4.

14

Example of calculations for open conductor fault in

power system:

The power system described in Fig. 4.67 is considered again.

The prefault bus voltages for buses 3, 4 and 5 are :

V (0) 0.9165 8.7580

V4 (0) = 0.9152 10.0980 pu

V5 (0) 0.8858 12.9610

ONE CONDUCTOR OPEN

Let one conductor of line 7 between buses 4 and 5 be open. The pre-fault current in phase a of
(0)
(1)
the faulted line is I45 = (0.3821 j0.3779) pu. The sequence impedance matrices [Z
Bus ], [ZBus ]
(2)
and [Z
Bus ] are same as used in the example for calculation of short circuit faults on the power
system of Fig. 4.67.
The Thevenins impedance of the network as seen from buses 4 and 5 is calculated using equation
(4.145) with i=4 and i=5 as:
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Zth,45
= Z44
+ Z55
2Z45
= j0.1397 + j0.1750 2 0.1250 = j0.0647 pu

(2)
(1)
Zth,45
= Zth,45
= j0.0647 pu

(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
Zth,45
= Z44
+ Z55
2Z45
= j0.30 + j0.30 2 0.20 = j0.20 pu
(1)

(2)

(0)

, Z andZ are calculated from equation (4.147) and equation (4.148).

Next,Z
kk
kk
kk
(1) 2
(
z45
)
(j0.1)2
(1)

Zkk = (1)
=
= j0.2833 pu
(1)
j0.0647 j0.10
Zth,45 z45
(2)
(1)
Zkk
= Zkk = j0.2833 pu
(0) 2
(
z45
)
(j0.30)2
(0)

Zkk = (0)
=
= j0.90 pu
(0)
j0.20 j0.30
Zth,45 z45
(1)
The current Ia is calculated using equation (4.157)

Ia(1) = Iij

(1) (2)
(0)
Zkk
[Zkk + Zkk ]
Z (0) Z (1) + Z (1) Z (2) + Z (2) Z (0)
kk

Ia(1) = (0.3821 j0.3779)

kk

kk

kk

kk

kk

j0.2833(j0.2833 + j0.3)
= (0.2170 j0.2146) pu
j0.9 j0.2833 + j0.2833 j0.2833 + j0.2833 j0.9
220

(1)
(2)
(0)
The sequence voltage drops Vkk , Vkk and Vkk are then calculated using the equation:

(2) (0)
(1)
(1) Zkk Zkk

Vkk = Ia
(2)
(0)
Zkk
+ Zkk
j0.2833 j0.9
Vkk(1) = (0.2170 j0.2146)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu
j0.2833 + j0.9
Vkk(2) = Vkk(0) = Vkk(1) = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu
As a check calculate

Ia(2)

Vkk(2)
Z (2)

0.0463 + j0.0468
= (0.1651 + j0.1633) pu
j0.2833

Ia(0)

V (0)
= kk
Z (0)

0.0463 + j0.0468
= (0.052 + j0.0514) pu
j0.90

kk

kk

Ia = Ia(0) + Ia(1) + Ia(2) = (0.2170 j0.2146) + (0.1651 + j0.1633) + (0.052 + j0.0514)

=0

Q.E.D.

Then we calculate the changes in bus voltages using equation (4.146).

Bus 3
(0)
(0)
(Z34
Z35
)Vkk(0) j0.10 j0.10
(0)

V3 =
=
(0.0463 + j0.0468) = 0 pu
(0)
j0.30
z45

(1)
(1)
(Z34
Z35
)Vkk(1) j0.1103 j0.1250
(1)

(0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0068 j0.0069) pu

V3 =
=
(1)
j0.1
z45

V3(2) = V3(1) = (0.0068 j0.0069) pu

Hence,

V3 = V3(0) + V3(1) + V3(2) = (0.0136 j0.0138) pu

Bus 4

(0)
(0)
(Z44
Z45
)Vkk(0) j0.30 j0.20
(0)

V4 =
=
(0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0154 + j0.0156) pu
(0)
j0.3
z45

221

(1)
(1)
(Z44
Z45
)Vkk(1) j0.01397 j0.125
(1)

V4 =
=
(0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu
(1)
j0.10
z45

V4(2) = V4(1) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu

V4 = V4(0) + V4(1) + V4(2) = (0.0290 j0.0293) pu
Bus 5

(0)
(0)
(Z54
Z55
)Vkk(0) j0.20 j0.30
(0)

V5 =
=
(0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0154 j0.0156) pu
(0)
j0.3
z45

(1)
(1)
(Z54
Z45
)Vkk(1) j0.1250 j0.1750
(1)

=
(0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0231 j0.0234) pu
V5 =
(1)
j0.3
z45

V5(2) = V5(1) = (0.0231 j0.0234) pu

V5 = V5(0) + V5(1) + V5(2) = (0.0617 j0.0624) pu
The bus voltages during fault are

V3 (F ) = V30 + V3 = (0.9058 j0.1395) + (0.0136 j0.138) = (0.8922 j0.1533) pu

V3 (F ) = 0.9053 9.750 pu

V4 (F ) = V40 + V4 = (0.9010 j0.1605) + (0.0290 + j0.0293) = (0.9300 j0.1311) pu

V4 (F ) = 0.9392 8.020 pu

V5 (F ) = V50 + V5 = (0.8632 j0.1987) + (0.0617 j0.0624) = (0.8016 j0.2610) pu

222

V5 (F ) = 0.8430 18.040 pu
The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

I(a) 1 1 1 (0.052 + j0.0514)

0

45

(b)
I = 1 a2 a (0.2170 j0.2146) = 0.4782 147.840 pu

45

(c)
0
2
I45 1 a a (0.1651 + j0.1633) 0.478258.56

TWO CONDUCTORS OPEN
The sequence currents can be calculated with the help of equation (4.162) as:

Ia(1) = Iij

(1)
Zkk
(0.3821 j0.3779) j0.2833

=
(0)
(1)
(2)
j0.9 + j0.2833 + j0.2833
Zkk + Zkk + Zkk

Ia(1) = Ia(2) = Ia(0) = (0.0738 j0.073) pu

The sequence voltages of Thevenins equivalent sequence network is calculated using equation
(4.163)

(0)
(2)
Vkk(1) = Ia(1) (Zkk
+ Zkk ) = (0.0738 j0.073) (j0.9 + j0.2833) = (0.0864 + j0.0873) pu

(2)
Vkk(2) = Ia(2) Zkk
= (0.0738 j0.073)(j0.2833) = (0.0207 + j0.0209) pu

(0)
Vkk(0) = Ia(0) Zkk
= (0.0738 j0.073)(j0.9) = (0.0657 + j0.0664) pu

The changes in bus voltages are calculated using equation (4.146).

Bus 3
(0)
(0)
(Z34
Z35
)Vkk(0) j0.1 j0.10
(0)

V3 =
=
(0.0657 j0.0664) = 0 pu
(0)
j0.3
z45

(1)
(1)
(Z34
Z35
)Vkk(1) j0.1103 j0.1250
(1)

V3 =
=
(0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0127 j0.0128) pu
(1)
j0.1
z45

(2)
(2)
(Z34
Z35
)Vkk(2) j0.1103 j0.1250
(2)

V3 =
=
(0.0207 j0.0208) = (0.0030 + j0.0030) pu
(2)
j0.1
z45

V3 = V3(0) + V3(1) + V3(2) = (0.0097 j0.0098) pu

223

Hence, the voltage of bus 3 during fault is:

V3 (F ) = V30 + V3 = (0.9058 j0.1395) + (0.0097 j0.0098) = (0.8962 j0.1493) pu

V3 (F ) = 0.9085 9.460 pu
Bus 4

(0)
(0)
(Z44
Z45
)Vkk(0) j0.30 j0.20
(0)

=
(0.0657 j0.0664) = (0.0219 j0.0221) pu
V4 =
(0)
j0.30
z45

(1)
(1)
(Z44
Z45
)Vkk(1) j0.1397 j0.1250
(1)

=
(0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0127 + j0.0128) pu
V4 =
(1)
j0.1
z45

(2)
(2)
(Z44
Z45
)Vkk(1) j0.1397 j0.1250
(2)

V4 =
=
(0.0207 j0.0209) = (0.0030 j0.0031) pu
(2)
j0.1
z45

V4 = V4(0) + V4(1) + V4(2) = (0.0122 + j0.0124) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 4 during fault is:

V4 (F ) = V40 + V4 = (0.9010 j0.1605) + (0.0122 j0.0124) = (0.8888 j0.1728) pu

V4 (F ) = 0.9054 11.00 pu
Bus 5

(0)
(0)
(Z54
Z55
)Vkk(0) j0.20 j0.30
(0)

=
(0.0657 j0.0664) = (0.0219 + j0.0221) pu
V5 =
(0)
j0.30
z45

(1)
(1)
(Z54
Z55
)Vkk(1) j0.1250 j0.1750
(1)

V5 =
=
(0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0432 j0.0437) pu
(1)
j0.10
z45

224

(2)
(2)
(Z54
Z55
)Vkk(2) j0.1250 j0.1750
(2)

V5 =
=
(0.0207 j0.0209) = (0.0103 + j0.0105) pu
(2)
j0.10
z45

V5 = V5(0) + V5(1) + V5(2) = (0.0111 + j0.01111) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 5 during fault is:

V5 (F ) = V50 + V5 = (0.8632 j0.1987) + (0.0111 j0.01111) = (0.8523 j0.2097) pu

V5 (F ) = 0.8777 13.830 pu
The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

I(a) 1 1 1 (0.0738 j0.073) 0.3114 44.690

45

(b)

I = 1 a2 a (0.0738 j0.073) =
pu
0
45

(c)

2
I45 1 a a (0.0738 j0.073)

225