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Per Unit Quantities

The document discusses fault level calculations at various voltage levels in a power system. It provides the step-by-step calculations to determine the fault levels at 132kV Bus C, 66kV Bus D, 66kV Bus E and 11kV Bus F. The calculations involve determining the source and transformer impedances in per unit, forming the equivalent impedance of the system and calculating the fault level based on the equivalent impedance. Key details like the base MVA, line and transformer impedances are used to perform the fault level calculations at different buses.

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smsrr
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94 views25 pages

Per Unit Quantities

The document discusses fault level calculations at various voltage levels in a power system. It provides the step-by-step calculations to determine the fault levels at 132kV Bus C, 66kV Bus D, 66kV Bus E and 11kV Bus F. The calculations involve determining the source and transformer impedances in per unit, forming the equivalent impedance of the system and calculating the fault level based on the equivalent impedance. Key details like the base MVA, line and transformer impedances are used to perform the fault level calculations at different buses.

Uploaded by

smsrr
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PU QUANTITIES

P K VARSADA, DEPUTY ENGINEER SMS,GETCO RAJKOT

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


IN POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS, INSTEAD OF USING VOLT,AMP,VOLT-AMP AND OHM(impedance) IN PROCESS OF COMPUTATION, IT IS MORE CONVINENIENT TO EXPRESS THIS QUANTITIES IN TERMS OF PER UNIT OF SOME SELECTED BASE OR REFERENCE VALUE OF EACH THESE QUANTITIES.

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


ELECTRICAL CHARESTERISTICS OF MACHINES (TRANSFORMER,GENERATOR ETC.)ARE USUALLY SPECIFIED BY DESIGNERS & MANUFACTURES IN TERMS OF PER UNIT, BECAUSE THE CHARECHTERISTIC LIES IN RESONABLY NARROW NUMERICALLY RANGE WHEN EXPRESSED IN PER UNIT SYSTEM RELATED TO THEIR RATING.

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


ACTUAL VALUE PER UNIT VALUE = ------------------BASE VALUE AS ACTUAL VALUE AND BASE VALUE HAS SAME UNIT SO PER UNIT VALUE IS DIMENSIONLESS.AND ALSO NOTED THAT BASE VALUE IS ALWAYS REAL NUMBERS WHERE AS ACTUAL VALUE MAY BE COMPLEX.

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


VOLT,AMP,VOLT-AMP AND OHM (impedance) ARE SO RELATED THAT SELECTION OF BASE VALUE FOR ANY TWO OF THEM DETERMINES THE BASE VALUE OF REMAINING TWO.IN PRACTICE BASE VOLTAGE & BASE VOLT-AMP ARE SPECIFIED. NOW VAB= BASE IN POWER IN VOLTAMP VB= BASE VOLTAGE IN VOLTS IB = BASE AMPERE IN AMP ZB = BASE IMPEDANCE IN OHM

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


PER UNIT IN SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS. VAB= VB* IB ZB = VB/IB = (VB*VB )/(VB*IB ) =VB2/VAB = KVB2/MVAB now ZPU =ZACT /ZB= ZACT * MVAB/(KVB)2

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


EXAMPLE
3 8 4

100 V

SOLVE WITH IMPEDANCE METHAD Z=3+J(8-4)=3+J4=5 I=V/Z=100/5=20A

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


PU METHED. VAB=500 VA VB =100 V IB=VAB/VB=500/100=5 A ZB=VB/IB=VB2/VAB=1002/500=20 NOW CKT VALUE CONVERT IN PU VPU=VACT/VB=100/_00 & RPU=RACT/ZB=3/20=0.15 XLPU =XL/ZB=8/20=0.40 & XCPU=XC/ZB=4/20=0.20

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


SO CIRCUIT BECOME R=0.15 PU XL=0.4PU XC=0.2 PU

1 V /_00

SO ZPU=RPU+J(XLPU-XCPU)=0.15+J(0.4-0.2)=0.25 /_53.130
IPU=VPU/ZPU=1/0.25=4.0/_-53.130 SO ACTUAL CURRENT WILL BE IACT=IB*IPU=5 * 4.0/_-53.130 =20 /_-53.130

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


PU QUANTITIES IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM IN THREE PHASE POWER SUSTEM VOLT AND CURRENT VALUE ARE NORMALLY EXPRESSED AS LINE QUANTITIES AND VOLT-AMP AS TOTAL THREE PHASE QUANTITY. So VA3=3 * VB * IB IB=VA3/ 3 * VB ZB=VB/3*IB /PHASE ZB=VB2/3*VB*IB = VB2/VA3= KVB2/MVA3 ZPU=ZACT* MVA3 / KVB2

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


CHANGING THE BASE OF PER UNIT QUANTITIES SUPPOSE MACHINE HAS PU IMP ZPU1 BASED ON ITS OWN MVA RATING MVAB1 AND KV RATING KVB1 WHICH WE DEFINE AS SYSTEM 1 NOW FIND OUT ZPU2 NEW IMPEDANCE FOR PER UNIT IMPEDANCE FOR NEW BASE SYSTEM 2 IN WHICH QUANTITIES ARE MVAB2 AND KVB2. SO ZPU1=ZACT * MVAB1/KVB12 ZPU2=ZACT * MVAB2/KVB22 ZPU2= ZPU1 * (KVB12 /KVB22 ) * (MVAB2/MVAB1 )

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


PER UNIT IMPEDANCE OF TRANSFORMER
ZEQ1
LV HV

N1

N2

ZEQ1PU=ZEQ1 * MVAB/KVB2 ZEQ1= TOTAL IMPEDANCE OF THE TRANSFORMER REFERED TO PRIMARY SIDE IN OHMS MVAB=RATE DMVA OF TRANSFORMER KVB=RATED VOLTAGE OF TRANSFORMER ON PRIMARY SIDE IN KV

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


NOW TOTAL IMPEDANCE ZEQ2 OF THE X-MER REFERED TO SECONDARY SIDE ZEQ2=ZEQ1 *N22/N12=ZEQ1*KVB22/KVB12 SO ZEQ2PU=ZEQ2*MVAB/KVB22 ZEQ1= TOTAL IMPEDANCE OF THE TRANSFORMER REFERED TO SECONDARY SIDE IN OHMS KVB2=RATED VOLTAGE OF X-MER ON SECONDARY SIDE IN KV ZEQ1PU=ZEQ1*MVAB/KVB12 SO WE CAN SAY ZEQ1PU=ZEQ2PU=ZPU FOR TRANSFORMER. REGARDLESS THE SIDE FROM WHICH IT IS VIEW .

PER UNIT QUANTITIES


FAULT CURRENT IN ANY POINT IN PU NETWORK CAN BE GIVEN BY IF=E/ZPU=1/_00/ZPU E= PHASE TO NEUTRAL VOLTAGE OF SOURCE IN PU ZPU=TOTAL IMPEDANCE OF CIRCUIT UPTO FAULT IN PU IF= FAULT CURRENT IN PU VO=PRE FAULT VOLTAGE LIE TO LINE SHORT CIRCUIT MVA = 1.73*V0*IF*10-6 NOW IF=(VB/1.73)/Z Z= IMP IN upto point of fault MVASC=1.73*VO*( (VB/1.73)/Z)*10-6 = VO*VB * 10-6 /Z=KVB2/Z NOW ZPU=Z*MVAB/KVB2 = (KVB2/MVASC ) * ( MVAB/KVB2 ) = MVAB/MVASC SO MVASC=MVAB/ZPU

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


A
100MVA 220/66 TR 1, %Z =14.65 100MVA 220/66 TR 2, %Z =14.13 PROP. 100MVA 220/66 TR 3, %Z =14.65

220KV BUS PIPALI

B
66KV LINE D/C DOG ,7.5 KM, 0.492 /KM

66KV BUS PIPALI

C
15MVA 66/11 TR 1, %Z =9.821 15MVA 66/11 TR 2, %Z =10.09

66KV BUS MORBI A

11KV BUS MORBI A

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


FOR 220KV MORBI(PIPALI) HAVING FAULT LEVEL CALCULATED BY ABB WITH SOFTWARE IS 5071.72 MVA NOW SUPPOSE BASE MVA=1000,BASE KV =220KV MVA PU=5071.72/1000=5.07172PU SO ZB = KVB2/MVAB = 2202/1000=48.4 ZS=2202/5071.72 = 9.5431 ZSPU= 9.5431/48.4=0.1972 PU ZT1PU=O.1465 IN BASE OF 100MVA ZT1PU=O.1465* 1000/100=1.465 SAME AS ZT2PU=1.413 LINE IMP IN PU=7.5 *0.492*1000/662 =0.8472 15MVA TR NO1 PER IMP = 9.821 SO IMPEDANCE IN BASE OF 15 MVA = 0.09821

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


SO IMPEDANCE IN BASE OF 1000 MVA = 0.09821 *1000/15=6.547 15MVA TR NO 2 PERCENTAGE IMP = 10.09 SO IMPEDANCE IN BASE OF 15 MVA =0.1009 SO IMPEDANCE IN BASE OF 1000 MVA = 0.1009*1000/15=6.727 SO EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT BECOME
PIPALI S/S ZT1=1.465 ZL1=0.8472 ZT2=1.413 Zs=0.1972 ZL2=0.8472 SOURCE 220KV BUS 66KV BUS 66KV BUS ZT2=6.727 ZT1=6.547 MORBI A S/S

LINE

FAULT
11KV BUS

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


REDUCED EQUIVALANENT CIRCUIT
PIPALI S/S

MORBI A S/S LINE ZLEQ=0.4236

A
Zs=0.1972

ZTEQ=0.7193

C
ZTEQ=3.318

220KV BUS

66KV BUS

66KV BUS

FAULT
11KV BUS

NOW MVASC=MVAB/ZPU=1000/(0.1972+0.7193+0.4236+3.318)=214.68MVA SO 11KV BUS FAULT LEVEL IN MVA = 214.68MVA AND IN KA=214.68/(1.73*11)=11.27KA

Fault Level Calculation


220kv Bus A
262 A 131.2 A FL=5000 MVA,13.12KA

132kv Bus

FL=2550 MVA,11.15 KA

50 Km Panther conductor S/C

100 MVA 220/132 Z=9.21 437 A

50 MVA 220/132 Z=10.5 218.7A

132kv Bus C
262 A FL=1813.15 MVA,7.93KA

218.7 A

50 MVA 132/66 Z=8

50 MVA 132/66 Z=8

437.4 A

262 A

66kv Bus D
FL=739.65 MVA,6.47KA

66KV Double circuit Line 20km

66kv Bus E
FL=402.90 MVA,3.53KA 87.5 A

10 MVA 66/11 Z=9

10 MVA 66/11 Z=9.30

10 MVA 66/11 Z=9.50

500 A

11kv Bus

FL=181.42 MVA,9.52KA

11kv out going Feeders

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


Fault Level of 132kv Bus C Source Imp. Of 220kv Bus A Zs = Base MVA *100 / FL = 100 *100/ 5000 = 2.0 (Base MVA is 100)

% Imp. Of 100 MVA 220/132kv Transformer = ZT1 = 9.21 (Base MVA is100) % Imp. Of 50 MVA 220/132kv Transformer = ZT2 (Base MVA is 100) = 100*10.50 / 50 =21 Equi. Impedance ZTeq = ZT1*ZT2 / (ZT1+ZT2) = 9.21*21 / (9.21+21) = 6.40 FL of 220kv Bus C = Base MVA *100 / (Zs+ ZTeq) = 100*100 /(2+6.40) = 1190.48 MVA.....................................(1)

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


132kv Bus B is also feeding point for Bus C : Source Imp. Of 220kv Bus B Zs = Base MVA *100 / FL = 100 *100/ 2550 = 3.92 (Base MVA is 100)

Z of line = Base MVA * Z * Line Length *100/(KV*KV ) = 100*0.423*50*100/(132*132) = 12.14 FL of 132kv Bus C = Base MVA *100 / (Zs+ Zline) = 100*100 /(3.92+12.14) = 622.67 MVA .....................................(2) Total Fault Level of 132 kv Bus C =(1) + (2) =1190.48+622.67 =1813.15 MVA ,7.93 KA

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


Fault Level of 66kv Bus D : Source Imp. Of 132 kv Bus C : Zs = Base MVA *100 / FL (Base MVA is 100) = 100 *100/ 1813.15 = 5.52

% Imp. Of 50 MVA 132/66kv Transformer = ZT1 (Base MVA is 100) = 100*8 / 50 =16 ZT2 is also 16 Equi. Impedance ZTeq = ZT1*ZT2 / (ZT1+ZT2) = 16*16 / (16+16) =8 FL of 66kv Bus D = Base MVA *100 / (Zs+ ZTeq) = 100*100 /(5.52+8) = 739.65 MVA , 6.47 KA

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


Fault Level of 66kv Bus E : Source Imp. Of 66 kv Bus D : Zs = Base MVA *100 / FL (Base MVA is 100) = 100 *100/ 739.65 = 13.52 Z of line = Base MVA * Z * Line Length *100/(KV*KV ) = 100*0.492*20*100/(66*66) = 22.59 Double Circuit Line hence , Zeq of Line = Zline *Zline / (Zline +Zline) = 22.59*22.59/(22.59+22.59) =11.30 FL of 66kv Bus E = Base MVA *100 / (Zs+ Zline eq.) = 100*100 /(13.52+11.30) = 402.90 MVA , 3.53 KA

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


Fault Level of 11kv Bus F : Source Imp. Of 66 kv Bus E : Zs = Base MVA *100 / FL (Base MVA is 100) = 100 *100/ 402.90 = 24.82 ZT1 on 100MVA base =100*9/10 = 90 ZT2 on 100MVA base =100*9.30/10 =93 ZT3 on 100MVA base =100*9.50/10 =95

1/ZTeq. =(1/ZT1 +1/ZT2+1/ZT3) =(1/90 +1/93+1/95) =0.033 ZTeq. = 1/0.033 =30.30 FL of 11 kv Bus E = Base MVA *100 / (Zs+ ZT eq.) = 100*100 / (24.82+30.30) = 181.42 MVA , 9.52 KA

FAULT LEVEL CALCULATION


Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Line Twin moose 400kv Moose 220kv Zibra 220kv Panther 132kv Panther 66kv Dog 66kv Z ohm/km 0.333 0.405 0.407 0.423 0.430 0.492

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