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FLUENT Software Training DM Model March 2003

Dynamic Mesh Model FLUENT v6.1

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Agenda
9:00 Overview of Dynamic Mesh (DM) 9:30 Global Controls 10:00 Dynamic Zones 10:30 Motion Specification 11:00 Step-by-Step Procedure 11:15 Tutorial 1 12:00 Lunch 1:00 Step-by-Step Procedure 1:30 Tutorial 2 2:30 Examples 3:00 Tips-and-Tricks and Technical Discussion Session
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Overview of DM

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Dynamic Mesh Overview

New feature in FLUENT 6.1

z

Built-in, no additional fee IC engines Valves Fuel injectors HVAC modules and much much more

A general purpose model targeted for moving boundary problems

z z z z

Can also be used for steady-state parametric studies Compatible with all physical models and solver types in FLUENT 6.1 Compatible with any pre-processor Fully parallelized

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Mesh Motion Schemes

Fluent offers three mesh schemes

z z z

Spring analogy Local remeshing Dynamic layering

Mesh motion may be applied to individual zones Different zones may use different schemes for mesh motion Connectivity between adjacent deforming zones may be nonconformal

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Spring Analogy

Interior nodes behave like a spring or sponge Connectivity remains unchanged Limited to relatively small deformation when used as a standalone meshing scheme Available for tri, tet, quad, hex and wedge mesh element types

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Local Remeshing

As user-specified skewness and size limits are exceeded, local nodes and cells are added or deleted As cells are added or deleted, connectivity changes Available only for tri and tet mesh elements

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Dynamic Layering

Cells are added or deleted as the zone grows and shrinks As cells are added or deleted, connectivity changes Available for quad, hex and wedge mesh elements

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Combination of Approaches

Initial mesh needs proper decomposition Layering

z z

Valve travel region Lower cylinder region Upper cylinder region

Remeshing
z

Non-conformal interface between zones

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Combination of Approaches

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Motion Specification

Internal node positions are automatically calculated based on user specified boundary motion Mesh motion scheme in each zone is automatically chosen based on element type in that zone Prescribed mesh motion
z z

Position or velocity versus time i.e. profile text file UDF with expression for position or velocity Mesh motion is coupled with the flow solution through a UDF Can integrate forces (pressure, gravity and viscous etc) Six degree of freedom UDF provided UDF readily customized for desired mesh motion
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Flow dependant motion

z z z z

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Mesh Preview

Mesh motion can be previewed without calculating flow variables

z z

Allows user to quickly check mesh quality throughout the simulation cycle Applicable to any dynamic mesh simulation

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Global Controls

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Overview

Define > Dynamic Mesh > Parameters

z

Methods

toggle spring analogy, layering, remeshing approaches GUI dynamically changes to reflect selected methods

Dynamic Mesh model enables generic functionality In-Cylinder option adds specific functionality

definition of RPM, starting crank angle, crank period, etc... option enables IC specific profile format for valve motion

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Overview

Smoothing (spring) parameters

z z z z

Layering parameters
z

stiffness boundary node relaxation convergence tolerance (max) number of iterations

split/collapse factor min/max volume max skewness

Remeshing parameters
z z

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Smoothing
Edges between any two mesh nodes are idealized as a network of interconnected springs. A set of linear equations are derived based on force balance at the nodes. The node positions at each time-step are solved iteratively. By default smoothing is applied on tet/tri mesh. To apply smoothing for all type of mesh use: (rpsetvar 'dynamesh/spring/all-element-type? #t) Spring Constant Factor: It adds damping to the springs [1,0] Boundary Node Relaxation: Under-relaxation used for the boundary nodes. Use a value of 0 if no smoothing on the boundaries

A default value of 1.0 is used for interior nodes

Convergence Tolerance: Used when solving for node positions. Number of Iterations: Max number of iterations.
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Smoothing

Spring Constant Factor = 1.0

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Smoothing

Spring Constant Factor = 0.1

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Smoothing

Spring Constant Factor = 0.05

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Smoothing

Spring Constant Factor = 0

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Smoothing

Smoothing on Quads

(rpsetvar 'dynamesh/spring/all-element-type? #t)

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Smoothing

The rpsetvar command is not used here. Smoothing is not applied automatically on quad/hex meshes.

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Layering

Constant Height
z

Useful for uniform layer height Maintain a constant ratio of cell heights between layers Useful when layering is done in curved domains (e.g. cylindrical geometry).

Constant Ratio:
z

Split if: Collapse if:

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Layering

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Layering

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Remeshing

Sizing Function Controls: Resolution: determines the size of the background bins used to evaluate the size distribution with respect to the minimum characteristic length of the current mesh. Sizing Function Variation Rate: How the background mesh increases in size (from the boundary to the interior) [1,+inf] Distance Threshold: Is the degree of polynomial that handles the size variation of the background cell size. (values in [-1,1]). Size Remesh Interval: How often the remeshing is done based on min and max cell volume.

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Remeshing
Meaning of Variation Rate: A value of -0.5 means that the minimum mesh size (cell edge length) in the interior is half of the mesh size at the boundary, A value of 50 means that the maximum mesh size in the interior can be 50 times higher than the mesh size at the boundary. Meaning of Distance Threshold: The higher the value, the slower the change of the mesh size close to the boundary. A threshold value of 0 corresponds to linear in-/de-crease from the boundary. Negative threshold values enforce a faster (than linear) in-/de-crease at the boundary. Default Values work fine most of the time.
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Remeshing

Minimum Cell Volume: mark cells for remeshing if their size gets smaller than this value Maximum Cell Volume: mark cells for remeshing if their size gets larger than this value Maximum Skewness: mark cells if their skewness increases this value
z z

Use 0.9 for tet mesh and 0.75 for tris

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Remeshing

No Smoothing Effect of Size Remesh Interval (SRI)

z z

SRI = 10 Note that cells adjacent to moving wall get stretched.

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Remeshing

No Smoothing Effect of Size Remesh Interval (SRI)

z z

SRI = 1 Note cells adjacent to wall dont get stretched as much.

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Dynamic Zones

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Dynamic Zones - Stationary

Sets the nodes on a zone (either fluid or face zone) as stationary. Cell height:
z z

Used for face zones For the remeshing of tet/tri, this height is used for boundary node distance. If layering, it will be used for ideal height. It should be roughly the same size as the initial mesh

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Dynamic Zones Rigid Body

Moves all nodes associated with that zone (cell or face zone) Nodes do not move relative to each other Motion Attributes: Motion can be specified by Profile or UDF. Center of Gravity (CG) and its location: specify if
z

Profile uses position x, y, z. The position is measured relative to the CG location. Profile/UDF uses rotation

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Dynamic Zones Rigid Body

Mesh Options Cell height:

z

For the remeshing of tet/tri, this height is used for boundary node distance. For layering, it will be used for ideal height. It should be roughly the same size as the initial mesh

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Dynamic Zones - Deforming

Geometry Definition
z z

Required for remeshing and smoothing A simple Cylinder and Plane is built in.

Cylinder requires Origin and Axis Plane requires any point on the plane and a normal vector

Normal vector can point either direction

User-Defined for other geometries

Deforming is NOT required if the adjacent cell is layering.

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Dynamic Zones - Deforming

Meshing Options
z z z z

Smooth: If smoothing is required Remeshing: If remeshing is required Expand until Contract until

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Dynamic Zones - Deforming

deforming

Smoothing and Remeshing applied on deformed face zones. deforming

deforming

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Dynamic Zones - Deforming

Smoothing is not selected Only Remeshing is applied. This looks much better. In some 2d cases, like this one, it may be necessary not to select Smoothing. In 3d cases, Maximum Skewness is also used, which prevents this problem.
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Dynamic Zones User-Defined

If nodes move relative to each other, will need UDF

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Motion Specification

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In-Cylinder Motion

For any simple sinusoidal (singledegree, rigid-body, and prescribed) motion, we can use the built-in piston motion: L

ps

Valve/Piston Axis
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Table Profile

For any type of rigid-body, single-degree, and prescribed motion, you can use a profile table having the following format:
((profile_name_1 3 point) (time 0 1 2) (x 2 3 4) (v_y 0 -5 0)) ((profile_name_2 3 point) (time 0 1 2) (omega_x 2 3 4))

where, {time,angle}; { "x", "y", "z"}; {"v_x", "v_y", "v_z"}; {"theta_x", "theta_y", "theta_z"}; {"omega_x", "omega_y", "omega_z"};
Angle = crank angle

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UDFs

Fluent also provides the following macros for DM calculations:

z z z

DEFINE_CG_MOTION DEFINE_GEOM DEFINE_GRID_MOTION

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DEFINE_CG_MOTION Macro

Used to define the motion of the center of gravity for rigid body motion
z z

Used for un-prescribed and prescribed motion Multiple-Degree of freedom

Macro: DEFINE_CG_MOTION ( name, dt, vel, omega, time, dtime) Argument types:
z z z z z

void *dt (dynamic thread pointer; common in all macros) real vel[] (array that returns the CG velocity) real omega[] (array that returns the of the CG) real time (time) real dtime (time step)

Function returns: void

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DEFINE_CG_MOTION Example
#include "udf.h" #include "dynamesh_tools.h" static real v_prev = 0.0; DEFINE_CG_MOTION(piston, dt, vel, omega, time, dtime) { Thread *t; face_t f; real NV_VEC (A); real force, dv; /* reset velocities */ NV_S (vel, =, 0.0); NV_S (omega, =, 0.0); if (!Data_Valid_P ()) return; /* get the thread pointer for which this motion is defined */ t = DT_THREAD ((Dynamic_Thread *)dt); } /* compute pressure force on body by looping through all faces */ force = 0.0; begin_f_loop (f, t) { F_AREA (A, f, t); force += F_P (f, t) * NV_MAG (A); } end_f_loop (f, t) /* compute change in velocity, i.e., dv = F * dt / mass velocity update using explicit euler formula */ dv = dtime * force / 50.0; v_prev += dv; Message ("time = %f, x_vel = %f, force = %f\n", time, v_prev, force); /* set x-component of velocity */ vel[0] = v_prev;

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DEFINE_GEOM Macro

The DEFINE_GEOM macro is used to define geometry in a deforming zone Macro: DEFINE_GEOM ( name, d, dt, position) Argument types:
z z z z

char name Domain *d void *dt real *position (this matrix is overwritten with the node position on the boundary)

Function returns: void

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DEFINE_GEOM Example
/************************************************************ * * defining parabola through points (0, 1), (1/2, 5/4), (1, 1) * ************************************************************/ #include "udf.h" DEFINE_GEOM(parabola, domain, dt, position) { /* set y = -x^2 + x + 1 */ position[1] = - position[0]*position[0] + position[0] + 1; }

The new position (after projection to the geometry defining the zone) is returned to FLUENT by overwriting the position array

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DEFINE_GRID_MOTION Macro

Useful when defining the position of the nodes individually, e.g. fluidstructure interaction. DEFINE_GRID_MOTION ( name, d, dt, time, dtime) Argument types:
z z z z z

char name Domain *d void *dt real time real dtime

Function returns: void

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DEFINE_GRID_MOTION Example

Case: Specify the deflection of a beam based on local coordinate x and time t according to
( x, t ) = {
10 .4 x sin( 27 .178 t ), x > 0.02 0, x < 0.02

Node position is updated based on:

r n +1 = r n + r n t

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DEFINE_GRID_MOTION Example
/********************************************************** * * node motion based on simple beam deflection equation * compiled UDF * **********************************************************/ #include "udf.h" DEFINE_GRID_MOTION(beam, domain, dt, time, dtime) { Thread *tf = DT_THREAD (dt); face_t f; Node *v; real NV_VEC (omega), NV_VEC (axis), NV_VEC (dx); real NV_VEC (origin), NV_VEC (rvec); real sign; int n; /* set deforming flag on adjacent cell zone */ SET_DEFORMING_THREAD_FLAG (THREAD_T0 (tf)); sign = -5.0 * sin (26.178 * time); Message ("time = %f, omega = %f\n", time, sign); } } end_f_loop (f, tf); } } NV_S (omega, =, 0.0); NV_D (axis, =, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); NV_D (origin, =, 0.0, 0.0, 0.152); begin_f_loop (f, tf) { f_node_loop (f, tf, n) { v = F_NODE (f, tf, n); /* update node if x position is greater than 0.02 and that the current node has not been previously visited when looping through previous faces */ if (NODE_X (v) > 0.020 && NODE_POS_NEED_UPDATE (v)) { /* indicate that node position has been update so that it's not updated more than once */ NODE_POS_UPDATED (v); omega[1] = sign * pow (NODE_X (v)/0.230, 0.5); NV_VV (rvec, =, NODE_COORD (v), -, origin); NV_CROSS (dx, omega, rvec); NV_S (dx, *=, dtime); NV_V (NODE_COORD (v), +=, dx);

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Summary

Mesh schemes available

z z z

Spring Smoothing Layering Remeshing

If there is relative motion between the boundary and its adjacent cell zone, Fluent will automatically choose the appropriate mesh scheme
z z

If the adjacent cell type is hex/quad, or wedge, it will use layering. If the adjacent cell type is tet/tri, it will use Spring Smoothing and Remeshing

The initial mesh needs to be decomposed according to the mesh scheme desired. Motion can be specified to face zones as well as to cell zones. Motion can be defined using profile, built-in in-cylinder piston profile, or UDF Motion can be prescribed or un-prescribe

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Step-by-Step Setup Procedure

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

1cm

sides
1

V_y (m/s)

0 1cm -1

0 .02

.005

.01 Time (s)

.015

V_y

cells-tri bot
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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Step 1: Select Unsteady Solver Define Solver

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Step 2: Activate Dynamic Mesh and Select Mesh Methods Define Dynamic Mesh Parameters

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Step 3: Define Load Profile

z

Write a profile file

((v_y 5 point) (time 0 .005 .01 .015 .02) (v_y 0 1 0 -1 0))

V_y (m/s)

0 -1

.005

.01 Time (s)

.015

.02

Read the profile

Define Profile

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Step 4: Define Dynamic Zones

z

Rigid Body motion

V_y cells-tri

bot
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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Step 4: Define Dynamic Zones

z

Deforming side walls

sides

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Step 5: File Write Case Step 6: Mesh Motion Solve Mesh Motion

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -1

Layering takes place at the interface between tri and quad.

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -1

1cm

sides y x
1cm

V_y (m/s)

0 -1 .07cm

cells-tri

V_y

int

.005

.01 Time (s)

.015

.02

cells-quad
.033cm

0.1cm

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -1

Define Dynamic Mesh Parameters

z

Default parameters for layering is fine

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -1

Define Dynamic Zones

z

Rigid Body Motion applied to the interface between tri and quad.

y x

.07cm

cells-tri cells-quad
0.033

V_y

.033cm

int
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Simple Remeshing & Layering -1

Define Dynamic Zones

z z

Deforming sides No need to assign Deforming for sides attached to quad

sides y x

.07cm

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -1

Final mesh motion.

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -2

How to setup up when layering starts from bottom wall? This requires motion of quad cells and use of stationary on the bottom wall.

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -2

Define Dynamic Zones

z

Rigid Body Motion to Quad Cell Zone

y x

V_y
cells-quad
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Simple Remeshing & Layering -2

Define Dynamic Zone

z

ALL nodes on quad moves unless declared as stationary. When declared as stationary, there will be relative motion between boundaries of the quad; therefore, layering will take place. y x

cells-quad
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Simple Remeshing & Layering -2

Dynamic Mesh Zone Assignment

z

IF control of height for the tri is desired, specify Rigid Body motion to the interface and specify ideal height.

y x

.07cm

V_y
cells-tri cells-quad int

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -2

Dynamic Mesh Zone Assignment

z

Deforming sides attached to tris.

sides-tri y x

.07cm

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -2

Final mesh motion.

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Simple Remeshing & Layering -3

How to setup if layering and remeshing starts and stops at different times? This requires two profiles, one for the quad and another one for the interface.

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Simple Remeshing & Smoothing

Need to specify two profiles.

int
1

Note: Details of setup not shown

cells_quad 0 (m/s)
-1 0 .02 -1 .005 .01 Time (s) .015 ((cells-quad 5 point) (time 0 .005 .01 .015 .02) (v_y 0 -1 0 1 0)) -0 ((int 7 point) (time 0 .005 .005 .01 .015 .015 .02) -1 0 .02 Time (s) 2 - 74 .005 .01 .015 (v_y 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0))

cells-quad

int (m/s)

Profile File

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Simple Non-Conformal

What if we have non-conformal interface? It is used for:

z

Closing valves. Must have it between layering and remeshing.

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Simple Non-Conformal

DefineGrid Interfaces
z z z z

Select int_quad under Interface Zone 1 Select int_tri under Interface Zone 2 Specify name under Grid Interface Click on Create

cells-quad

cells-tri

Note: Motion Specification to the bottom walls are not shown.

int-quad

int-tri

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Simple Non-Conformal

Define Dynamic Zones

z

Only the sides that is part of the tri should be declared as Deforming.

cells-quad

cells-tri

int-quad
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Simple Non-Conformal

Define Dynamic Zones

z

Define sides as Deforming

cells-tri

side-tri

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Simple Inserting a Layer

How to insert a new layer?

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Inserting Boundary Layer

Events is used to insert layering at crank-angle of 40 degrees and removed at crank angle of 40 (320 degrees).

cyl-side: deforming

piston: rigid-body piston motion

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Tips and Tricks

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Completely Closing a Valve

There are two ways to completely close a valve.

z z

The most common method is to delete non-conformal interface. Changing cell type from fluid to solid.

The above can be performed via the Events (DefineDynamic Mesh Events) But since events were implemented mainly to open and close valves in IC applications, it is in terms of Crank Angle! But it is easy to translate or transform our time into Crank Angle.

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Completely Closing a Valve

High pressure

How to close a valve as shown on the right? You need to create the mesh with the non-conformal interface as shown.
-1

valve

v_ y
interface-1 interface-2

v_y (m/s)

-0

-1 0 .02 Time (s) 2 - 83 .005 .01 .015

Low pressure
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Completely Closing a Valve

Define Global Controls and Motion Specification For ease, get 1-to-1 correspondence between Crank Angle (degrees) and time (seconds).
z

To do this, specify Crank Shaft Speed of 0.1666667 rmp

Specify the period for the oscillation, which is 0.02 seconds, as Crank Period = 0.02 deg The simulation will be run at time step size of 5e-5, so enter 5e-5 for Crank Angle Step Size Put any number > 0 for Piston Stroke and Connecting Rod Length

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Completely Closing a Valve

After setting up Global Parameters and defined Dynamic Zones, you need to define events in DefineDynamic MeshEvents In this example, at initial mesh, the valve is assumed closed, so enter 0 under At Crank Angle (deg) We will keep it closed for about 0.0001 second to make sure we get at least one step while it is closed.
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Completely Closing a Valve

HVAC Register Temperature plot

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Completely Closing a Valve

HVAC Duct Non-Conformal Interface is used

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Completely Closing a Valve

Another example of valve

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Min and Max Volumes - 1

For the remeshing scheme, what is the best way to determine Minimum and Maximum Cell Volume? Plot histogram of cell volume. Plot Histogram

Select Min and Max roughly as shown on the right figure. But this will give plot of all cells zones.
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Min

Max
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Min and Max Volumes - 2

To find min and max volume in a given cell zone,

z

z z

Select the cell zone under Zones Name in Dynamic Zones panel Click on Zone Size Info.. But dont click on create!

For Minimum Volume in the remeshing parameters use a value slightly larger than reported above. For Maximum Volume in the remeshing parameters use a value slightly smaller that reported above.

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Current Limitations

Cant have two deforming face zones attached. For deforming face zone, one need to have complete edge-loop You may also need to use deforming on a face zone if the adjacent cell zone is only being smoothed.

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Examples

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Passing Cars

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Passing Cars
Prism layers move with the car.

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Check Valves

Fluid-structure interaction Spring loaded valve. Determine ball position as a function of flow forces
z

Implemented through a UDF

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Check Valves

The max displacement of the ball was known to be small. So only smoothing is used.

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Flow Control Valves

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Fuel Injectors

Transient flow rates Cavitation Flow forces

Pure Layering

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Fuel Injectors

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Fuel Injectors

Velocity Contours

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Compressors

Spring loaded valves Valve motion coupled to the flow solution via a UDF

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Compressors

As the piston moves to BDC, intake valve opens and exhaust valve closes As the piston moves to TDC, intake valve closes and exhaust valve opens

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2-Stroke Engines

Premixed combustion

Mesh motion

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4-Stroke Engines

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Positive Displacement Pumps

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Gear Pumps

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Volumetric Pump

Pump diameter of 6 cm Water Eccentric (offset) rotor

z

Blades move in and out of the rotor 100,000 cells

All-hex grid
z

Mesh motion specified via user-defined function

z

Constant RPM of 1,500

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Volumetric Pump

Geometry and motion

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Volumetric Pump

Pressure contours

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Vibromixer

Contours of Velocity

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Vibromixer

Pure Layering

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Store Separation

Fluent Versus Wind Tunnel

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Store Separation

Contours of pressure Note partition interface move.

z

Dynamic partitioning is performed.

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Swimming Dolphin!

Flying Fly!