IntroductiontoDatabases
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
SQLServerDatabasesTutorial
Introduction: Thistutorialwillhelpthestudentsapplythetheorytheylearninthelecturesusingoneof themostspreadRDBMSwhichisMicroso 'sSQLServer.I'musingthe2012RC0versionof SQLServer. Prerequisites: YouneedtoinstallSQLServer2012Expressedi onwhichisthedatabaseengine(Themost importantpart)andalsoSQLservermanagementstudiowhichisthegraphicalinterfacethat [Link] undertheselinks: Underthislinkyouhavetoselect"expresswithtools"fromthe"selectaproduct"drop [Link]"SQLServer managementstudio"anddownloadit. [Link] .com/betaexperience/pd/SQLEXPCTAV2/enus/[Link] [Link],chooseanyone wordnameandchoosewindowsauthentificationsothatyouwillnotneedtochoosea password,whenyouareconnectedtowindows,sqlserverconsidersyouaretherightuser. Thismakesthingsmuchsimplerforthebeginner. HumanResourcesDatabase: [Link] theleftpanerightclickondatabasesthenclickon"newdatabase".Thenclickonthenew databaseyoujustcreatedthenrightclickon"tables"anclickon"newtable".Thendefine [Link]. Todefineaprimarykey,youneedtoselectthefieldandclickontheyellowkeybuttonthat [Link] fieldstogether(byholdingthecntlkeypushed)thenclickontheyellowkey. Nowyouneedtocreaterelationshipsbetweeneachprimarykeywithitscorresponding [Link],[Link] diagramsthen"newdatabasediagram".Whenitopensrightclickonthemiddleofthe emptydiagramandclickon"addtable".Selectallthetablesyoucreated,theywillbeadded [Link] ontheidDepfieldintheEmployeetable,[Link] otherrelationships.
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
Employee
idEmployee name firstname address phone idDep
PreparedbySkanderTurki
Department
idDepartment department
2december2011
Assignment
idEmployee idProject
Project
idProject projectName description
PARTI:SimpleQueries QueryExamples: 1Firstqueries:PopulatetheDepartmenttablewithsomedata: >InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(1,'HumanResources');
InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(2,'Accounting'); InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(3,'Marketing'); Select*fromDepartment;
Result: idDepartment department 1 2 3 HumanResources Accounting Marketing
2Secondqueries:PopulatetheEmployeetablewithsomedata:
InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep) Values(1,'RTY','Salah','AlAqiq','12345678',NULL); InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep) Values(2,'UIO','Mounir','AlHawiyya','2548789',NULL); InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep) Values(3,'FDG','Qassim','AlTaif','4523698',NULL); InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep) Values(4,'SDQ','Hafidh','AlAziziyya','9874632',NULL); Select*fromEmployee;
Result: idEmployee 1 Page name firstname addressphone idDep
RTYSalah AlAqiq 12345678NULL TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases 2 3 4
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
UIOMounir AlHawiyya2548789 NULL FDGQassim AlTaif 4523698 NULL SDQHafidh AlAziziyya9874632 NULL
3Updateemployeeswiththedepartmentnumber:
UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=3whereidEmployee=1; UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=1whereidEmployee=2; UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=2whereidEmployee=3; UpdateEmployeeSetidDep=3whereidEmployee=4; Select*fromemployee;
Result:
idEmployee 1 2 3 4 name firstname address phone idDep RTYSalahAlAqiq 123456783 UIOMounirAlHawiyya25487891 FDGQassimAlTaif 4523698 2 SDQHafidhAlAziziyya98746323
4Selectqueries: a Whoaretheemployeeswhichfirstnamescontainan'a'?
Select*fromEmployeewherefirstnameLIKE'%a%'; Result:
idEmployee 1 3 4
name firstname addressphoneidDep RTY Salah AlAqiq 12345678 3 FDG Qassim AlTaif 4523698 2 SDQ Hafidh AlAziziyya9874632 3
b Whichemployeeshaveanamethatstartswitha'Q'andcontainsan's'inthethird position?
Select*fromEmployeewherefirstnameLIKE'Q_s%'; Result: idEmployee name firstname addressphone idDep 3 FDGQassimAlTaif4523698 2
c Whichemployeeslivein'AlHawiyya'?
Select*fromEmployeewhereaddressLIKE'%AlHawiyya%'; Or Select*fromEmployeewhereaddressLIKE'%AlHAwiYYA%'; Result: idEmployee name firstname address phone idDep 2 UIOMounirAlHawiyya 25487892 NoticethatinSQLServerusingupperorlowercasecharactersdoesn't makeadifference.
4Usingmorethanatableinqueries:JOINqueries a Weneedtoknowforeachemployee,thenameofthedepatmentheworksin: Westartbyusingasimplecartesianjoinwithoutanyfiltering(nowhereclause):
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1,DepartmentAST2;
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
[Link]'tnecessarilymean [Link] clausethatwillonlytakeintoaccounttherecordswhereidDep=idDepartment:
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1,DepartmentAST2 [Link]=[Link];
Result:
NowweusetheINNERJoin: >Select*fromEmployeeAsT1InnerjoinDepartmentAST2
[Link]=[Link];
Result:
UsingtheOuterJoin: Let'saddtwoemployeeswithoutassigningthemtoanydepartment:
InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep) Values(10,'TJIG','Mondhir','Makka','456786',NULL); InsertIntoEmployee(idEmployee,name,firstname,address,phone,idDep) Values(11,'FHTJ','Sabir','Riyadh','1354968',NULL);
Nowlet'saddadepartmentthatwillnothaveanyemployeeassignedtoit:
InsertIntoDepartment(idDepartment,department)Values(4,'Researchand Development');
Let'sseethedifferencebetweentheINNERandtheOUTERjoins:
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1InnerjoinDepartmentAST2 [Link]=[Link];
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
Ifweusealeftouterjoin:
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1LeftOuterjoinDepartmentAST2 [Link]=[Link];
Nowarightouterjoin:
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1RightOuterjoinDepartmentAST2 [Link]=[Link];
AndnowaFullOuterJoin:
Select*fromEmployeeAsT1FullouterjoinDepartmentAST2 [Link]=[Link];
PARTII:Transactions
Nowwewillseehowwecanexecuteagroupofqueriesinanatomicway:Whichmeansallthegroupofquerieswilleitherbe [Link] [Link],thestateofthedatabasebetweentheexecutionoftwosuccessivequeries [Link] follows: Begintransac onT1 Query_1 Query_n
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
Committransac onT1;
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
[Link] sequenceofqueries. NowbeforetestingthesefeaturesofSQL,weneedtoknowabouttheTRY/[Link]'slookattheexample:
BeginTRY BeginTransactionT1
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(1,'DTRG','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(2,'JGHT','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(3,'ERTY','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(4,'VBNH','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(5,'OPQS','thisprojwill...') CommitTransactionT1;
EndTRY BeginCATCH
RollbackTransactionT1;
EndCATCH;
Howthiscodewillbeexecuted?Firstnotethatyouhavetwomajorblocs: theBEGINTRYEndTRY:thisistheTRYbloc theBEGINCATCHEndCATCH:ThisistheCATCHbloc
ThismeansthatallthatisinsidetheTRYblocwillbeexecutedbutifanyerroroccursallthatisinside [Link]'slookatourexamplehere:Wewillmakefiveconsecutive inser onsinonetransac [Link] [Link],thentheCATCHblocwillbeexecutedand arollbackwilloccurcancellingallthetransaction. Let'[Link]'sseethecontentoftheProjecttableby executingasimpleselect*:
select*fromproject
Nowwewillforcethepreviouscodetomakeanerrorbytryingtoinserttwoprojectswiththesame idProject,[Link]:
BeginTRY BeginTransactionT1
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'FTHK','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'MLPO','thisprojwill...') CommitTransactionT1;
EndTRY BeginCATCH
RollbackTransactionT1;
EndCATCH;
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
Wegetthesemessages:
(1row(s)affected) (0row(s)affected)
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
[Link] executethesecondInsertanerrorwasraisedbecausewetryedtoinsertanotherprojectwithan [Link] onwhichgaveus [Link] executed. Afterexecutingthiscode,wedon'thaveanyerrormessagebecauseitwascaughtbyourCATCHbloc. Butlet'sseethecontentoftheprojecttable:
select*fromproject
Nowlet'scomparethesamecodewithouttheBegintransactionCommitRollbacklinesofcode: Firstlet'sdeleteallthedatafromtheprojecttable:
deletefromproject
Thisemptiesthetable,youcanverifythatbythesimpleselect* Nowlet'sexecutethiscode:
BeginTRY
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(1,'DTRG','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(2,'JGHT','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(3,'ERTY','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(4,'VBNH','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(5,'OPQS','thisprojwill...')
EndTRY BeginCATCH EndCATCH;
[Link]'sseethedatawehave:
select*fromproject
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
OK,nowwewilltrythesamethingaspreviously;Inser ngtwoprojectwithidProject=6:
BeginTRY
InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'MLOP','thisprojwill...') InsertintoProject(idProject,projectName,description)Values(6,'ZSAQ','thisprojwill...')
EndTRY BeginCATCH EndCATCH;
Wegetthesemessages:
(1row(s)affected) (0row(s)affected)
Butlet'slookatthedatawenowhaveinourtable:
select*fromproject
[Link]"1row added".Thesecondmessage"0rowadded"wastheanswertooursecondinsertthatdidn'twork. Conclusion: Sonow,whatisthedifferencebetweenthefirstapproach(usingtransactions)andthesecond? Whenwehadanerrorinthefirstexample,[Link]'swhywe didn'[Link](withouttransactions),eachinsertion [Link]'swhythefirstquery executednormallyandthesecondquerydidn'thaveanyeffectontheexecutionofthefirstoneeven ifitraisedanerror. Theuseoftransactionsisusedonlywhenwewanttomakesurethateitheralltheoperationsare doneortheymustallbecancelledifanyundesirablesituationoccurs.
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IntroductiontoDatabases
PreparedbySkanderTurki
2december2011
PARTIII:DatabasecreationandmodificationthroughSQLDDL
Nowlet'[Link] [Link]:
UsehumanRessources createtabletrial(idintegerprimarykeynotnull,empbigintforeignkey referencesEmployee(idEmployee)notnull) Let'sconsultthenewtable:select*fromtrial
Ok,thetableistherebutithasnodatawhichisnormal;wejustcreatedit. Nowi'llsimplydestroyit:droptabletrial
Command(s)completedsuccessfully.
Nowlet'sreexecutetheselect:select*fromtrial
Msg208,Level16,State1,Line1 Invalidobjectname'trial'. Wegotanerrormessagetellingusthereisnosuchtablecalled'trial',ithas [Link] asitcandestroyanytablewithallthedataitcontainsinjustthreewords.
ToBeContinuedInchallah..
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TAIF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
