Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

ELECTRICAL MACHINES II
Lecturer: Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

Syllabus
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Introduction to AC Machine Synchronous Generators Synchronous Motors Three-Phase Induction Machines Three-Phase Induction Motors Induction Generators Induction Regulators

Recommended Textbook : 1) M.G.Say Alternating Current Machines Pitman Pub. 2) A.S. Langsdorf Theory of AC Machinery McGRAW-HILL Pub.

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

I.

Introduction to AC Machines

Classification of AC Rotating Machines

Synchronous Machines:
Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy. Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power factor compensators (synchronous condensers).

Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:

Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both domestic and industrial applications. Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these machines are rarely used as generators.

Energy Conversion
Generators convert mechanical energy to electric energy. Motors convert electric energy to mechanical energy. The construction of motors and generators are similar. Every generator can operate as a motor and vice versa. The energy or power balance is : Generator: Mechanical power = electric power + losses Motor: Electric Power = Mechanical Power + losses.

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

AC winding design
The windings used in rotating electrical machines can be classified as Concentrated Windings All the winding turns are wound together in series to form one multi-turn coil All the turns have the same magnetic axis Examples of concentrated winding are field windings for salient-pole synchronous machines D.C. machines Primary and secondary windings of a transformer Distributed Windings All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch coils These coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap periphery to form phase or commutator winding Examples of distributed winding are Stator and rotor of induction machines The armatures of both synchronous and D.C. machines Armature windings, in general, are classified under two main heads, namely, Closed Windings There is a closed path in the sense that if one starts from any point on the winding and traverses it, one again reaches the starting point from where one had started Used only for D.C. machines and A.C. commutator machines Open Windings Open windings terminate at suitable number of slip-rings or terminals Used only for A.C. machines, like synchronous machines, induction machines, etc Some of the terms common to armature windings are described below: 1. Conductor. A length of wire which takes active part in the energyconversion process is a called a conductor. 2. Turn. One turn consists of two conductors. 3. Coil. One coil may consist of any number of turns. 4. Coil side. One coil with any number of turns has two coil-sides.

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

The number of conductors (C) in any coil-side is equal to the number of turns (N) in that coil.
Overhang

Coilsides

Coilsides

Coil sides

One-turn coil

two-turn coil

multi-turn coil

5. Single- layer and double layer windings. Single- layer winding One coil-side occupies the total slot area Used only in small ac machines

one coil-side per slot

Double- layer winding Slot contains even number (may be 2,4,6 etc.) of coil-sides in two layers Double-layer winding is more common above about 5kW machines
Top layer Bottom layer Two coil sides per slot

4-coil-sides per slot 4

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

The advantages of double-layer winding over single layer winding are as follows: a. b. c. d. e. Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the coils Fractional-slot winding can be used Chorded-winding is possible Lower-leakage reactance and therefore , better performance of the machine Better emf waveform in case of generators

6. Pole pitch. A pole pitch is defined as the peripheral distance between identical points on two adjacent poles. Pole pitch is always equal to 180o electrical. 7. Coilspan or coil-pitch. The distance between the two coil-sides of a coil is called coil-span or coil-pitch. It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slots or electrical degrees. 8. Chorded-coil. If the coil-span (or coil-pitch) is equal to the pole-pitch, then the coil is termed a full-pitch coil. in case the coil-pitch is less than pole-pitch, then it is called chorded, short-pitch or fractional-pitch coil if there are S slots and P poles, then pole pitch = if coil-pitch = fractional-pitch
N Pole pitch S

slots per pole

in case coil-pitch <

, it results in full-pitch winding

, it results in chorded, short-pitched or

N Pole pitch S

Coil span

Coil span

Full-pitch coil 5

Short-pitched or chorded coil

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

In AC armature windings, the separate coils may be connected in several different manners, but the two most common methods are lap and wave In polyphase windings it is essential that The generated emfs of all the phases are of equal magnitude The waveforms of the phase emfs are identical The frequency of the phase emfs are equal The phase emfs have mutual time-phase displacement of = electrical radians. Here m is the number of phases of the a.c. machine. Phase spread Where field winding on the rotor to produce 2 poles and the stator carries 12 conductors housed in 12 slots.

1 12 N 2

11 E11 10 E10 E9

E12

E1

3 E2 E3 E4 E5 4

E8 9

E7 S

E6 5

8 7

B
3-phase winding - phase spread is 120o 6

Introduction to AC Machines E3 E2 EC E12 E11 E10 E9 E7 E8 EB Time phase angle is 120o between E A , E B and E C Maximum emf E m induced in conductor 11 = E1 E5 E6 E4 EA

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

Zero emf induced in conductor 4 (conductor 4 is cutting zero lines of flux) the emf generated in conductor 7 is maximum (conductor 7 is cutting maximum lines of flux from S pole) the polarity of emf in conductor 7 will be opposite to that in conductor 1, = , opposite to E 1 similarly the emfs generated in conductors 2, 3, 5, 6 and in conductor 8 to 12 can be represented by phasors E 2 , E 3 , E 5 , E 6 and E 8 to E 12
2
R

if

Similarly, = 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 & = 9 + 10 + 11 + 12

= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4

the slot angle pitch is given by =

180

180 6

= 30

the phase belt or phase band may be defined as the group of adjacent slots belonging to one phase under one pole-pair Conductors 1, 2, 3 and 4 constitute first phase group Conductors 5, 6, 7 and 8 constitute second phase group Conductors 9, 10, 11 and 12 constitute third phase group

the angle subtended by one phase group is called phase spread, symbol = = 4 30 where
= = 7

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

Sequence of phase-belts (groups) Let 12-conductors can be used to obtain three-phase single layer winding having a phase spread of 60o ( = 60 ) 12 coil pitch or coil span y = pole pitch = = = 6 2 for 12 slots and 2 poles, slot angular pitch =30o for = 60 , two adjacent slots must belong to the same phase A B
12 N 11 E11 10 E10 E9 E7 S E6 5 E12 E1 3 E2 E3 E4 E5 E8 9 4 1 2

8 7

A
3-phase winding, phase spread is 60o

Introduction to AC Machines a b

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

b 1 A 2 =30o A 3
4 5

C 120o

10 C

11 C

12 B

120o

c d

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

(a)

E2 E7 E1 120o E9 C -E4 E10 -E3 E5

-E8 A

-E11 E6 -E12 B

(b) Phase spread of 60o , 12 slots,2 pole winding arrangement (b) Time-phase diagram for the emfs generated in (a)

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

Double Layer Winding synchronous machine armatures and induction motor stators above a few kW, are wound with double layer windings if the number of slots per pole per phase = is an integer, then the winding is called an integral-slot winding in case the number of slots per pole per phase, q is not an integer, the winding is called fractional-slot winding. For example a 3-phase winding with 36 slots and 4 poles is an integral slot 36 winding, because = = 3 34 a 3-phase winding with 30 slots and 4 poles is a fractional slot 30 5 winding, because = = 34 2 the number of coils C is always equal to the number of slots S, C=S 1- Integral Slot Winding Example: make a winding table for the armature of a 3-phase machine with the following specifications: Total number of slots = 24 Double layer winding Number of poles = 4 Phase spread=60o Coil-span = full-pitch (a) Draw the detailed winding diagram for one phase only (b) Show the star of coil-emfs. Draw phasor diagram for narrow-spread(=60o) connections of the 3-phase winding showing coil-emfs for phases A and B only. Solution: slot angular pitch, = Phase spread,
4180 24

Number of slots per pole per phase, = Coil span = full pitch =
24 4

= 60

= 30
24

=6

34

=2

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Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

(a)

Detailed double layer winding diagram for phase A for 3-phase armature having 24 slots, 4 poles, phase spread 60o

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Introduction to AC Machines

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(c) The star of coil emfs can be drawn similar to the star of slot emfs or star of conductor emfs

Phasor diagram showing the phasor sum of coil-emfs to obtain phase voltages A and B

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Introduction to AC Machines

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2. integral slot chorded winding Coil span (coil pitch) < pole pitch (y < ) The advantages of using chorded coils are: To reduce the amount of copper required for the end-connections (or over hang) To reduce the magnitude of certain harmonics in the waveform of phase emfs and mmfs The coil span generally varies from 2/3 pole pitch to full pole pitch

Example. Let us consider a double-layer three-phase winding with q = 3, p = 4, (S = pqm = 36 slots), chorded coils y/ = 7/9

The star of slot emf phasors for a double-layer winding p = 4 poles, q = 3 slots/pole/phase, m = 3, S = 36

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Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

Double-layer winding: p = 4 poles, q = 3, y/ = 7/9, S = 36 slots.

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Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

3. Fractional Slot Windings If the number of slots qof a winding is a fraction, the winding is called a fractional slot winding. Advantages of fractional slot windings when compared with integral slot windings are: 1. a great freedom of choice with respect to the number of slot a possibility to reach a suitable magnetic flux density 2. this winding allows more freedom in the choice of coil span 3. if the number of slots is predetermined, the fractional slot winding can be applied to a wider range of numbers of poles than the integral slot winding the segment structures of large machines are better controlled by using fractional slot windings 4. this winding reduces the high-frequency harmonics in the emf and mmf waveforms Let us consider a small induction motor with p = 8 and q = 3/2, m = 3. The total number of slots S = pqm = 8*3*3/2= 36 slots. The coil span y is y = (S/p) = (36/8) = 4slot pitches

Fractionary q (q = 3/2, p = 8, m = 3,S = 36) winding- emf star,

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Introduction to AC Machines

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The actual value of q for each phase under neighboring poles is 2 and 1, respectively, to give an average of 3/2

Fractionary q (q = 3/2, p = 8, m = 3, S = 36) winding slot/phase allocation & coils of phase A

Single Layer Winding

One coil side occupies one slot completely, in view of this, number of coils C is equal to half the number of slots S, = The 3-phase single layer windings are of two types 1. Concentric windings 2. Mush windings Concentric Windings The coils under one pole pair are wound in such a manner as if these have one center the concentric winding can further be sub-divided into 1. half coil winding or unbifurcated winding 2. Whole coil winding or bifurcated winding
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Introduction to AC Machines

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Half coil winding

For phase A only

The half coil winding arrangement with 2-slots per pole per phase and for =60o A coil group may be defined as the group of coils having the same center The number of coils in each coil group = the number of coil sides in each phase belt (phase group) The carry current in the same direction in all the coil groups whole coil winding

For phase A only

The whole coil winding arrangement with 2-slots per pole per phase The number of coil sides in each phase belt (here 4) are double the number of coils (here 2) in each coil group There are P coil groups and the adjacent coil groups carry currents in opposite directions Example. Design and draw (a) half coil and (b) whole coil single layer concentric windings for a 3-phase machine with 24-slots, 4-poles and 60o phase spread.

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Solution: (a) half coil concentric winding , =

4180 24 4 24

= 6

= 30

Half-coil winding diagram for 24 slots, 4 poles, 60o phase spread single layer concentric winding (two plane overhang)

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Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

(b) Whole-coil concentric winding For slot pitch = 30o & phase spread = 60o, The number of coils per phase belt = 2 The number of coils in each coil group = 1 The pole pitch=6 The coil pitch of 6 slot pitches does not result in proper arrangement of the winding In view of this, a coil pitch of 5 is chosen

Whole-coil winding arrangement of 24 slots, 4 poles, 60o phase spread, single layer concentric winding (three-plane overhang)

Mush Winding
The coil pitch is the same for all the coils Each coil is first wound on a trapezoidal shaped former. Then the short coil sides are first fitted in alternate slots and the long coil sides are inserted in the remaining slots The number of slots per pole per phase must be a whole number The coil pitch is always odd

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Introduction to AC Machines

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For example, for 24 slots, 4 poles, single-layer mush winding, the pole pitch is 6 slots pitches. Since the coil pitch must be odd, it can be taken as 5 or 7. Choosing here a coil pitch of 5 slot pitches.

Single layer mush winding diagram for 24 slots, 4 poles and 60o phase spread

H.W: Design and draw 1. 3-phase, 24-slots, 2-poles single-layer winding (half coil winding) 2. a.c. winding: 3-phase, 4 -pole, 24- slots, double layer winding with full pitch coils (phase B& phase C)

3. a.c. winding: 3-phase, 4 -pole, 24- slots, double layer winding with chorded coils y/ = 5/6 4. 10 -pole, 48- slots, fractional 3-phase double layer winding

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Rotating Magnetic Field When balanced 3-phase currents flow in balanced 3-phase windings, a
rotating magnetic field is produced. All 3-phase ac machines are associated with rotating magnetic fields in their air-gaps. For example, a 2-pole 3-phase stator winding The three windings are displaced from each other by 120o along the air-gap periphery. Each phase is distributed or spread over 60o (called phase-spread =60o)

The 3-phase winding a, b, c is represented by three full pitched coils, aa , bb , cc

For instance, the concentrated full-pitched coil aa represents phase a winding in all respects A current in phase a winding establishes magnetic flux directed along the magnetic axis of coil aa Positive currents are assumed to be flowing as indicated by crosses in coil-sides a , b , c

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Magnetic flux plot At the instant 1, the current in phase a is positive and maximum I m = = At the instant 2, = At the instant 3, =

, =

, = and =

and =

Production of rotating magnetic field illustrated by magnetic flux plot

The 2 poles produced by the resultant flux are seen to have turned through further 60o The space angle traversed by rotating flux is equal to the time angle traversed by currents The rotating field speed, for a P-pole machine, is revolution in one cycle

revolutions in f cycles

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Introduction to AC Machines

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revolutions in one second [because f cycles are completed in one second]

Here f is the frequency of the phase currents. If n s denotes the rotating field speed in revolutions per sec, then 2 = = Or
2

120

. . [The speed at which rotating magnetic field revolves is called the Synchronous speed]

Space phasor representation When currents i a , i b , i c flow in their respective phase windings, then the three stationary pulsation m.m.fs , , combine to give the resultant m.m.f. which is rotating at synchronous speed.

Production of rotating magnetic field illustrated by space phasor m.m.fs.

At the instant 1, = . . . = = =
2

, is and its magnitude is given by , The resultant of m.m.fs. & cancel each other. The vertical component of
23

= = . . .
2

= +

2 3 cos 60 = 2 2

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

o The resultant m.m.f. = [it rotate by a space angle of 60 clockwise]

At the instant 2, = = & = 2 = & = = . . . . . .

3 2 2

At the instant 3, = =
2

&
3

The resultant m.m.f. = [The resultant m.m.f. has turned through a 2 o further space angle of 60 from its position occupied at instant 2]

A constant-amplitude rotating m.m.f. or rotating field is produced in the air-gap of a three-phase machines at synchronous speed

Sinusoidal rotating mmf wave creates in phase sinusoidal rotating flux density wave in the air gap; the peak value of B- wave is given by

Where g is air-gap length

Example: Prove that a rotating magnetic field of constant amplitude is produced when 3-phase balanced winding is excited by three-phase balanced currents. Solution: three phase balanced currents given by

------ (1)

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Introduction to AC Machines

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The three mmfs F a , F b and F c can be expressed mathematically as

Angle is measured from the axis of phase a The mmf of phase a can be expressed as
------ (2)

Similarly, for phases b & c,

------ (3)

------ (4)

The resultant mmf (, ) can be obtained by adding the three mmfs given by Eqs. (1), (2) and (3).

------ (5)

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Introduction to AC Machines But mmf

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

Eq.(5), therefore, reduces to

------ (6)

It can be shown that Eq.(6) represents a travelling mmf wave of constant amplitude
At At At

H.W: A three-phase, Y-connected winding is fed from 3-phase balanced supply, with their neutrals connected together. If one of the three supply leads gets disconnected, find what happens to the m.m.f. wave .

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Electromotive Force (EMF) Equation

A wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field. N is the number of turns in the loop L is the length of the loop D is the width of the loop B is the magnetic flux density n is the number of revolutions per seconds

A wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field. The magnetic flux through the loop changes by the position

(t ) = B D L cos ( t )

= 2 n
Position 1 all flux links with the loop Position 2 the flux linkage reduced The change of flux linkage induces a voltage in the loop

EV (t ) = N

d (t ) d [cos ( t )] = N BDL = N B D L sin ( t ) dt dt

The induced voltage is an ac voltage The voltage is sinusoidal The rms value of the induced voltage loop is:

E Vrms =
=
2

N BDL 2
[ = ]

The r.m.s value of the generated emf in a full pitched coil is

where = = 2

= 2 = 4.44
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Introduction to AC Machines

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Winding Factor (Coil Pitch and Distributed Windings)

Pitch Factor or Coil Pitch The ratio of phasor (vector) sum of induced emfs per coil to the arithmetic sum of induced emfs per coil is known as pitch factor (K p ) or coil span factor (K c ) which is always less than unity. Let the coil have a pitch short by angle electrical space degrees from full pitch and induced emf in each coil side be E, E E

If the coil would have been full pitched, then total induced emf in the coil would have been 2E. when the coil is short pitched by electrical space degrees the resultant induced emf, E R in the coil is phasor sum of two voltages, apart = 2 cos
2

Pitch factor, =

Example. The coil span for the stator winding of an alternator is 120o. Find the chording factor of the winding. Solution: Chording angle, = 180 = 180 120 = 60 Chording factor, = cos = cos
2 60 2

= 0.866

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Distribution Factor The ratio of the phasor sum of the emfs induced in all the coils distributed in a number of slots under one pole to the arithmetic sum of the emfs induced(or to the resultant of emfs induced in all coils concentrated in one slot under one pole) is known as breadth factor (K b ) or distribution factor (K d )

The distribution factor is always less than unity. Let no. of slots per pole = Q and no. of slots per pole per phase = q Induced emf in each coil side = E c The emf induced in different coils of one phase under one pole are represented by side AC, CD, DE, EF Which are equal in magnitude (say each equal E c ) and differ in phase (say by o) from each other. Angular displacement between the slots, =
180

E E C E D

E A /2 /2 /2 q

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Introduction to AC Machines

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If bisectors are drawn on AC, CD, DE, EF they would meet at common point (O). The point O would be the circum center of the circle having AC, CD, DE, EFas the chords and representing the emfs induced in the coils in different slots. EMF induced in each coil side, = = 2 sin = 2 sin & distribution factor, =
2

The resultant emf, = = 2 sin

2 = = 2 sin 2 2 sin

= 2 sin

Example. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slots, 4-pole, single layer 3phase winding. Solution: No. of slots per pole, =
180 36 4

Angular displacement between the slots, = Distribution factor, =

sin 2 sin 2

No. of slots per pole per phase, =

=9
9

sin

320 2 20 3 sin 2

180

1 sin 30 3 sin 10

= 20

= =3
3

= 0.96

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Example1. A 3-phase, 8-pole, 750 r.p.m. star-connected alternator has 72 slots on the armature. Each slot has 12 conductors and winding is short chorded by 2 slots. Find the induced emf between lines, given the flux per pole is 0.06 Wb. Solution: Flux per pole, = 0.06 4750 = = = 50 60 60 Number of conductors connected in series per phase, = =
1272 3

Number of turns per phase, = Number of slots per pole, =

= 288

72 8

Number of slots per pole per phase, =

=9

288 2
3

= 144
3 9

Angular displacement between the slots, = Distribution factor, =

sin 2 sin 2

= =3
180

Induced emf between lines, = 3 4.44 = 3 4.44 0.96 0.94 0.06 50 144 = 2998

Pitch factor, = cos

Chording angle, = 180 = 40

2

=
2 9

sin

320 2 20 3 sin 2

1 sin 30 3 sin 10

180 9

= 20

= 0.96

= cos

40 2

= cos 20 = 0.94

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Magnetomotive Force (mmf) of AC Windings M.m.f. of a coil the variation of magnetic potential difference along the air gap periphery is 1 of rectangular waveform and of magnitude 2 The amplitude of mmf wave varies with time, but not with space The air gap mmf wave is time-variant but space invariant The air gap mmf wave at any instant is rectangular

Mmf distribution along air-gap periphery

The fundamental component of rectangular wave is found to be 4 1 = cos = 1 cos 2 Where = electrical space angle measured from the magnetic axis of the stator coil
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For 2-pole machine For p-pole machine

When i=0 F 1p =0 i=I max =

Here F 1p , the peak value of the sine mmf wave for a 2-pole machine is given by 4 1 =
2

M.m.f of distributed windings The mmf distribution along the air gap periphery depends on the nature of slots, winding and the exciting current The effect of winding distribution has changed the shape of the mmf wave, from rectangular to stepped

1 =

1 =
4

2 2 2

Developed diagram and mmf wave of the machine (each coil has N c turns and each turn carries i amperes)

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Example: a 3-phase, 2-pole stator has double-layer full pitched winding with 5 slots per pole per phase. If each coil has N c turns and i is the conductor current, then sketch the mmf wave form produced by phase A alone.

A 3-phase, 2-pole stator with double-layer winding having 5 slots per pole per phase

For any closed path around slot 1, the total current enclosed is 2N c i ampere Magnetic potential difference across each gap is [ ] =

The mmf variation for slot 1 is from + to

The mmf variation from to + at the middle of slot 1

The mmf variation for coil 11 is of rectangular waveform with amplitude . similarly, the rectangular mmf waveforms of amplitude are sketched for the coils 22 , , 55

The combined mmf produced by 5 coils is obtained by adding the ordinates of the individual coil mmfs. The resultant mmf waveform consists of a series of steps each of height = (conductors per slot) (conductor current) The amplitude of the resultant mmf wave is .
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Mmf waveforms

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Introduction to AC Machines

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Harmonic Effect
The flux distribution along the air gaps of alternators usually is nonsinusoidal so that the emf in the individual armature conductor likewise is non-sinusoidal The sources of harmonics in the output voltage waveform are the nonsinusoidal waveform of the field flux. Fourier showed that any periodic wave may be expressed as the sum of a d-c component (zero frequency) and sine (or cosine) waves having fundamental and multiple or higher frequencies, the higher frequencies being called harmonics. The emf of a phase due to the fundamental component of the flux per pole is: 1 = 4.44 1 1

Where 1 = 1 . 1 is the winding factor. For the nth harmonic = 4.44

1

The nth harmonic and fundamental emf components are related by

The r.m.s. phase emf is:

1 1

All the odd harmonics (third, fifth, seventh, ninth, etc.) are present in the phase voltage to some extent and need to be dealt with in the design of ac machines. Because the resulting voltage waveform is symmetric about the center of the rotor flux, no even harmonics are present in the phase voltage. In Y- connected, the third-harmonic voltage between any two terminals will be zero. This result applies not only to third-harmonic components but also to any multiple of a third-harmonic component (such as the ninth harmonic). Such special harmonic frequencies are called triplen harmonics.

= 1 2 + 3 2 + + 2

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The pitch factor of the coil at the harmonic frequency can be expressed as

Elimination or Suppressed of Harmonics Field flux waveform can be made as much sinusoidal as possible by the following methods: 1. Small air gap at the pole centre and large air gap towards the pole ends 2. Skewing: skew the pole faces if possible 3. Distribution: distribution of the armature winding along the air-gap periphery 4. Chording: with coil-span less than pole pitch 5. Fractional slot winding 6. Alternator connections: star or delta connections of alternators suppress triplen harmonics from appearing across the lines For example, for a coil-span of two-thirds of a pole pitch 3 2 , = 180 = 120 ( ) 3 , = 180 = 180 120 = 60 60 1 = cos = cos = cos 30 = 0.866 2 2 360 rd For the 3 harmonic: 3 = cos = cos 90 = 0;
2
2

= cos

where n is the number of the harmonic

Thus all 3rd (and triplen) harmonics are eliminated from the coil and phase emf . The triplen harmonics in a 3-phase machine are normally eliminated
by the phase connection. Example: An 8-pole, 3-phase, 60o spread, double layer winding has 72 coils in 72 slots. The coils are short-pitched by two slots. Calculate the winding factor for the fundamental and third harmonic. Solution: No. of slots per pole, =
37
72 8

No. of slots per pole per phase, =

=9

= =3
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Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

180

Angular displacement between the slots, =

, = 180 = 180 140 = 40

For the fundamental component sin 2 sin 3 2 = = 0.96 , = sin 2 20 3 sin 2 40 , = cos = cos = 0.94 2 2 , = = 0.96 0.94 = 0.9

180 , = . ( 180 9 2) = = 140 9 20

180 9

= 20

For the third harmonic component (n=3) , 3 =

Example3: Calculate the r.m.s. value of the induced e.m.f. per phase of a 10-pole, 3-phase, 50Hz alternator with 2 slots per pole per phase and 4 conductors per slot in two layers. The coil span is 150o .the flux per pole has a fundamental component of 0.12Wb and a third harmonic component. Solution: No. of slots/pole/phase, = 2 No. of slots/pole, = = 2 3 = 6 No. of slots/phase =2 = 10 2 = 20 No. of conductors connected in series, = 20 4 = 80 80 No. of series turns/phase, = = = 40
38
2 2

sin 2 sin 2 = = 0.666 sin 2 3 20 3 sin 2 3 3 40 = cos = 0.5 , 3 = cos 2 2 , 3 = 3 3 = 0.666 0.5 = 0.333

3 3 20

Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

180

Angular displacement between adjacent slots, = , =

Induced emf per phase (fundamental component), 1 = 4.44 = 4.44 0.966 0.966 0.12 50 40 = 994.4 For third harmonic component of flux , 3 =

sin 2 sin 2 = = 0.966 sin 2 30 2 sin 2 (180 150 ) , = cos = cos = cos 15 = 0.966 2 2

2 30

180 6

= 30

Induced emf per phase (third harmonic component)

sin 2 sin 2 = = 0.707 sin 2 3 30 3 sin 2 (180 150 ) , 3 = cos 3 = cos 45 = 0.707 2 , 3 = 3 = 3 50 = 150 1 20 Flux per pole, 3 = 0.12 = 0.008
3 100

2 3 30

Induced emf per phase,

3 = 4.44 3 3 3 3 = 4.44 0.707 0.707 0.008 150 40 = 106.56

= 1 2 + 3 2 = (994.4)2 + (106.56)2 = 1000

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Introduction to AC Machines

Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl

H.W
1. Three-phase voltages are applied to the three windings of an electrical machine. If any two supply terminals are interchanged, show that the direction of rotating mmf wave is reversed,through its amplitude remains unaltered.

2. A 3-phase 4-pole alternator has a winding with 8 conductors per slot. The armature has a total of 36 slots. Calculate the distribution factor. What is the induced voltage per phase when the alternator is driven at 1800 RPM, with flux of 0.041 Wb in each pole? (Answer. 0.96, 503.197 Volts/phase) 3. A 10 MVA ,11 KV,50 Hz ,3-phase star-connected alternator s driven at 300 RPM. The winding is housed in 360 slots and has 6 conductors per slot, the coils spanning (5/6) of a pole pitch. Calculate the sinusoidally distributed flux per pole required to give a line voltage of 11 kV on open circuit, and the fullload current per conductor. (Answer. 0.086 weber , 524.864 Amps)

4. A three phase four pole winding is excited by balanced three phase 50 Hz currents. Although the winding distribution has been designed to minimize the harmonics, there remains some third and fifth spatial harmonics. Thus the phase A mmf can be written as

Similar expressions can be written for phase B (replacing by -120o and t by t120o) and phase C (replacing by +120o and t by t+120o). Derive the expression for the total three phase mmf, and show that the fundamental and the 5th harmonic components are rotating

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