) ti te()
uzu

ti(-ti) rib(s) ti arrow

(gi)

taskarin boxwood te cheek

(uzu)

ti-gi4-lumuen, ti-gid2muen-l (Gudea) (a bird) (Civil, NABU 1987/48; Veldhuis, Education 187; Bauer, AV Klein 19-22) For the related musical instrument see tigidlu. ti-la alive, living, while alive ti - bal turn sideways, onto the side
gi

te() (imperf.), ti (perf.) to approach (cf. Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 114f.) te(n), te-en (redupl. te-en-te) to cool; to soothe, assuage; to extinguish (a fire); to annihilate te-en cool, cold; te-te-en very cool (Sjberg, AV Jacobsen (2002) 232; root was originally te-me-en like sun/sumun) te-e t TE.ME n-te temen, te-me(-n) foundation, perimeter (originally the pegs which mark out the foundation plot; see Dunham, RA 80, 31-64) (Civil, AV Biggs 27) (temennu) temen - si(g) to lay a foundation (originally to sink the pegs marking out the foundation) t modesty, shame; vigor, pride; (a euphemism for vulva) (cf. t nu-zu shameless (person))

ti-z barbed arrow(?), arrow point(?)

tibir, tbir fist (Civil, AV Biggs 27) (upnu) tibir - ra to slap tibira (dibira) metal and wood craftsman (also involved in the making of statues). Wr. DUB.NAGAR through Ur III, then URUDU.NAGAR in OB. (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 176; Sjberg, AV Limet 127f.) (gurgurru) tigi (a kind of drum); (an OB hymn type, a hymn of praise consisting minimally of sagida and saara sections) tigidlu/a(A3.TAR or DI.TAR) (a musical instrument named after a bird) (Civil, NABU 1987/48; Veldhuis, Education 187) (see ti-gi4-lumuen)
gi

55

til to be finished, ended, completed; to finish off, bring to an end (cf. inim-bi al-til this matter is closed) tlla crossroads, town square, marketplace tin wine (Badler, BaM 27 (1996) 42, identified a residue in an excavated pot as that of a "grape liquid, most probably wine," suggesting that wine was known in Mesopotamia as early as the late Uruk period.)
(gi)

tg-ba clothing ration tg-du8 felt maker, fuller (a craftsman making a special type of woven cloth, Sjberg, AV Limet 128) tg-du8-a felt (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 85-93) tg-mu-dur7(BU)-ra dirty clothing, rags, mourning garments tg-n-bra blanket tg-u-gur turban tuk, tuku (reduplicated du12-du12) to acquire, obtain; to have, possess; to marry; to play a musical instrument (cf. reduplicated syllabic variant du-du in Dumuzi and Enkimdu 12, Sefati, Love Songs 337) tuk4, tuku4 to tremble, quake, shiver (Foster, RA 75, 189); to buffet
gi (l)

tir forest, (riverine) grove

tir-an-na rainbow

titab cooked beer mash tumuen dove, pigeon tu(d), -tu(d) to be born, begotten; to give birth, engender, beget; to form, create (statues) (some now read (-)d) tu(r) (tur5) to be sick; adj. tu-ra tu-di-da, tu-di-tum toggle pin, fibula (see Klein, ZA 73, 255-284; Sjberg, ZA 86, 224f.) tu-lu to loosen, slacken, relax
gi

tukul mace, weapon, arms (Civl, AV Biggs 33)

tukum-bi, tukumbi if tkur(KAxE) to chew, gnaw (kassu) tl (public) fountain, well tm, tm to bring in, deliver; to take away (see Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 133) Forms include: de6(DU) perf. sg.; tm(DU), tm imperf. sg.; lah4(DU over DU) or lah5(DU.DU) perf. & imperf. pl. Problems remain, however. In OB there are indications that the sg. forms are tm or tm perf. and tm-mu imperf. There may be a link between this sign and ku4(r) in OS and Ur III (see Krecher, ZA 77, 721); cf. the Ur III accounting phrase mu-TUM2-rata "out of income." The Emesal equivalent of tm is ir. See Sallaberger, AV Schretter 557-576 for the following new description: a) bring I = mit sich fhren, geleiten. Used only with living persons or animals that can move by themselves. Forms are tm(DU) perf.sg., tm imperf. sg., and plural lah4 or lah5 both perf. & imperf.; b) bring II = liefern "to deliver." Forms are de6 perf. sg., tm imperf. sg. tm (to be) worthy of, fitting for, suited to (-a//ra) (ana ... luku) (Sallaberger, AV Schretter 573f.; Sjberg, AV Wilcke 263 + n. 29) tm-ma (field) produce

tu-lu-bu-um plane tree or wood

im

tu-ru-na imdurun-na

tu6 incantation tu7 soup (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 104f.) (written with the same sign as tul tureen) tu9 tg tu10(b), tu11(b) to smite, strike, defeat (this meaning has also been associated with the values hub, hb but PSD keeps them separate) tu11(b) (var. of dub to heap up ?) td to whip tg, tu9(g/b) (woolen) garment tg-A.SU tgaktum

56

tum9(IM), tumu(IM) wind tum9-mar-d west wind; west tum9-mir north wind; north tum9-sa12-ti-um east wind; east tum9-lu south wind; south tn (pouch or receptacle); (an ax, often with a wood or copper determinative, probably to be read ga) tn - bar (or read ag?) to split with an ax tur to be small, young; to diminish, reduce, deduct Cf. the reduplicated substantive di4-di4-l (or du13-du13-l) youngsters, little ones, children. tur small, young; brief (cf. bnda) TUR. kun5 tr cattle pen, byre tu to sit, take a seat; to settle, establish residence; to dwell, reside, stay, abide The standard grammars state that forms include: tu perf. sg.; dr-ru-u(n) perf. pl., imperf. sg. and pl. or durunx(DR.DR) in Presargonic Lagash texts (Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 135; Edzard, Sumerian Grammar p. 78; Steinkeller, Or 48 [1979] 55f. n. 6). But it seems more likely that the distinction is actually tu sg. vs. dr(un) pl. irregardless of aspect. The infinitive, for example, is (tu-)tu--d. tu - ar dr - ar

-a food and drink, sustenance; provider (of a temple or land, a common royal epithet) (zninu)
i

-bl-la charcoal (> upill)

-du(l) supervisor of herds, chief shepherd -du11(g) udug -gu/g - d to become lost, disappear; to flee, escape -ma-am animals -rum property (of someone) -sal (riverine) meadow -sal-la - n to rest contentedly, live in peace, "lie down in green pastures" -si4-an(-na) dusk, twilight -sig uzug5 - s(g) to be served food, dine -im sweet-smelling grasses high ground(?), island(?) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 132f.) and, also, furthermore, moreover; (as correlative ... either...or, neither...nor ) (loan from Akkadian u ) sleep (-a), -u8-a, u8(-a) Woe! Alas!; lullaby -di u6-di, -s

U u ten (Edzard, AV Klein 103); "many times" (in adverbial expressions like u-ta, u-e3, u-am3, see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 70) U.KID (read ita4 in -ita4) U.UD.KID ni9-ar plant, grass; food; grass-fed, free-range (animal)

-gul supplication, plea -gul - ar to address a plea, pray - ku(4) to fall asleep, put to sleep (cf. -nu-ku sleeplessness) (Veldhuis, JCS 60, 30) -luh offshoot, (tree) branch; scepter (fig.) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 105 n. 90 )

57

-luh(-ha) - s to send out offshoots, branches (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 88f. + p. 105 n. 90 ) -ma victory, triumph -mu-un umun -na ready for battle -na-(a-)du11 letter -nu-ku sleeplessness (Civil, AV Hallo 74) -s(g) (deep) sleep -sakar/sar u4-sar
gi

u4-n(-a) day of the disappearance of the moon U4.dNANNA iti6 u4-sakar(SAR) crescent (of the moon); day of the first visibility of the new moon, beginning of the month. Perhaps to be pronounced [uskar]; cf. the Akk. loan uskru. u4/-sar - a5 to sharpen, make pointed (previously read u4-sakar, but see Civil, JNES 43 (1984) 284; Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 245f.) (lu) u4-sud-r/da distant (future) days, long time; cf. u4-sud-r-a/ unto distant days, forever u4- sunset; u4--u daily u4-tu(-ud)-da day of birth u4-ul-l-a, u4-ul-la in olden times, in days of old (cf. Akk. ull) u4-ul-l-a-a unto distant (future) days, forever u4 - zal to pass, said of time; to spend, pass the time (in some activity); let the time pass, waste time, be late u4-zal-le(-da) (at) daybreak, dawn, morning (cf. -u4zal-le) u5muen wild goose (the iconic bird of Nane) (Veldhuis, Education 294f.) u5 to mount, board; to ride on; to transport u5 superstructure; cabin (of a boat); high-water (mark) u5-bmuen (a bird) u6(g) awe, awesome vision, sight u6-ga awesome, awe inspiring u6-di, -di awe, amazement, astonishment, wonder, marvel; daze, stupor (cf. -s) u6 - du11 to admire, wonder, marvel at, be in awe of; to provoke, inspire awe (Attinger, Elments 739-749) u6-nir, -u6-nir ziggurat (complex) (ziqqurratu) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 329-331)

-suh5 (a species of pine) (ahu) (Powell, BSA 6, 116f.) -sn sn

gi

-ub, giNI-ub brickmould (see Steinkeller, AuOr 2, 139 for the reading of the variant) -tu(d) tu(d)

u4(d) (ud) day, daylight; storm; time; time of death (as in the phrase u4-da-ni nu-me-a "before his time"); at the time of, when (in verbal clauses of the form u4 CLAUSE-a-CASE or in (pronominal) phrases of the form u4-(PRONOUN)-CASE) u4-ba then, at this/that time; formerly u4-bar7 midday u4-bi-ta since, after that time; as nominalized phrase: earlier days, former time, days gone by u4-buru14(-ka) (at) harvest time u4-da on the day, when, whenever, if; today; daily u4-d-e like the daylight u4- sunrise, east (perhaps to be read utu- in contexts with a variant dutu-, cf. Sjberg, AV Wilcke 260) u4-kr- at a different time, in the future (OB legal)

58

u8 ewe (see also lahar) u8(-a) (-a) u11-ri(2)-in, ri(n) eagle u18-lu lu u18-ru uru16 ub corner (angle); niche; shrine; room ub-ll-l open air shrine (in a wall niche) ub-u-ukkin-na assembly (esp. poetic)
ku

ugu4, ugu progenitor (male or female), begettor, engenderer

ugu4-bi monkey

ugula foreman, overseer, officer ugula-eta/-da officer (in charge) of sixty (men) (Steinkeller, ZA 69, 176-187) gur(SIG7) lintel (cf. gur-ig door lintel, Gudea Cyl A 25:10) gur-igi eyebrow (u'ru) people, population (reading uk is obsolete; some maintain the older reading un as with alam/alan rather than ala) -da-ga nearby folk, neighbors (lit. "people at (one's) side") (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 198) -l bearer, porter -lu-a teeming people, multitude -r-ra numerous people(s), multitude(s) uh, h spittle, slaver, mucus, phlegm; foam (wr. ah, a ah in Gudea) (cf. u11) uh - du11 to spit Cf. aah-du11-ga spittle (of sorcery) Gudea Cyl B 4:16 h-luh cough (literally "cleaning out phlegm") ukkin, ukken, unken assembly (for an etymology see Selz, AV Rmer 316f.) uktin(SIG7.ALAM) features (bunnannu) (cf. lutin) ku(r) poor (person) ku(HL) cucumber ul, ul-l-a adj. remote in time (past or future), ancient, primeval; n. ancient time, antiquity (< Akk. ullm) (cf. u4-ul-l-a) ul a Presargonic capacity measure = 1/4 gur-sa-l = 36 sla = ca. 30 liters

b (a kind of drum)

ub4 pit, hole (cf. ab) ubur teat; spout (of a vessel); see also akan ud5 uzud(Z) udu sheep, ram udu-aslumx(A.LUM) long-fleeced sheep (aslu) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 52) udug, -du11(g) male genie, spirit (good or evil); demon udun oven, kiln ug lion ug5, ug7 ugamuen raven unim army (conventionally read ugnim; for etymology see Selz, AV Rmer 317) ugu, gu (A.KA) (or a-g) pate, top (of the head) (muhhu); account (Englund, BBVO 10, 72 n. 242; Hilgert, OIP 121, 385) gu-a - ar to charge to, put to the account of or at the disposal of gu-a - tuku to hold against/over someone
(d)

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ul n. joy, happiness, pleasure; bud, flower, blossom (see Steinkeller, Iranica Antiqua 37 (2002) 361-365; Flckiger-Hawker, Urnamma 201f.); beauty; adj. beautiful ul-a, ul-la with joy, joyfully ul - a5 to rejoice ul4 to hasten, hurry, be quick; tr. to hurry, harrass, put pressure on (urruhu) (Civil, AV Hallo 74) ul4-h base of heaven ul4-la-b quickly lu, u18-lu, imlu south wind; storm, sandstorm lu-di lamentation singer (perhaps derived from i-ludi?) uluin(KA.ZZ.A.AN) emmer beer lutin(SIG7.ALAM) form (nabntu) (cf. uktin) um-ma old (wise) women, alderwoman um-me-da, umme(UMxME)-da me-da um-mi-a master scribe, craftsman, schoolmaster umah(LAGABx.A) swamp (mihu, agammu) umbin (human) nail, claw, talon, hoof umbisa(ID) scribe
ku

unu(g)ki the city Uruk nu, unu6, nu-gal deity's private chamber, cella, sanctuary; divine dining room, banquet hall nu(d) (chief) cattle herdsman, cowherd ur beast of prey, dog, lion; in personal names of the type x-ur-u10 champion(?), (mighty) man/person(?) (connect with ur5?) (some now read t) (Zgoll, AOAT 246, 318; Cavigneaux, CM 19, 48-52) ur-bar-ra wolf ur(-b) - gu7 to press, clash together, fight in a pack (reading uncertain, cf. t-b & UR.UR) (M. Green, JCS 30, 153; Michalowki, Lamentation p. 70; A. Cavigneaux, CM 19, 50) ur-gi7(r) (domesticated) dog ur-gi7-tur (var, ur-tur) puppy ur-mah lion ur-sa hero, warrior ur-ur, UR%UR single combat, man to man (i.e. handto-hand) combat (Cavigneaux, CM 19, 50) Note the ePSD reading lirum8(UR%UR) and cf. lirum i ur-ur-e/ - l to engage or compete in combat r leg(s), hip(s), loin(s); lap; private parts; bottom, base, foundation, foot (of a tree)
gi

r tree trunk; log

mmu(d)(A.EDIN.L) (ummud) waterskin (ndu)

umun, -mu-un lord (Emesal for en, also for nin in male gods' names, e.g. Nane B iv 20) mun, umum knowledge, cleverness umu good counsel, advice; discernment, judgment, sense; mind UN kalam, n(BAD3)(-na) high (cf. i6-/un-na midnight, si-nna high point, zenith) (see also an(-na))

r to sweep over/away, wipe off/away, flatten, level, destroy; to slide, slither, drag r roof, ceiling (cf. i-r) For roof construction methods see Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 173f.. ur4 to gather, assemble ur5 spirit(s), mood; liver ur5(-ra) (interest-bearing) loan ur5 this, this way, thus, so; negated: never

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ur5-gin7 like this, thus ur5 - a4 to roar, bellow ur5-(-m) because of this, thus, therefore ur5-tuku debtor ur5 - ug7 to despair (Tinney, Nippur Lament 138 ad 36) ur7 father-in-law uri ki-uri URI (a large metal container) (Steinkeller, ThirdMillennium Texts p. 32) riki(m), uri5ki(m) the city Ur ri(n) gate-post, gate-pole (Heimpel, JNES 46, 208f.); standard ri(n) (urin) blood, bloody (cf. Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 251) ri(n) u11-ri-in uru , ru city, town; (referring to a specific city?) Most now read iri with Edzard, AV Civil 77-79, but see Lambert's strenuous rebuttal, AuOr 10, 256-258. Attinger, ZA 88, 167 n. 11, states that the OB writing ru is "in origin certainly the Emesal form of iri." uru-bar(-ra) outskirts, suburbs uru4 to plow, till uru16(n)(EN), uru17(ULU3), u18(ULU3)-ru high, lofty, giant; powerful, mighty, strong (Ludwig, Ime-Dagan 107-113; Alster, AV Klein 10f.) urudu, uruda (also a-ru12(EN)-da in Presargonic Laga) copper (Reiter, AOAT 249, 149ff.) (Perhaps < IE *roudhous, Foster, Umma in the Sargonic Period 33; but see also suggestion of Yuhong, AV Klein 388f.) urugal (or irigal) netherworld; grave (poetic)
(ki) urudu

us-ga (a kind of priest?); treasury(?) (conventionally translated as "fattening pen") (see Michalowski, Lamentation p. 104f.) s to be adjacent to, border on, come or bring up next to (-e); to lie or lean against, upon ; to follow, go immediately behind, chase
ku

usn, -sa-an whip (for construction and parts see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 72) s (u?) length, long side (in measurments) usar, uar, sar, ur friend, neighbor; cf. sar dagi4-a "neighbor" (Steinkeller, Sales Docu-ments 242f.)

ussu eight (Edzard, AV Klein 103) usu, -su physical strength, power; labor-force u building lot, foundation (platform) u-bar weaver death; (blood(?) perhaps read uri4 and connect with ri?) (TIL), ug7(TIL), ug5(BD) to die In OS is used for imperf. sg., ug5/ug7 elsewhere. In Ur III Drehem, ug7 is used for a group of dead animals of the same kind, ug7-ug7 for a variety of dead animals (Sallaberger, AfO 40/41, 53; Heimpel, JAOS 119, 523 contra Steinkeller, ZA 71, 25). The vs. ug7 distinction may not have been maintained much beyond the Ur III period. u11(KAx) deadly spittle, venom, poison (cf. uh and note that u11 also has the value uh4) ubar mother-in-law u thirty (Edzard, AV Klein 105) uum serpent uumgal(GAL+UUM), uum-gal great serpent, "dragon" (poetic) utu sun(light); the sun god Utu, city-god of Larsa utu- sunrise, east (some read u4- when determinative is lacking)
(d)

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utu- u4- tug, dug mace (reading ta is obsolete) tul tureen (written with the same sign as tu7 soup) uzmuen (wild) duck (Veldhuis, Education 303) (the determinative is often omitted to avoid a double HU sign) Z uzud

za-lam(-ar) tent za-pa- voice, sound; tumult; throat (cf. zi-pa-)

za-ra pivot stone or cap, door socket

ZA-ten ad4 z(g) (zag) (right) side, shoulder; (outer) edge, outskirts; border, frontier; end, limit z(g) owner's mark, emblem (cf. z - )

uzu flesh, meat; determinative for body parts and meat cuts uzu-a-bala meat broth (ummar m ri) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 49 + n. 5) uzud(Z) (female) goat Some maintain the old reading z; others hypothesize a form ud5. Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 47, assumes uzud loses the second /u/ when another vowel follows, becoming /uzd/. uzud-sa bellwether; foremost one, leader uzug5, usug5 sexually unclean (syllabic writings exist, especially in Gudea texts, e.g. -sig)

z(-ar-ra) shrine z - dib to pass in front, go at the fore z-du8 threshold z-gal, z-gu-la seat of honor z-hi-linisi conventionally "cress," but Civil, AuOr 5, 30f. translates "(a prickly plant)" and Ferwada, Isin 43 translates "(seed of) Vicia ervilia," i.e. bitter vetch z - k to bind, fasten, gird on (garments, weapons) z-m lyre (or perhaps harp; see Lawergren & Gurney, Iraq 49, 40ff.) z-m/me praise; (an OB hymn type, a hymn of praise) z-m - du11 to say/sing the praises of (Attinger, Elments 755-761) z-mu(-k) end of the year, New Year z-e strong thighs, running ability z - /u4 to apply an owner's mark; to brand (Foxvog, ZA 85, 1-3)
urudu gi

Z za (precious) stone za An old auxiliary verb appearing in the dub-dab5 za onomatopoetic constructions, for which see Civil, JCS 20, 119ff.; Rmer, SKIZ 182f.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff. Cavigneaux, ASJ 9, 50, suggests za = a4 = a5(AK). Bauer, AoN 19, 7, suggests "tnen" or the like. za-am-za-am (a musical instrument)
gi

z- branding-iron

za-ba-lum (a variety of juniper?)

za-dm, zadim lapidary

z - tag to push away, shove aside, reject; to overwhelm, overthrow zabar, zbar (OS) bronze (Reiter, AOAT 249, 288ff.); bronze vessel, bronze-ware, bronzes; mirror (Steinkeller, ASJ 9, 347-49)

za-gn lapis lazuli

za-gn blue; lustrous, bright, shining, pure

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zabar-dab5 (a powerful royal official) (Charpin, Clerg d'Ur 236-240; Sallaberger, Der Kultischer Kalender I 211 n. 997; 231 n. 1103 "etwa oberster Mundschenk") zabar-u hand-mirror (Steinkeller, ASJ 9, 347-49)

zi(-ir), z(-er), sr, sr to slip, slide; to efface, erase; to cancel, annul (JAOS 119, 523); to raze, destroy; (to cut or remove plants) zi - ir to be troubled, worried zi - pa-/an to draw breaths, breathe

zadim za-dm zh, zh v. to flee, escape; n. fugitive zal to flow; to melt; to pass (time) zalag (reduplicated zazalag) (to be) pure, shining, bright; to be clean (cf. ku zalag-ga cleaned hides, CUSAS 13, 286) zapah(U.BAD) palm of the hand; span (= k = ca. 9 3/4 inches) (Civil, AV Biggs 23) (u) zar, zr (hay)stack, sheaves; heap, mound (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 91f.) zar(-re-e) - tab to gather up or pile (grain stalks) into stacks zar-re-e - tl to lay out (grain stalks) in stacks z(-er) zi(-ir), bu(r) z-eh, zah, zahda(H.Z.DA) piglet (cf. h) (ah) (Steinkeller, NABU 2007 p. 18) zh (read now munus-gr) zi life; breath; throat zi(d) to be faithful, trusty, steadfast, true, righteous, good, fine zi(-da) adj. right, upright, true, faithful, good; n. right (hand or side) zi(g) to rise, raise; to get excited; to remove, expend; to be excepted, left out (NABU 1994/ 82) zi-du just, righteous (person) zi-ga mobilization, levy; (something) raised zi - gi4 to calm down zi-pa- nostril, airhole; throat(?) (Emesal i-pa-; cf. za-pa-) zi - p to take an oath; to conjure zi-qm royal road station (Ur III) zi- breath of life zi- - l to inspire, encourage zi--l n. (divine) encouragement, inspiration; adj. life-giving zi - tm to betake one's life to, to save one's life, take refuge zi-u4-sud-r life of long duration
ane

ZI-ZI sisi

z(d) (zd) flour z - dub to heap up, sprinkle flour (ritually), offer flour z-dub-dub offering flour z-sig15 coarse flour (hiiltum) Z.E dabin zb - gd to hold the reins (Civil, AuOr 17-18, 184 n. 18) zikum(ENGUR) heaven zz emmer wheat ZZ.AN (read imaa3?) dehulled emmer (?) See Cohen, NABU 1990/ 134, for disc. of ZZ.A.AN = /udra/ = utr (see CAD kunu LL); for ZZ.A (OS Nippur) read thus d-duru5. Cf. ZZ = d = tiktum (a type of flour).

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zu, OS also su to know; to know how, be able; to acknowledge, make known, proclaim; to learn, discover; to inform, teach zu-a, OS su-a acquaintance (elliptical for l-zu-a) z tooth, fang; point, tine (of a tool or weapon) z - bir9(NE) (also read gir10) to laugh z - gu7, z - ku5 to bite (off) z - gub to bite, eat (Civil, JNES 23, 9) z-lum date (Civil, AV Biggs 33 understands the underlying form to be /zulumb/) zuh to steal zuh-a stolen zukum(NMUN) to step (on), tread, trample zulumh suluhu zur to break, raze (var. of zi-ir?)

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Abbreviations

AV Matou Festschrift Lubor Matou. Az Etvs Tudomnyegyetem kori Trtnenti tanszkeinek kiadvnyai 25 (Budapest, 1978) AV Rmer dubsar anta-men. Studien zur Altorientalistik. Festschrift fr Willem H. Ph. Rmer. AOAT 253 (Mnster, 1998) AV Schretter Von Sumer bis Homer. AOAT 325 (2004) AV Sigrist On the Third Dynasty of Ur. Studies in Honor of Marcel Sigrist (Boston, 2008) AV Wilcke Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien. Festschrift fr Claus Wilcke. Orientalia Biblica et Christiana 14 (Wiesbaden, 2003) BaM Baghdader Mitteilungen (Berlin) Borger, AbZ R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. AOAT 33 (1978-) BSA Bulletin on Sumerian Argriculture (Cambridge, MA) CDLI (UCLA-CDLI) University of California at Los Angeles - Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative CDLJ Cuneiform Digital Library Journal CM Cuneiform Monographs (Groningen) Civil, Farmer's Instructions M. Civil, The Framer's Instructions (Barcelona, 1994) CUSAS Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology (Bethesda, 2007-) Englund, Fischerei Robert K. Englund, Organisation und Verwaltung der Ur III-Fischerei. Berliner Beitrge zum Vorderen Orient 10 (Berlin, 1990) ePSD The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (on the Internet) FAOS Freiburger Altorientalische Studien (Wiesbaden) Flckiger-Hawker, Urnamma E. Flckiger-Hawker, Urnamma of Ur in Sumerian Literary Tradition. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 166 (Fribourg/Gttingen, 1999) JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven)

AfO Archiv fr Orientforschung (Berlin/Wien) Analysing Lit. Sum. J. Ebeling & G. Cunningham, eds., Analysing Literary Sumerian (London, 2007) AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament (Neukirchen-Vluyn) ASJ Acta Sumerologica Japonica (Tokyo) Attinger, Elments Pascal Attinger, Elments de linguistique sumrienne. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Sonderband (Fribourg/Gttingen, 1993) AuOr Aula Orientalis (Barcelona) Anniversay Volumes (Festschriften) AV Biggs Studies Presented to Robert D. Biggs. Assyriological Studies 27 (Chicago, 2007) AV Birot Miscellanea Babylonica. Mlanges offerts Maurice Birot (Paris,1985) AV Cagni Studi sul Vicino Oriente antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni (Napoli, 2000) AV Civil Velles Paraules. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Miguel Civil, Aula Orientalis IX (Barcelona, 1993) AV Diakonoff Societies and Languages of the Ancient NearEast. Studies in Honour of I.M. Diakonoff (Warminster, 1982) AV Falkenstein Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient. Adam Falkenstein zum 17. September 1966 (Wiesbaden, 1967) AV Hallo The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo (Bethesda, 1993) AV Kantor Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor (SAOC 47, Chicago 1989) AV Kutscher kinatttu a drti. Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume (Tel Aviv, 1993) AV Jacobsen II Riches Hidden in Secret Places. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen (Winona Lake, 2002)

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JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies (Cambridge, MA) JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Leiden) JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies (Chicago) Marchesi, LUMMA G. Marchesi, LUMMA in the Onomasticon and Literature of Ancient Mesopotamia (Padova, 2006) Michalowski, Lamentation Piotr Michalowski, The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur (Winona Lake, 1989) MSL Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon (Rome) NABU Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brves et Utilitaires (Paris) Oppenheim, Eames A.L. Oppenheim, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets of the Wilberforce Eames Babylonian Collection in the New York Public Library (1948) Or Orientalia (Rome) OrAnt Oriens Antiquus (Rome) Priest ands Officials (1996) K. Watanabe (ed.), Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) PSD The Sumerian Dictionary of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1984-1998) RA Revue d'assyriologie et d'archologie orientale (Paris) RAI Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale RlA Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie (Berlin) Sallaberger, Tpfer W. Sallaberger, Der Babylonische Tpfer und seine Gefe (Ghent, 1996) Sefati, Love Songs, Y. Sefati, Love Songs in Sumerian Literature (Ramat Gan, 1998) SEL Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici (Rome) Selz, UGASL G. Selz, Untersuchungen zur Gtterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Laga (Philadelphia, 1995)

Steinkeller, Sale Documents Piotr Steinkeller, Sale Documents of the Ur-III-Period. FAOS 17 (Stuttgart, 1989) Steinkeller, Third Millennium Texts Piotr Steinkeller & J.N. Postgate, Third-Millennium Legal and Administrative Texts in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad. (Winona Lake, 1992) StOr Studia Orientalia (Helsinki) Tinney, Nippur Lament Steve Tinney, The Nippur Lament (Philadelphia, 1966) Veldhuis, Education Niek Veldhuis, Elementary Education at Nippur. CM 22 (Groningen, 1997) Westenholz, ECTJ Aage Westenholz, Early Cuneiform Texts from Jena (Copenhagen, 1975) WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes (Vienna) YNER Yale Near Eastern Researches (New Haven) YOS Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts (New Haven) ZA Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie (Berlin/New York)

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