6 Kingdoms of Life

SOL BIO: 5 a-f

The student will investigate and understand life functions of archaebacteria, monerans (eubacteria), protists, fungi, plants, and animals including humans. Key concepts include:
how their structures and functions vary between and within the kingdoms; comparison of their metabolic activities; analyses of their responses to the environment; maintenance of homeostasis; human health issues, human anatomy, body systems, and life functions; and how viruses compare with organisms.

 As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

 The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:

1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic) 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Bacteria!
DO NOT HAVE:
An organized nucleus Structured organelles

Prokaryotes Typical Bacteria

Basic Structure DNA strands floating in
synthesis sites

cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids

Ribosomes- RNA/protein

Cytoplasm-water based Cell membrane & Wall

Eukaryotes
DO HAVE: Nucleus organized with a membrane other organelles

2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism cells start to specialize/differentiate

 Unicellular

Multicellular

3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions

Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food

Autotroph or Producer Make their own food Heterotroph or Consumer

Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers those that eat dead matter!

There used to be only 5 kingdoms

1. Moneran 2. 3. 4. 5. Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

This kingdom has now been divided into 2 archaebacteria & eubacteria

6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Eubacteria Protista Fungi Eukaryotes Plantae Animalia

Kingdom

Cell Type

Cell #

Feeding Type

Cell Wall Yes Yes

Archaebacteria
Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae

Prokaryote
Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Unicellular
Unicellular Most Unicellular both Multicellular

Autotroph
Both Both Heterotroph Autotroph

Yes & NO
Yes Yes NO

Animalia

Eukaryote

Multicellular

Heterotroph

Archaebacteria
Ancient bacteria Live in very harsh environments extremophiles

Eubacteria
It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

Bacterial Shapes
Bacteria come in 3 main shapes
Rod or Stick (bacilli) Sphere (cocci) Helical or spiral (borrelia)

Bacterial Locomotion
Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

Bacterial Nutrition
Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize

Some bacteria are heterotrophs

Protists
Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

Protista Kingdom
There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists Some are beneficial Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

Disease
Amebic dysentery
Giardaisis (beaver fever) African Sleeping Sickness Malaria

Protist
Ameba histolytica
Giardia
Trypanosoma

Vector (carrier)
water
water Tse tse fly

Symptoms
diarrhea
diarrhea, vomiting uncontrolled sleepiness, confusion fever, chills, death

Details
can get from tap water in some places
don't drink water from streams Only found in isolated areas lives in blood
can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year

Plasmodium

Anopheles mosquito

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma

cats

fetal death or brain damage

pregnant women should avoid cat litter

Protists Disease
Amebic dysentery
Ameba histolytica

Protists Disease
Giardiasis (beaver fever)
Giardia

Protists Disease
African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma

Protists Disease
Malaria

Plasmodium

Protists Disease
Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma

Protists Locomotion
3 types of movement: Pseudopod (false foot) Flagella/cilia Contractile vacuoles

Protists Nutrition
Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

Fungi Kingdom
The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

 All fungi are eukaryotic They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall

Fungi
Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

Fungi
Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

Penicillin

Fungi
Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

 Ringworm

Fungi

Fungi Locomotion
Fungi are stationary

They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

Fungi Nutrition
All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their nutrients
from dead organic matter -

Mutualists live symbiotically Parasites absorb from a host,

eventually killing the host

There are 4 main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) 1. Zygospore (Zygosporangia)
common bread molds
reproduce by sporesasexual reproduction!

There are 4 main types of Fungi

2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes)

Mushrooms & puffballs

- Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual (coming from mitosis) and some are sex spores (coming from meiosis)

There are 4 main types of Fungi 3. Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes)

Yeast reproduce by budding = asexual method

There are 4 main types of Fungi

4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes)

Pharmaceutically important!
-Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted

COMMERCIALLY important! -Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! -Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

Plant Kingdom
All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and they are autotrophs

 4 important plant groups are the:

Mosses (Bryophytes)
Non-vascular

Ferns (Pteridophytes)

Vascular
Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

 Nonvascular Plants - Mosses

the simplest of all land dwelling plants lack an internal means for water transportation do not produce seeds or flowers
fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.

lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their stems and so are usually relatively short

 Mosses

 Liverworts & Hornworts

 Vascular Plants Internal transportation System Xylem water carrying tubes Phloem sugar carrying tissues enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.

Produce Seeds protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

Gymnosperms
Conifers (pine cones)

Oldest vascular plants

Angiosperms - flowering plants

Animalia Kingdom
All animals are:
-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kgdm

Body Symmetry
1. Asymmetrical

Asymmetrical animals (sponges) have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves.

2. Radial Symmetry Animals (such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

3. Bilateral Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish) have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

2nd Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics

Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

 Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class Order Family Genus species

Major phylums of animals are

 Porifera: sponges

 Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

 Nematocyst

Another Cnidarian the Hydra

Hydra can reproduce asexually by budding A bud is a CLONE of its parent

 Mollusks
Octopi, squid

 Mollusks
Clams, oysters

 Mollusks
Snails, slugs

 Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria

Human liver fluke

Flatworms PLANARIA
Hermaphrodites
fertilize their own sex cells internally zygotes are released into water to hatch

Planaria capable of regeneration

being studied to understand stem cells ability to differentiate.

 Annelids (segmented worms)

Worms & leeches

 Echinoderms
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

 Arthropods
Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

 Phylum: Chordates
The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar

Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone)

Bilateral symmetry Endoskeletons Closed circulatory systems Nervous systems with complex brains Efficient respiratory systems

 Phylum: Chordates

Viruses
Viruses do not share many of the characteristics of living organisms.

HIV Virus

Viruses
Viruses can reproduce only inside a living cell, the host cell.

Viruses
The viral reproductive process includes the following steps: 1. A virus must insert its genetic material into the host cell. 2. The viral genetic material takes control of the host cell and uses it to produce viruses. 3. The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell.

Virus Vectors
Viruses are transmitted through vectors, such as: Airborne
Influenza Common cold

Virus Vectors
Contaminated food or water
Hepatitis

Virus Vectors
Infected animal bite
West Nile Rabies Avian influenza (bird flu) Ebola

Virus Vectors
Sexual contact
HIV Herpes

Virus Vectors
Contaminated blood products or needles
HIV Hepatitis

Virus Treatment
Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics. There are some anti-viral drugs available. You generally have to wait for the virus to run its course and let your immune system fight it off.