RADIOACTIVITY

Combined Science 5129

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What Comes To Mind ... Radiation

DANGER

$%*!!
Nuclear Bombs!!!

... with the word Radioactivity

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BOMBING OF JAPAN

WORLD WAR II, 1945

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NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
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Radioactive materials were released to the environment due to technical malfunction and human error from Nuclear Power Plant.

THREE MILE ISLAND, NEW YORK, 1979

NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
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Explosion & fire at the nuclear power plant released radioactive particles to the environment and spread throughout Europe.

CHERNOBYL, 1986

SCENES FROM CHERNOBLY

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THE AREA IS STILL HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE AFTER 27 YEARS!

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NUCLEAR DISASTER
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A series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.

FUKUSHIMA, JAPAN, 2011

Cosmic Rays Granite Radon Gas Potassium-40

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SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

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SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

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Fall-out from Nuclear Bombs

Nuclear Power Stations

Radioisotopes in medical procedures

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

YOU
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DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

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Henri Becquerel
( 1852 - 1908 )

Discover spontaneous radioactivity while working with uranium salts in 1896.

The unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq)

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DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

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Becquerel crater on the Moon

Becquerel crater on Mars

DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

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Marie Curie
( 1867 - 1934 )

Introduced the term Radioactivity

Formulated a theory of radioactivity, pioneered techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and discovered two new elements, polonium and radium.

The international standard for radioactive emission - the curie (Ci)

Discovered the radioactive elements Radium and Polonium

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DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

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Radioactive elements in the Periodic Table

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Geiger-Muller Tube

Cloud Chamber Charged Electroscope

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DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

DETECTORS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Photographic Films Radiation Badges

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Unstable nucleus breaks up, releases tiny particles and waves of energy

Nuclear radiation comes from the centre of unstable atoms.

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ORIGINS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Alpha Radiation

Three Types of Nuclear Radiation

Beta Radiation

Gamma Radiation

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TYPES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Thinner, wavy tracks Straight, thick tracks

Beta Radiation

Alpha Radiation

Gamma Radiation
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Short, irregular, thin tracks

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IDENTIFICATION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION USING CLOUD CHAMBER TRACKS

2 protons and 2 neutrons

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays

Same structure as Helium nucleus

High energy, fast-moving electron

High energy, short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation

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NATURE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

+2 charge

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays

Very strongly ionising

-1 charge Less ionising than alpha particle, more ionising than gamma rays 0 charge Least ionising

Ionising strength tell us whether a particle has the ability to change other substances into ions. Higher charge, Strongly Ionising
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IONISING STRENGTH OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays

Very Weak, Least penetrating radiation

More penetrating than alpha, less penetrating than gamma

Strong, Most penetrating radiation

Penetrating power tell us whether a particle has the ability to go through other substances

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PENETRATING POWER OF NUCLEAR RADIATION

STOPPING NUCLEAR RADIATION

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Alpha Radiation
Few cm of air Thin paper Human skin

Beta Radiation
5 mm Aluminium

Gamma Radiation
Thick lead and few metres of concrete

NUCLEAR RADIATION HAZARDS

Alpha Particle Beta Particle Unstable Nucleus Gamma Rays
Very hazardous if taken orally / injected into the body
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Dangerous, Can penetrate through human skin

Most dangerous, Can penetrate through deep body tissues

Radiation Burns

Leukemia, Cancer, Cell Mutation

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LOW LEVEL EXPOSURE Delayed Effects Immediate Effects

NUCLEAR RADIATION HAZARDS

NUCLEAR RADIATION HAZARDS

Immediate Death
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HIGH LEVEL EXPOSURE

USES OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

Tracer
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USES OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

Radiotherapy Archaeology
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USES OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

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Surgical Tools

Food

Thickness Gauge

Sterilization

Using Radioactive Materials

Use tweezers for weak radioactive sources Use remote control equipment for strong & dangerous radioactive sources

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HANDLING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Using Radioactive Materials

Wear special protective clothing & film badges

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HANDLING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Storing Radioactive Materials

Radiation Symbol Displayed & containers labelled Radioactive Source

Keep in lead containers with walls few cm thick.

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HANDLING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Disposal of Radioactive Materials

Deep in underground/ underwater vaults lined with thick lead-cement walls

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HANDLING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Alpha Decay Decay Beta Decay Gamma Decay
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Three Types of Nuclear Reactions

Fission

Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear Bombs

Fusion

Formation of Stars & Galaxy Formation of Elements Future Nuclear Power Plants

NUCLEAR DECAY
The breakdown of radioactive unstable nuclei to form stable nuclei of other elements by emitting alpha particles or beta particles.
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY

It is a random process, spontaneous and cannot be controlled.

NUCLEAR DECAY
The average time taken for half the number of atoms in any given sample of a radioactive element to decay.
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HALF-LIFE

The half-life of a sample radioactive isotope can be determined from its decay curve.

First, nd the original value for the activity

Average number of decay per second

Becquerel (Bq)

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HALF-LIFE & DECAY CURVE

NUCLEAR DECAY

Second, nd half of the original value for the activity

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HALF-LIFE & DECAY CURVE

NUCLEAR DECAY

Thirdly, nd the time taken for half of the original value for the activity to happen. This value is the half life of the radioactive sample.

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HALF-LIFE & DECAY CURVE

NUCLEAR DECAY

The half life of a radioactive sample is the same throughout its decay process.

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HALF-LIFE & DECAY CURVE

NUCLEAR DECAY

Alpha Decay

Three Types of Nuclear Decay

Beta Decay

Gamma Emission

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RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQUATION

NUCLEAR DECAY

Alpha Decay
When an atom decays by alpha emission, its nucleon number A decreases by 4 and its proton number Z decreases by 2
A

Z Parent nucleus

A-4

Z-2 Daughter nucleus

Y +

2 Alpha particle

He

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RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQUATION

NUCLEAR DECAY

Beta Decay
When an atom decays by beta emission, its nucleon number A remains the same but its proton number Z increases by 1
A

Z Parent nucleus

Z+1 Daughter nucleus

Y +

0 -1

Beta particle

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RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQUATION

NUCLEAR DECAY

Gamma Emission
When an atom decays by gamma emission, it has no effect on both its nucleon number A and its proton number Z.
A

Z Parent nucleus

Z Daughter nucleus

X +

Gamma rays

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RADIOACTIVE DECAY EQUATION

NUCLEAR DECAY