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    2008 Jung Mann

    Uploaded by

    z2ali
    The document summarizes a seminar on preload loss and vibration loosening in threaded fasteners. It discusses factors that affect joint loading and preload, including material properties, geometry, vibration, temperature changes, and environmental effects. It also examines mechanisms that can cause preload loss over time, such as relaxation, embedment, and self-loosening from vibration. The seminar recommends strategies to minimize preload loss, including optimizing clamp load, reducing joint clearances and thread play, using fine threads, and modifying the mechanical behavior of the joint.

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    2008 Jung Mann

    Uploaded by

    z2ali
    69 views37 pages
    The document summarizes a seminar on preload loss and vibration loosening in threaded fasteners. It discusses factors that affect joint loading and preload, including material properties, geometry, vibration, temperature changes, and environmental effects. It also examines mechanisms that can cause preload loss over time, such as relaxation, embedment, and self-loosening from vibration. The seminar recommends strategies to minimize preload loss, including optimizing clamp load, reducing joint clearances and thread play, using fine threads, and modifying the mechanical behavior of the joint.

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    Spiralock

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    The document summarizes a seminar on preload loss and vibration loosening in threaded fasteners. It discusses factors that affect joint loading and preload, including material properties, geometry, vibration, temperature changes, and environmental effects. It also examines mechanisms that can cause preload loss over time, such as relaxation, embedment, and self-loosening from vibration. The seminar recommends strategies to minimize preload loss, including optimizing clamp load, reducing joint clearances and thread play, using fine threads, and modifying the mechanical behavior of the joint.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views37 pages

    2008 Jung Mann

    Uploaded by

    z2ali
    The document summarizes a seminar on preload loss and vibration loosening in threaded fasteners. It discusses factors that affect joint loading and preload, including material properties, geometry, vibration, temperature changes, and environmental effects. It also examines mechanisms that can cause preload loss over time, such as relaxation, embedment, and self-loosening from vibration. The seminar recommends strategies to minimize preload loss, including optimizing clamp load, reducing joint clearances and thread play, using fine threads, and modifying the mechanical behavior of the joint.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 37

    Threaded Fasteners Seminar: Preload Loss and Vibration Loosening

    Jeff Jungmann, Spiralock Corporation

    Fastener Selection
    hUnderdesigned or overdesigned?
    hToo small can be disastrous hToo large adds weight, cost hNot just size, but strength hMaterial, property class, plating, friction

    hCorrect selection requires understanding of joint behavior


    hInteraction of loads and deflections hJoint response to mechanical & thermal loads, vibration

    hHow to optimize joint for application?


    2 Paper #

    Joint Loading Axial


    hConcentric hStress = Force/Tensile Area hHow much load carried by bolt? hStatic or dynamic force? hBolt geometry has stress concentrations
    hHigh stress areas more prone to failures
    hFatigue hHydrogen embrittlement hStress corrosion cracking
    3 Paper #

    Joint Loading Axial


    hEccentric: Bending Moment hNon-linear behavior hMating surfaces can separate (gapping)
    hCritical! Bolt carries entire load

    hSeverity influenced by several factors:


    hStiffness of fastened member hBolt hole clearance hBolt head diameter hGrip length very critical, longer is better
    4 Paper #

    Joint Loading Shear


    hBolts typically not intended to handle lateral loads hFriction type hBearing type

    hDesign for clamp load to exceed slip load hOften designed with multiple fasteners hDirect load transfer between fastener and hole hShoulder bolts hLoad limit is shear strength of bolt threads
    5

    Paper #

    Joint Loading Torsional

    hSolely a condition during tightening Tb hCombination of torsion and axial load Tt hTorsional preload is minimal, but relaxation occurs directly after release of tool hVery little torque energy goes to stretch the bolt
    h50% lost to nut face h40% lost to friction in threads h10% creates load in pitch causing bolt to stretch

    hIn many cases, fasteners see more strenuous loading during installation than in service
    6 Paper #

    Joint Loading Thermal


    hFastener loads change as operating temperature changes hDissimilar metals = different rates of thermal expansion hWhen joint materials move more rapidly than the fastener:
    hCooling contraction causes loss of preload hHeating expansion causes embedment, greater tensile stress
    7 Paper #

    hRegardless of external load!

    Joint Loading Combined Effects


    hKey considerations:
    hFatigue limit - Goodman Diagram hLimit alternating loads

    hAxial load decreases force holding members together hNeed to determine neutral axis of joint to analyze combined loads hDecouple loads and resolve into x and y components
    8 Paper #

    Preferred Failure Mode


    hBolts and nuts of equal grades designed to have bolt fracture before nut strips hVisible failure hFemale threads always a compromise:
    hEnough ductility to permit thread deflection hSufficient strength to prevent stripped threads

    hUse of softer materials requires length correction for engagement


    9

    Paper #

    Estimating Fastener Diameter

    10

    Paper #

    Joint Diagram
    h Tightening sets up stress and strain in bolt & joint members h Bolt length increases more than joint compresses
    Force Bolt extension line

    Joint compression line

    Compression Joint thickness @ zero stress

    Extension Bolt length @ zero stress


    Paper #

    11

    Selecting Preload as % of Yield


    % 100 85-95 65-75 50-60 35-40 10-20 Applications, important factors Must know in-service loads; critical joints Needs highly accurate installation method Majority of fastener applications Pressure vessels Gasketed joints Fastener serves as shear pin or positive stop
    12

    Paper #

    Hard Joint vs. Soft Joint


    hHard Joint
    hHigh preload hFatigue resistant hAssembly more rigid than fastener hCan see large swings in joint tension
    Force Bolt preload

    Bolt Stretch

    13

    Joint Compression

    Extension
    Paper #

    How Much Load Carried by Bolt?


    hAdding load to bolt decreases clamping force on joint hBolt in a hard joint carries only a small fraction of additional load
    Force Applied Force, F

    Bolt Stretch

    14

    Joint Compression

    Extension
    Paper #

    Hard Joint vs. Soft Joint


    hSoft Joint
    hGasketed and noncritical joints hFastener is more rigid than assembly hBolt takes majority of applied load hJoint member compression may be non-linear
    Force Non-linear behavior

    Bolt Stretch

    15

    Joint Compression

    Extension
    Paper #

    How Much Load Carried by Bolt?


    hBolt in a soft joint carries a larger percentage of additional force hRisk of fastener moving from elastic region into yield
    Force Applied Force, F

    Bolt Stretch

    16

    Joint Compression

    Extension
    Paper #

    Separation Load
    hPoint where external load reduces clamp force to zero hAny additional increase in load is carried 100% by the bolt hDangerous!
    Force

    Bolt Stretch

    Joint 17 Compression

    Extension
    Paper #

    Joint Preload
    hThree major sources of most fastener issues
    hIncorrect clamp load for application
    hService loads exceed design loads

    hAssembly or service process causes large deviations in clamp load


    hPreload scatter

    hLoss of clamp load in service


    hRelaxation hEnvironmental factors hSelf-loosening
    18 Paper #

    Preload Relaxation
    hSeveral possible sources of deformation
    hExceed pressure limits of contact areas hGaskets hApproach bolt yield

    hEmbedment
    hPlastic deformation occurs primarily at installation hRough surfaces, threads, creep in soft materials

    hRelaxation dependent on time, temperature, and vibration


    19 Paper #

    Preload Relaxation
    hEffect of Embedding h64% in 1st thread; 90% in first three threads

    Remaining preload after embedment

    Bolt Stretch Plastic deformation


    20

    Joint Compression

    Extension

    Paper #

    Environmental Factors
    hChange in temperature causes change in length hCoefficient of thermal expansion for steel is ~1/2 that of aluminum hTemperature limits of materials:
    hCarbon steel starts to anneal at 230 C (450 F) hStainless steels begin to anneal at 480 C (900 F) hHeat resistant alloys used in extreme environments

    hCorrosion often begins at areas with high stress concentration

    21

    Paper #

    Mechanism of Self Loosening


    hScrew thread is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder hFriction holds block on plane hSelf-locking is achieved when coefficient of thread friction is tangent of thread helix angle hDynamic friction only 10% of static friction; once broken free it is easy to move hVibration forces reduce friction force on threads, allows fastener to slide in loosening direction
    22

    Paper #

    Effect of Thread Pitch


    hMore force needed to pull out fine pitch wedge hSmaller helix angle improves vibration resistance

    Fc

    Ff

    23

    Paper #

    Mechanism of Self Loosening


    hSeveral mechanisms used to explain self-loosening hImpact load causes assembly to resonate hLocalized cyclic plastic deformation, esp. at 1st engaged thread hTorsional energy released hBearing surface slips hNut rotates in loosening direction
    External Load Bending Moment Contact Pressure Variation
    24

    Micro-Slip Between Threads

    Rotation of the Nut

    Paper #

    Thread Tolerances
    hInherent radial clearance to allow free-spinning assembly hContributes to thread fit variations hMotion (slip) permitted when preload is low or external forces are very high hAmount of motion limited by thread clearance

    25

    Paper #

    Locking Mechanisms
    hAll-metal locknuts hCotter pins hNylon inserts hLock wire hTri-lobular bolts hTab lock hSplit washers hBelleville washers hToothed lockwashers hAdhesives hSerrated nuts hOpposing ramps hJam nuts hTapered threads hSelf-locking threads (Spiralock)
    26 Paper #

    Vibration Loosening Test


    hJunkers Test
    hCam driven transverse movement hMost severe condition to accelerate self-loosening hTreats fastener like it is undersized for application

    27

    Paper #

    Vibration Test Variables


    hComparison studies require apples-to-apples test parameters
    hAmplitude, Frequency, Preload, Hole clearance, Bearing surface

    28

    Paper #

    Vibration Performance

    29

    Paper #

    Vibration Performance

    30

    Paper #

    Vibration Loosening Findings


    hMajority of lock features only serve as fail-safe method to prevent loss of fastener after selfloosening hWorst condition for loosening is transversal vibration, 10-15 Hz hNumber of cycles to complete loosening is inversely proportional to the joint stiffness hMost effective methods do not rely exclusively on thread friction, but modify basic joint behavior hAim to attain a level of initial bolt tension above which self-loosening does not occur

    31

    Paper #

    Chemical Agents - Adhesives


    hLiquid cures in absence of oxygen hCreates permanent lock and seal by gluing threads together hFills gap wherever there is thread clearance hCan not audit torque after installation hOnce threads are broken free, must be reapplied

    32

    Paper #

    Opposing Cam Surfaces


    hInterposing teeth have greater angle than lead angle of thread hCam washers use serrations to grip bearing surfaces hNo counter-rotation hConsistent performance hAdds extra components to joint hWont grip hardened surfaces

    33

    Paper #

    Preload Locking Thread Form


    hThread form integrated into hole/fastener no extra parts hMore even stress distribution hSelf-centers bolt - no bending stress hContinuous spiral line of contact hRadial force 3x greater than conventional threads hTakes up all radial clearance between threads hFree spinning
    34

    Wedge Standard 60 ramp


    Paper #

    Preload Locking Thread Form


    hAxial Load vs. Radial Load

    Self-locking thread has 3 times the radial locking load

    35

    Paper #

    Preload Loss Prevention Strategies


    hDetermine needed clamp load first hAchieve proper clamp load hAvoid rough, irregular contact surfaces hMinimize number of joint elements and materials hUse longer bolts increase grip length hMinimize hole clearances hFine threaded fasteners are more resistant to vibration than coarse threads hReduce thread clearance (tighter tolerance fit) to provide better loosening resistance hChange mechanical behavior of joint
    36 Paper #

    References
    hBickford, John H. Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints 1995, Marcel Dekker, Inc. hBlendulf, Bengt. Fastening Technology & Bolted/Screwed Joint Design. 2000. hBolt Science. Vibration Loosening of Bolts and

    Threaded Fasteners, Tutorial on Basics of Bolted Joints. 2008. hComer, Jess. Threaded Fasteners and the Bolted Joint. 2004.

    hJunker, G.H. New criteria for self-loosening of fasteners under vibration, 1969, SAE Trans 78:314335.
    37 Paper #

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