9.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Anonymous. 1992. Handbook on reference methods for soil analysis. Soil and
Plant Analysis Council, Athens, GA, USA.
Black, C. A. 1993. Soil fertility evaluation and control. Lewis Publishers, Boca
Raton, Florida, USA.
Boutton, T. W., and S. Yamasaki. (ed.). 1996. Mass spectrometry of soils. Marcel
Dekker, New York, USA.
Brady, N. C., and R. R. Weil. 1999. The nature and properties of soils, 12th ed.
Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Bergman, W. (ed.). 1992. Nutrient disorders of plant development: Visual and ana-
lytical diagnosis. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, USA.
Carter, M. R. (ed.). 1993. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Council on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 1999. Soil and plant analysis labora-
tory registry for the United States and Canada, 2nd ed. Council on Soil Testing
and Plant Analysis, Athens, GA, USA.
Elliott L. F., and F. J. Stevenson (ed.). 1977. Soils for management of organic
wastes and wastewaters. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Foth, H. D., and B. G. Ellis. 1997. Soil fertility, 2nd ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca
Raton, Florida, USA.
Glendinning, J. S. (ed.). 1999. Australian soil fertility manual. CSIRO Publishing,
Collingswood, Victoria, Australia
Havlin, J., and J. S. Jacobsen (ed.). 1994. Soil testing: Prospects for improving
nutrient recommendations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Kalra, J. P. (ed). 1998. Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis. Soil and
Plant Analysis Council, Athens, GA, USA.
Mortvedt, J. J., F. R. Cox, L. M. Shuman, and R.M. Welch (ed.). 1991.
Micronutrients in agriculture, 2nd ed. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison,
Wisconsin, USA.
Mortvedt, J. J., P. M. Giordano, and W. L. Lindsay. 1972. Micronutrients in agri-
culture. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Peck, T. R. (ed.). 1977. Soil testing: Correlating and interpreting the analytical
results. Amer. Soc. Agrono., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Smith, K. A. (ed.). 1996. Soil analysis: Modern instrumental techniques, 2nd ed.
Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.
Smith, K. A., and C. E. Mullins (ed.). 1996. Soil analysis: Physical methods.

-153-
Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.
Sparks, D. L. (ed.). 1996. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3- Chemical methods. Soil
Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Sumner, E. M. (ed). 1999. Handbook of soil science. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida, USA.
Peverill, K. I., L. A. Sparrow, and D. J. Reuter (ed.). 1999. Soil analysis: An inter-
pretation manual. CSIRO Publishing, Collingswood, Victoria, Australia
Weaver, R. W. (ed.). 1994. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 - Microbiological and
biological properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

-154-
Appendix 1. Abbreviations.
Weight Length

g gram m meter
mg milligram cm centimeter
µg microgram mm millimeter

Concentration Salt Concentration

mg/L milligram per liter dS decisiemens

meq/L milli equivalent per mS millisiemens
liter µS microsiemens
Volume mS cm = dS m-1 = S m-1 × 10
-1
L Liter mS cm-1 × 0.1 = S m-1
mL milliliter
Area
Temperature ha hectare
°C degree Celsius da decare
du Dunums
A Acre
Miscellaneous
AAS Atomic absorption spectrophotometer OM Organic matter
CEC Cation exchange capacity sp gr Specific gravity
SAR Sodium adsorption ratio pHs pH of saturated soil paste
ECe Electrical conductivity of the saturation extract ESP Exchangeable sodium
nm Wavelength percentage

-155-
Appendix 2. Conversion Factors for SI and Non-SI Units.
To convert Column 1 Column 1 Column 2 To convert Colum 2
into Column 2, SI Unit non-SI Unit into Column 1,
multiply by: multiply by:
Length
0.621 kilometer, km (103 m) mile, mi 1.609
1.094 meter, m yard, yd 0.914
3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304
1.0 micrometer, µm (10-6 m) micron 1.0
3.94 × 10-2 millimeter, mm (10-3 m) inch, in 25.4
10 nanometer, nm (10-9 m) Angstrom, , 0.1
Area
2.47 hectare, ha acre 0.405
247 square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 acre 4.05 × 10-3
0.386 square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 square mile, mi2 2.590
2.47 × 10-4 square meter, m2 acre 4.05×103
10.76 square meter, m2 square foot, ft2 9.29 × 10-2
1.55 ×10-3 square millimeter, mm (10 m ) square inch, in2
2 -3 2 645
Volume
9.73 × 10-3 cubic meter, m3 acre-inch 102.8
35.3 cubic meter, m3 cubic foot, ft3 2.83 × 10-2
6.10 × 104 cubic meter, m3 cubic inch, in3 1.64 × 10-5
3.53 × 10-2 liter, L (10-3 m3) cubic foot, ft3 28.3
0.265 liter, L (10-3 m3) gallon 3.78
33.78 liter, L (10-3 m3) ounce (fluid), oz 2.96 × 10-2
2.11 liter, L (10-3 m3) pint (fluid), pt 0.473

Mass
2.20 × 10-3 gram, g (10-3 kg) pound, lb 454
3.52 × 10-2 gram, g (10-3 kg) ounce (avdp), oz 28.4
2.205 kilogram, kg pound, lb 0.454
0.01 kilogram, kg quintal (metric), q 100
1.10 × 10-3 kilogram, kg ton (2000 lb), ton 907
1.102 megagram, Mg (tonne) ton (U.S.), ton 0.907
1.102 tonne, t ton (U.S.), ton 0.907

Yield and Rate

0.893 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 1.12
0.107 liter per hectare, L ha-1 gallon per acre 9.35
893 tonnes per hectare, t ha -1 pound per acre, lb acre -1 1.12 × 10-3
893 megagram per hectare, Mg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre -1 1.12 × 10-3
0.446 megagram per hectare, Mg ha -1 ton (2000 lb) per acre, ton acre-1 2.24

-156- (Contd...)
Appendix 2 (Contd...)

To convert Column 1 Column 1 Column 2 To convert Colum 2

into Column 2, SI Unit non-SI Unit into Column 1,
multiply by: multiply by:

Pressure
9.90 megapascal, MPa (106
Pa) atmosphere 0.101
10 megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) bar 0.1
1.00 megagram per cubic meter, Mg m-3 gram per cubic centimeter, g cm-3 1.00
2.09 × 10-2 Pascal, Pa pound per square foot, lb ft-2 47.9
1.45 × 10-4 Pascal. Pa pound per square inch, lb in-2 6.90×103

Temperature
1.00 (K-273) Kelvin, K Celsius, °C 1.00 (°C+273)
(9/5 °C) + 32 Celsius, °C Fahrenheit, °F 5/9 (°F - 32)
Electrical Conductivity, Electricity, and Magnetism
10 siemen per meter, S m-1 millimho per centimeter, mmho cm-1 0.1
104 tesla, T Gauss, G 10-4

Water Measurement
9.73 × 10-3 cubic meter, m3 acre-inches, acre-in 102.8
9.81 × 10-3 cubic meter per hour, m3 h-1 cubic feet per second, ft3 s-1 101.9
4.40 cubic meter per hour, m h
3 -1 U.S. gallons per minute, gal min-1 0.227
8.11 hectare-meter, ha-m acre-feet, acre-ft 0.123
97.28 hectare-meters, ha-m acre-inches, acre-in 1.03 × 10-2
8.1 × 10-2 hectare-centimeters, ha-cm acre-feet, acre-ft 12.33

Concentrations
1 centimole per kilogram, cmol kg-1 milliequivalents per 100 grams, 1
(ion exchange capacity) meq 100 g-1
0.1 gram per kilogram, g kg -1 percent, % 10
1 milligram per kilogram, mg kg-1 parts per million, ppm 1

Plant Nutrient Conversion

2.29 P P 2O 5 0.437
1.20 K K 2O 0.830
1.39 Ca CaO 0.715
1.66 Mg MgO 0.602

Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-157-
Appendix 3. Symbols, Atomic Number, and Atomic Weights
of Elements.
Element Symbol Atomic Atomic Element Symbol Atomic Atomic
No. Weight No. Weight

Actinium Ac 89 227 Iodine I 53 126.904

Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 Iridium Ir 77 192.2
Americium Am 95 243 Iron Fe 26 55.847
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Krypton Kr 36 83.8
Argon Ar 18 39.948 Lanthanum La 57 138.91
Arsenic As 33 74.9216 LawrenciumLr 103 257
Astatine At 85 210 Lead Pb 82 207.19
Barium Ba 56 137.34 Lithium Li 3 6.94
Berkeliom Bk 97 249 Lutetium Lu 71 174.97
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 Magnesium Mg 12 24.312
Bismuth BI 83 208.98 Manganese Mn 25 54.938
Boron B 5 10.81 Mendelevium Md 101 258
Bromine Br 35 79.909 Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24
Californium Cf 98 251 Neon Ne 10 20.183
Carbon C 6 12.011 Neptunium Np 93 237
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Nickel Ni 28 58.71
Cesium Cs 55 132.905 Niobium Nb 41 92.906
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 Nobelium No 102 254
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Copper Cu 29 63.54 Oxygen O 8 15.9994
Curium Cm 96 247 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Phosphorus P 15 30.9738
Einsteinium Es 99 254 Platinum Pt 78 195.09
Erbium Er 68 167.26 Plutonium Pu 94 239
Europium Eu 63 151.96 Polonium Po 84 209
Fermium Fm 100 25 Potassium K 19 39.102
Fluorine F 9 18.9984 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907
Francium Fr 87 233 Promethium Pm 61 145
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Protactinium Pa 91 231
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Radium Ra 88 226
Germanium Ge 32 72.59 Radon Rn 86 222
Gold Au 79 196.967 Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Rhodium Rh 45 102.905
Helium He 2 4.0026 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Holmium Ho 67 164.93 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 Samarium Sm 62 150.35
Indium In 49 114.82 Scandium Sc 21 44.956

-158- (Contd...)
Appendix 3 (Contd...)

Element Symbol Atomic Atomic Element Symbol Atomic Atomic

No. Weight No. Weight

Selenium Se 34 78.96 Thulium Tm 69 168.934

Silicon Si 14 28.086 Tin Sn 50 118.69
Silver Ag 47 107.87 Titanium Ti 22 47.9
Sodium Na 11 22.9898 Tungsten W 74 183.85
Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Uranium U 92 238.03
Sulfur S 16 32.064 Vanadium V 23 50.9412
Tantalum Ta 73 180.948 Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Technetium Tc 43 99 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Tellurium Te 52 127.6 Yttrium Y 39 88.906
Terbium Tb 65 158.925 Zinc Zn 30 65.37
Thallium TI 81 204.37 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
Thorium Th 90 232.038

Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-159-
Appendix 4. Solution Concentrations.

System Name Abbreviation Definition

Molar M gram-molecular weight (mole

of solute) per liter of solution.

Molal M gram-molecular weight (mole

of solute) per kilogram of solvent.

Formal F gram-formula weight of solute

per liter of solution.

Normal N gram-equivalent weight of solute

per liter of solution.

Weight per volume, w/v, % number of grams of solute × 100

percent per volume of solvent (mL).

Volume percent Vol % or v/v % Volume of solute × 100 per volume of

solution.

Weight percent wt % or w/w % Weight of solute × 100 per weight of

solution.

Parts per million ppm milligrams of solute or milligrams

per liter of solution kilogram.

Parts per billion ppb micrograms of solute or micrograms

per liter (kilogram) of solution.

Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-160-
Appendix 5. Some Useful Relationships.
1 g = 1000 mg = 1,000,000 µg ppm = µg/g (solid per liquid)

1 µg = 0.001 mg = 0.000001 g ppm = µL/L (liquid per liquid)

1 L = 1000 mL ppm × 2 = 1lbs/A

1 mL = 0.001 L ppm × 10-4 = %

ppm = µg/mL (solid per liquid) 1% = 1 gm/100 ml

ppm = mg/L (solid per liquid) 1% = 10,000 ppm

-161-
Appendix 6. Concentration Normality, and Amount of Concentrated
Acids and Bases to Make 1-L of 1 N Solution.
Acid or Base Chemical Properties Solution
Specific Percent Grams Approximate Needed1
Gravity by Weight per Liter Normality (N) (mL)
Acetic acid 1.05 99.0 1042.0 17.45 58

Ammonium 0.90 28.3 255.0 15.0 67

hydroxide (NH3)

Hydrochloric 1.19 38.0 451.6 12.4 81

acid

Hydrofluoric 1.16 50.0 577.5 28.8 35

acid

Nitric acid 1.42 72.0 1024.0 16.2 62

Phosphoric 1.69 85.0 1436.0 44.0 23

acid

Perchloric 1.66 70.0 1165.0 11.6 86

acid

Sodium 1.53 50.0 762.7 19.0 53

hydroxide

Sulfuric 1.84 96.0 1742.0 35.5 28

acid

1Tomake up 1-L of 1 N.
Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-162-
Appendix 7. Soil pH Levels and Associated Conditions.
Soil pH Indications Associated Conditions

< 5.5 Soil is deficient in Poor crop growth due to low

Ca and/or Mg, and cation exchange capacity and
should be limed possible Al3+ toxicity.Expect
P deficiency.

5.5 - 6.5 Soil is lime-free, Satisfactory for most crops

should be closely
monitored

6.5 - 7.5 Ideal range for crop. Soil cation exchange capacity
is production near 100%
base saturation.

7.5 - 8.4 Free lime (CaCO3) Usually excellent filtration

exists in soil and percolation of water due
to high Ca content of clays.
Both P and micronutrients are
less available.

>8.4 Invariably indicates Poor physical conditions.

sodic soil Infiltration and percolation of
soil water is slow. Possible
root deterioration and organic
matter dissolution.

Source: Hach Company, USA (1992).

-163-
Appendix 8. Summarized Soil Test Methods for Fertility Evaluation
of Alkaline Soils.
Parameter Olsen P AB-DTPA NH4OAc DTPA Hot
Water
Property/ NO3-N, , K, Mg, Zn, Cu, B
Nutrient(s) P, K Na, Ca Fe, Mn
Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn

Sample size 2.5 10 5 10 10

(g)

Volume- 50 20 25 20 20
extractant (mL)

Extracting 0.5 M 1 M NH4HCO3+ 1N NH4OAc 0.005 MDTPA+ H 2O

solution NaHCO3 0.005 M DTPA pH 7.0 0.01 M TEA+
at pH 8.5 (pH7.6) 0.01 M CaCl2
(pH7.3)

Shake/boil 30 15 5 120 5
(min.)

Shaking action and speed: All use reciprocating, 180+ oscillations/min., except for B

Extraction Colorimetry, P: Colorimetry K&Na: Flame AAS Colorimetry,

method at 880 nm ,K: Flame emission at 430 nm
(Molybde- emission Mg & Ca: AAS (Azomethine-H)
num blue) Zn, Cu,
Fe,Mn: AAS

Soil nutrient., P, 2 - 200 P, 2 - 100; K, 50 - 1000; Zn, 0.5 - 20 B ,1 -10

concentration K, 5 - 750; Ca, 500 - 2000;
no dilution; Zn, 0.5 - 35 Mg, 50 - 500;
(ppm) Na, 10 - 250

Primary Olsen et al. Soltanpour & Schollenberger Lindsay & Berger &
reference (1954) Schwab (1977) & Simon (1945) Norvell (1978) Truog(1939)

AAS=Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.

Source: Soil and Plant Analysis Council (1992).

-164-
Appendix 9. Generalized Guidelines for Interpretation of Soil Analysis
Data.
Measurement Soil Test Low Marginal Adequate

------------------------ % -----------------------
Organic matter Walkley- Black <0.86% 0.86 - 1.29% >1.29
------------------------ppm---------------------
Nitrate AB-DTPA <11 11 - 20 >20

Phosphate NaHCO3 <8 8 - 15 >15

AB-DTPA <4 4-7 >7

Potassium NH4OAc <100 100-150 >150

AB-DTPA <60 60 - 120 >120

Zinc DTPA <0.5 0.5 - 1.0 >1.0

AB-DTPA <1.0 1.0 - 1.5 >1.5

Copper DTPA <0.2 0.2 - 0.5 >0.2

AB-DTPA <0.2 >0.5

Iron DTPA <4.5 >4.5

AB-DTPA <2.0 2.1 - 4.0 >4.0

Manganese DTPA <1.0 1.0 - 2.0 >2.0

AB-DTPA <1.8 >1.8

Boron Hot water <0.5 0.5 - 1.0 >1.0

HCl <0.45 0.45 - 1.0 >1.0

DTPA= diethylene triamine pentoacetic acid. AB = ammonium bicarbonate.

NaHCO3 = Sodium bicarbonate.
Sources: FAO (1980); Soltanpour (1985); Ludwick (1995); Martens and Lindsay
(1990); Johnson and Fixen (1990); Soil and Plant Analysis Council (1992); Matar et al.
(1992).

-165-
Appendix 10. Suggested Plant Tissue Sampling Procedures for
Selected Dryland Crops1.
Growth Stage Plant Part to Sample Plants
Sampled

Wheat and Barley

Seeding stage (< 30 cm tall) All the aboveground portion 50 - 100
Before head emergence Flag leaf 25 - 50

Corn
Seedling stage (< 30 cm tall) All the aboveground shoot. The entire 20 - 30
Prior to tasselling leaf fully developed below the whorl 15

The entire leaf at the ear node (or

From tasselling to silking immediately above or below it) 15 - 25

Sorghum
Prior to or at heading Second or 3rd leaf from top of plant 15 - 25
Soybean or other Beans

Seedling stage (<30 cm tall) All the above-ground portion 20 - 30

Prior to or during Two or three fully developed 20 - 30
initial flowering Leaves at the top of the plant

Peanut
Maximum tillering Recently matured leaflets 25

Alfalfa, Clover and other Legumes

Prior to or at 1/10th Mature leaf blades taken about 40 - 50
bloom stage One-third of the way down the plant

Food Legumes including Chickpea

and Lentil
Vegetative growth stage Whole shoots 40 - 50
Bloom initiation Recently matured leaf 50 - 200
1When specific guidelines are unknown, the general rule of the thumb is to sample upper
mature leaves at flower initiation.
Sources: Jones et al. (1971, 1991); Reuter and Robinson (1986); Tandon (1993).

-166-
Appendix 11. Generalized Interpretation of Cereal Tissue Analysis
Data.

Nutrient Concentration in Dry Tissue

Nutrient Deficient Low Sufficient High
-----------------------------%----------------------------
Nitrogen
(winter grains) <1.25 1.25 - 1.74 1.75 - 3.00 >3.00
(spring grains) <1.50 1.50 - 1.99 2.00 - 3.00 >3.00

Phosphorus <0.15 0.15 - 0.19 0.20 - 0.50 >0.50

Potassium <1.25 1.25 - 1.49 1.50 - 3.00 >3.00

Calcium
(wheat, oats) <0.20 0.20 - 0.50 >0.50
(barley) <0.30 0.30 - 1.20 >1.20

Magnesium <0.15 0.15 - 0.50 >0.50

Sulfur <0.15 0.15 - 0.40 >0.40

------------------------ppm-------------------------

Manganese <5 5 - 24 25 - 100 >100

Zinc <15 15 - 70 > 70

Copper <5 5 - 25 > 25

Source: Walsh and Beaton (1973).

-167-
Appendix 12. Classification Criteria for Salt-Affected Soils.
Soil ECe1 Exchangeable Sodium Sodium Adsorption
Percentage (ESP) Ratio (SAR)
--dS/m--
Normal <4 <15 <15
Saline ≥4 <15 <15
Sodic <4 ≥15 ≥15
Saline-Sodic ≥4 ≥15 ≥15

1EC in saturated paste extract.

Source: Bohn et al. (1985).

Appendix 13. Soil Salinity Classification.

Soil Texture Degree of Salinity (Electrical Conductivity)1

None Slight Moderate Strong Very Strong

---------------------------- dS/m --------------------------

Coarse sand to sandy loam <1.2 1.2 - 2.4 2.5 - 4.4 4.5 - 8.9 >9.0
Loamy fine sand to loam <1.3 1.3 - 2.4 2.5 - 4.7 4.8 - 9.4 >9.5
Silt loam to clay loam <1.4 1.4 - 2.5 2.6 - 5.0 5.1 - 10.0 >10.1
Silty clay loam to clay <1.5 1.5 - 2.8 2.9 - 5.7 5.8 - 11.4 >11.5

1EC in 1:1 soil/water suspension.

Source: Hach Company (1992).

-168-
Appendix 14. Relative Salt-Tolerance Limits of Crops.
ECe1 Crop ECe
1 Crop
-dS/m- -dS/m-
FORGE CROPS
22.0 Kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca) 14.4 Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense)
15.0 Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) 9.0 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
13.5 Barley, hay (Hordeum vulgare) 10.3 Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium)
14.0 Mustard (Brassia campestris,
Glauca group) 7.0 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
FIELD CROPS
18.0 Barley, grain (Hordeum vulgare) 9.0 Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata)
15.0 Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) 10.0 Sugarcane (Saccharum offic-
narum)
16.0 Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 8.0 Rice, paddy (Oryza sativa)
12.0 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 6.0 Maize (Zea mays)
14.0 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) 6.5 Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
13.0 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 9.1 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
10.0 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 4.9 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
8.0 Soybean (Glycine max)
VEGETABLE CROPS
9.6 Beet, garden (Beta vulgaris) 5.0 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
8.0 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 5.0 Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)
8.0 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 4.0 Onion (Allium cepa)
7.0 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 4.5 Carrot (Daucus carota)
6.0 Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) 3.5 French or green bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
6.0 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 5.0 Radish (Raphanus sativus)
6.0 Sweet corn (maize) (Zea mays) 6.3 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
6.0 Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) 6.5 Turnip (Brassica rapa)
FRUIT CROPS
18.0 Date (Phoenix dactylifera) 8.4 Olive (Olea europaea)
6.7 Grape (Vitis spp.) 4.8 Lemon (Citrus limon)
4.9 Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) 4.8 Apple (Malus sylvestris)
4.8 Orange (Citrus sinensis) 4.8 Pear (Prunus communis)
4.1 Peach (Prunus persica) 2.5 Strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
3.7 Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) 8.4 Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
4.3 Plum and prune (Prunus domestica) 4.8 Walnut (Juglans regia)
4.1 Almond (Prunus dulcis)
1EC corresponding to or causing 50% crop yields reduction.
Source: California Fertilizer Association (1980), Ayers and Westcot (1985).

-169-
Appendix 15. Relative Tolerance of Species to Boron Toxicity.
Crop species Threshold Crop Species Threshold
Concentration Concentration
-- mol B/m3 -- --mol B/m3--
SENSITIVE CROPS
Lemon (Citrus limon) 0.028 Pea (Pisum sativum)
Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) Carrot (Daucus carota) 0.093
Blackberry (Rubus sp.) Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Avocado (Persea americana) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Orange (Citrus sinensis) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Grapefruit (Citrus paradise) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) Celery (Cepium graveolens)
Peach (Prunus persica) Turnip (Brassica rapa)
Cherry (Prunus avium) Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Plum (Prunus domestica) Corn (Zea mays)
Persimmon (Diosysos kaki) Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
Fig (Ficus carica) Radish (Raphanus sativus)
Grape (Vitis vinifera) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Walnut (Juglans regia) Sweet clover (Melilotus indica)
Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Squash (Cucurbita pepo)
Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) Muskmelon (Cucumis melo)
Onion (Allium cepa)
Garlic (Allium sativum) TOLERANT CROPS
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Wheat (Triticum aestvium) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Mung bean (Phaseolus aureux) 0.046 Purple vetch (Vicia benghlensis) 0.19
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.) 0.074 Oat (Avena vulgare) 0.37
Kindney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Parsley (Petroselium crispum)
Red beet (Beta vulgaris)
SEMI-TOLERANT CROPS Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) 0.56
Red pepper (Capsicum annum) Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 0.56 - 0.93
0.093 Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) 0.93 - 1.39

Source: Keren and Bingham (1985).

-170-
Appendix 16. Mesh Sizes of Standard Wire Sieves.
Sieve Opening Standard Mesh Number
(mm) US British French
2.00 10 8 34
1.00 18 16 31
0.500 35 30 28
0.420 40 36 -
0.250 60 60 25
0.210 70 72 -
0.149 100 - -
0.125 120 120 22
0.063 230 240 19
0.053 270 300 -
Source: Tekalign et al. (1991).

-171-
Appendix 17. Equivalent Weights.
Symbol/Formula Equivalent Common Name
Weight-
Ions ---g----
Ca++ 20.04 Calcium ion
Mg++ 12.16 Magnesium ion
Na+ 23.00 Sodium ion
K+ 39.10 Potassium ion
Cl- 35.46 Chloride ion
SO4-- 48.03 Sulfate ion
CO3-- 30.00 Carbonate ion
HCO3- 61.01 Bicarbonate ion
PO4--- 31.65 Phosphate ion
NO3- 62.01 Nitrate ion
Salts
CaCl2 55.50 Calcium chloride
CaSO4 68.07 Calcium sulfate
CaSO4 · 2H2O 86.09 Gypsum
CaCO3 50.04 Calcium carbonate
MgCl2 47.62 Magnesium chloride
MgSO4 60.19 Magnesium sulfate
MgCO3 42.16 Magnesium carbonate
NaCl 58.45 Sodium chloride
Na2SO4 71.03 Sodium sulfate
Na2CO3 53.00 Sodium carbonate
NaHCO3 84.01 Sodium bicarbonate
KCl 74.56 Potassium chloride
K2SO4 87.13 Potassium sulfate
K2CO3 69.10 Potassium carbonate
KHCO3 100.11 Potassium bicarbonate
Chemical Amendments
S 16.03 Sulfur
H2SO4 49.04 Sulfuric acid
Al2(SO4)3 · 18H2O 111.07 Aluminium sulfate
FeSO4 · 7H2O 139.01 Ion sulfate (ferrous)

Conversion of milliequivalents per liter to parts per million:

ppm = milliequivalents/liter × equivalent weight.

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