Sunlixh sto MATLAB

Epimleia: Kafentzc Girgoc Upoy. Didktwr Tmhm. H/U Panepistmio Krthc 22-03-2013

Eisagwg

9iqoume suzhtsei th sunlixh suneqo qrnou sth jewrD kj ki se skseiF e dome se ut ti shmeisei to pw sqedizoume ki epieinoume t potelsmt sto MATLABF prqoun merik shme pou qreizonti prosoq son for thn nprstsh shmtwn suneqo qrnou se n perillon dikrito qronouD opw to MATLABD ki ut j xedilnoume se ut ti shmeiseiF penjumzeti ti h sunlixh eni mi prxh pou sqetizei thn esodo en sustmtoD x(t)D me thn kroustik pkrish tou sustmtoD h(t)D ki thn xodo y (t)D ki dneti p th sqsh

y (t) = x(t) h(t) =

x( )h(t )d

@IA

Smata suneqoc qrnou - Sqedash kai Sunlixh

x(t) = cos(t/2), 5 t 5
ki

@PA @QA

h(t) = 2rect(t/2)

pou Arect(t/T ) eni n summetrik tetrgwnik prjuro me plto A ki dirkei T D p T /2 w T /2 secF 9er to sm 2rect(t/2) eni en summetrik tetrgwnik prjuro me dirkei 2 sec @p 1 w 1 secA ki plto 2F tumste ti to MATLAB ngnwrzei le ti metlht tou w pnkeF ypte ol t dedomn pou j eisgoume j eni morf pinkwnD ki sugkekrimnD dinusmtwn @pinkwn N x1 1xN AF rktw dneti kdik gi th sqedsh twn shmtwn sto MATLABX

ts = 0.01; tx = -5:ts:5; x = cos(pi * tx/ 2); th = -2:ts:2; h = 2*rectpuls(th/2); plot(tx, x, th, h);

% % % % % %

Sampling step Time vector for x(t) x(t) Time vector for h(t) h(t) Plot the result 1

xlabel(Time (sec)); ylabel(Amplitude); title(Signals of Example 1); legend(Cosine, Rectangular);

% % % %

Make Make Make Make

plot plot plot plot

pretty pretty pretty pretty

:-) :-) :-) :-)

Signals of Example 1 2 Cosine Rectangular 1.5

1 Amplitude

0.5

0.5

1 5

0 Time (sec)

qm IX mt rdeigmto 1 werik prthrsei ston prpnw kdikFFF @A r prth grmm m kjorzei to pso suqn prnoume degmt p to suneq smD gi n to nprstsoume sto MATLABF 9ypw gnwrizeteD n sm suneqo qrnou orzeti kje qronik stigmD oi opoe eini peire to pljoD km ki se n kleisto disthm pw pFqF to [0, 1]F rofn den mporome n nprsthsoume le ut ti timF repei n dilxoume kpoieF idD sthn prth grmm epilgoume to m me to opoo j prnoume tim p t smt mF o hm ed eini 0.01 secD to opoo sthn perptwsh m eni rket to m ut exrtti p to suqnotik perieqmeno twn shmtwnD pw j dete pro to telo tou mjmtoF @A th deuterh ki ttrth grmmD orzoume t ped orismo twn shmtwnF o th den eini ngkh n eini diforetik p to txD mw to tx de j mporose n eni dio me to thD giti to x(t) orzeti sto [5, 5]F ipshD to h(t) qei dirkei p 1 w 1D opte h epilog tou distmto [2, 2] m dnei merik mhdenik ektrwjen tou plmoF @gA t mporosme n prosjsoume merik epiplon mhdenik ektrwjen ki sto x(t) ste n proseggizei km perissotero to prgmtik smF e loume 10 deuterolept ektrwjenF eut j gintn kpw etsiX

ts = 0.01; % tx = -5:ts:5; % x = cos(pi * tx/ 2); % x_new = [zeros(1,length(tx)-1) x zeros(1,length(tx)-1)]; % tx_new = -15:ts:15; % 2

Sampling step Time vector for x(t) x(t) Enhanced x(t) New time vector for x(t)

plot(tx_new, x_new, th, h); xlabel(Time (sec)); ylabel(Amplitude); title(Signals of Example 1); legend(Cosine, Rectangular);
rxte ton prpnw kdik gi n dete to potlesmF XEA

% % % % %

Plot Make Make Make Make

the result plot pretty plot pretty plot pretty plot pretty

:-) :-) :-) :-)

@dA r sunrthsh rectpuls() ulopoie nn tetrgwnik plm dirkei 1 deuterolptou ki plE tou 1D sto orismExon pou tou dnetiF r klsh pou knoume edD 2*rectpuls(th/2)D ftiqnei n tetrgwnik prjuro dirkei 2 deuterolptwnD ki pltou 2F @eA yi teleutie 4 grmm pl dnoun mi perissoterh sfnei sth grfik m prstshF whn ti prmeleteD den eni mno gi isjhtiko lgouF XEA e pome oti jloume n knoume sunlixh utn twn duo shmtwnF o oloklrwm th sunlixh dineti w

y (t) = x(t) h(t) =

x( )h(t )d

@RA

r sunlixh ulopoieti sto MATLAB me th sunrthsh convF r sunrthsh ut mw ulopoie th sunlixh gi smt dikrito qrnouF r sqsh @RA mw eni sqsh suneqo qrnouF t prpei n th mettreyoume se mi kpw pio olikD dikrit morfD ste n qrhsimopoisoume thn toimh sunrthsh pou m dinei to MATLABF wporei n deiqje oti h sqsh @RA mporei n proseggiste p th sqsh
k

y (kT ) = x(kT ) h(kT ) = T

x(iT )h((k i)T )

@SA

pou kT eni krie qronik stigm n T deuterlept @ousistikD T = ts ston kdikAF r sunrthsh conv ulopoie kri to jroism pou fineti prpnw @qwr th stjer T AF 9er h sunlixh twn duo shmtwn j dineti p ton kdik prktwX

ty = -7:ts:7;

% % y = ts*conv(x,h); % plot(tx, x, th, h, ty, y); % xlabel(Time (sec)); % ylabel(Amplitude); % title(Signals of Example 1); % legend(Cosine, Rectangular, Convolution); %

Convolution time vector [tx1+th1, tx2+th2] Convolution approximation Plot the result Make plot pretty :-) Make plot pretty :-) Make plot pretty :-) Make plot pretty :-)

o potlesm fineti sto sqm PF rosxte oti t kr tou tetrgwniko prjrou @met thn nklsh ki mettopish pou qei uposteD opw qoume dei sth jewriA eni t t 1, t + 1D rister ki dexiD ntstoiqF e lsoume jewrhtik th sunlixhD n dome n sumpptoun t sqmtF t qoume pnte periptE seiD oi opoe fnonti sto sqm QF

rth perptwshX t + 1 < 5 t < 6, y (t) = 0

@TA

Signals of Example 1 3 Cosine Rectangular Convolution

1 Amplitude

3 8

0 Time (sec)

qm PX mt ki unlixh rdeigmto 1

heuterh periptwshX 5 t + 1 t 6 ki t 1 5 t 4 6 t < 4, t+1 t+1 2 y (t) = 2 cos( /2)d = 2 sin( /2) 5 5 4 4 (sin( (t + 1)/2) sin(5/2)) = (sin(t/2 + /2) + 1) = 4 (cos(t/2) + 1) = rth perptwshX 5 t 1 t 4 ki t + 1 5 t 4 4 t 4, t+1 t+1 4 y (t) = 2 cos( /2)d = sin( /2) t1 t1 4 4 = (sin( (t + 1)/2) sin( (t 1)/2) = (cos(t/2) + cos(t/2)) 8 = cos(t/2) trth periptwshX t + 1 > 5 t > 4 ki t 1 5 t 6 4 < t 6 5 5 4 y (t) = 2 cos( /2)d = sin( /2) t1 t1 4 4 = (sin(5/2) sin( (t 1)/2)) = (sin(5/2) sin( (t 1)/2)) 4 = (1 + cos(t/2))
R

@UA

@VA

@WA

Case 1 2 0 2 10 2 0 2 10 2 0 2 10 2 0 2 10 2 0 2 10

0 Case 2

10

0 Case 3

10

0 Case 4

10

0 Case 5

10

10

qm QX eriptsei unlixh rdeigmto 1

mpth periptwshX t 1 > 5 t > 6, y (t) = 0

@IHA

0, 4 (cos(t/2) + 1), 8 y (t) = cos(t/2), 4 (cos(t/2) + 1), 0,

t < 6, 6 t < 4, 4 t 4, 4<t6 t>6

@IIA

e sqedisoume ut to sm sto MATLABF hete to sqm RF y kdik pou prgei to sqm R dneti prktwX

t2 = -6:ts:-4; x2 = (4/pi)*(cos(pi*t2/2) + 1); t3 = -4:ts:4; x3 = (8/pi)*(cos(pi*t3/2)); t4 = 4:ts:6; x4 = (4/pi)*(cos(pi*t4/2) + 1); t_zero1 = -7:ts:-6;

% % % % % % % 5

Case Case Case Case Case Case Zero

2 time vector 2 signal 3 time vector 3 signal 4 time vector 4 signal time vector: case 1

Convolution by hand 3

1 Amplitude

1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Zero Case1 Zero Case5 6 4 2 0 2 Time (sec) 4 6 8

3 8

qm RX unlixh rdeigmto 1 E tewrhtik potlesm

t_zero2 = 6:ts:7; % Zero time vector: case 5 x_zero1 = zeros(1, length(t_zero1)); % Zero signal for case 1 x_zero2 = zeros(1, length(t_zero2)); % Zero signal for case 5 plot(t2, x2, t3, x3, t4, x4, t_zero1, x_zero1, t_zero2, x_zero2); xlabel(Time (sec)); ylabel(Amplitude); title(Convolution by hand); legend(Case2, Case3, Case4, Zero Case1, Zero Case5);
rthrste oti to jewrhtik potlesm tou sqmto R ki to potlesm th sunrthsh conv tou sqmto P eni diF XEA PF 9istw ti qoume duo shmt suneqo qrnouD t

x(t) = u(t)
ki

@IPA @IQA

h(t) = 2u(t 2)

pou u(t) eni h gnwsth s hmtik sunrthshF rofnD t smt ut eni peir sto qrnoD opte de gneti n t nprstsoume me krei sto MATLABF t nprstjon meqri n sugkekrimno qronik shmeo th epilog mF e sqedisoume ut t shmt sto MATLAB w eqounX

ts = 0.01; tx = -5:ts:10; x = heaviside(tx); th = -5:ts:10;

% Up to 10 seconds % x(t) = u(t) % Up to 10 seconds again 6

h = 2*heaviside(th - 2); plot(tx, x, th, h); xlabel(Time (sec)); ylabel(Amplitude); title(Signals of Example 2); axis([-5 10 0 3]);

% h(t) = 2u(t-2) % Plot

% Rescale the axis of the figure (prettier graph :-P)

r sunrthsh heaviside() ulopoie mi hmtik sunrthshD nlog me to orism pou th dnetiF r sunrthsh axis prosrmzei t ori twn xnwn sto sqmF to sqm S fneti to potlesm tou prpnw kdikF rD h sunlixh twn duo utn shmtwn j dineti w
Signals of Example 2 3

2.5

2 Amplitude

1.5

0.5

0 5

0 Time (sec)

10

qm SX mt rdeigmto 2

ty = -10:ts:10; % Time vector for y(t) y = ts*conv(x,h); % Convolution (size [-10,20]) y = y(1:length(ty)); % Keep only meaningful result ([-10,10]) plot(tx, x, th, h, ty, y); % Plot xlabel(Time (sec)); ylabel(Amplitude); title(Signals of Example 2); legend(u(t), 2u(t-2), Convolution);
o potlesm fneti sto sqm TF rosxte ston prpnw kdik to exX to dinusm pou ntiproswpeei ton xon tou qrnouD ty D gi th sunlixhD y (t)D den upkoei ston knn pou gnwrizete ki pou edme ki sto prohgomeno prdeigmF oin knnc eutn pou lei oti n pepersmnh dirkei shm x(t)D pou eini mh mhdenik sto [a, b]D otn sunelsseti @koultor XEA A me n llo pepersmnh dirkei sm h(t)D pou eini mh mhdenik sto [c, d]D tte to potlesm tou @h sunlixh dhldhA eini mh mhdenik sto [a + c, b + d]F idD orsme ki t duo smt m sto [5, 10]D pr9 olo pou den eni pepersmn jewrhtikD opw epmeF ent mw n proume w xon qronou ty gi th sunlixh to [10, 20]D prme to [10, 10]3 qitc r pnthsh eni ti se ttoie periptseiD pou npristome peir E jewrhtik E smt sto MATLABD prepei n U

Signals of Example 2 16 14 12 10 Amplitude 8 6 4 2 0 10 u(t) 2u(t2) Convolution

0 Time (sec)

10

qm TX mt ki unlixh rdeigmto 2 elgqoumeGgnwrzoume mqri poi qronik shmeo t potelsmt m qoun nhm @sumpptoun dhld me ut th jewrAF in prokeimnwD xroume ti met th qronik stigm 10 secD to shm m jewreti @p to MATLABA ti mhdenzetiD prgm pou de sumnei sth jewrF ypte Dti potlesm prnoume met p to 10o deuterleptoD den qei nhm3 tewrome ti h grfik prstsh th sunlixh to 10o deuterlepto suneqzeti ep9 peiron sto moto pou eqe w ekenh th qronik stigm @sto prdeigm mD h euje suneqzei n nenei w to peiroAF rosxte oti h grmm

y = y(1:length(ty));

% Keep only meaningful result ([-10,10])

pojhkeei sto dinusm y t stoiqei tou dinsmto y p to 1o w ton rijm pou isoti me to mko tou xon ty pou qoume epilxeiF r sunrthsh length() m epistrfei to mko en dinsmto @dhlF ps stoiqe periqeiAF ipeid h sunrthsh conv() m epistrefei thn plrh sunlixhD jewrnt ti t shmt m mhdenzonti met to 10o deuterleptoD prpei eme n krtsoume t stoiqe tou y pou qoun nhmF eut knoume sthn prpnw grmmF e lsoume th sunlixh nlutikD n dome n sumpptoun t potelsmt mF t eini

y (t) = x(t) h(t) =

x( )h(t )d =

2u( )u(t 2)d

@IRA

9ymw prthrome oti

u(t 2) =
ki

1, t 2 0 t 2, 0, llo 1, 0, 0, llo 2, 0 t 2, 0, llo

@ISA

u( ) =
ypteD p koinoD

@ITA

2u( )u(t 2) =
V

@IUA

9er to oloklrwm m gneti

y (t) = = 2

2u( )u(t 2)d =

2d
@IVA

= 2(t 2) = 2t 4, gi t 2.

rofnD gi t < 2D y (t) = 0F idte oti kpoie forD den eni prithto n diqwrzoume periptsei me sqmt gi th sunlixhD n ki siwphl knme kti ttoio me mjhmtikF cEA ipieiste esei @exskhsh3A ti knont th grfik lsh th sunlixh pou qete dei sto mjhm ki sto frontistrioD pirnoume to dio potlesmF wporeite n dete D tloD oti to potlesm m eini to dio me ut pou m dwse h conv() @h 2t 4 pernei p t shme (2, 0), (10, 16) pou pern ki h euje tou sqmto TAF

Kleinontac

rofn h prpnw didiks sqediashc shmtwn mporei ekol n epektje gi smt dikrito qrnouF e uthn thn periptwshD o xon tou qrnou perilmnei mno krie timD en h sunrthsh conv() qrhsimopoieti qwr klimkwsh me ts @llwste to ts st dikrito qrnou smt eni pnt mondAF qi prdeigmD o prktw kdik sqedizei to sunhmtono tou prdeigmto 1X

nx = -5:5; x = cos(pi * nx/ 2); stem(nx, x); xlabel(Time (samples)); ylabel(Amplitude); title(Signal of Example 1); legend(Discrete Cosine);

% % % % % % %

Discrete time vector for x[n] (step = 1 sample) x[n] Plot the result (stem is for discrete time signals) Make plot pretty :-) Make plot pretty :-) Make plot pretty :-) Make plot pretty :-)

rxte toD dete to potlesmD sqediste to sto qrtD ki epieiste oti eni swsto3 cEA