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Filter

Filters are electronic circuits used to separate signals of different frequencies. There are several types of filters including high pass, low pass, band pass, and band reject filters. A band pass filter allows signals of frequencies within a certain band to pass through, while attenuating signals outside of that band. An active band pass filter can be created using a combination of an active high pass filter and an active low pass filter. Butterworth filters have maximally flat frequency responses and are commonly used in filter design. The design of a Butterworth second order low pass filter involves selecting component values based on the desired cutoff frequency and gain using design graphs.

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172 views

Filter

Filters are electronic circuits used to separate signals of different frequencies. There are several types of filters including high pass, low pass, band pass, and band reject filters. A band pass filter allows signals of frequencies within a certain band to pass through, while attenuating signals outside of that band. An active band pass filter can be created using a combination of an active high pass filter and an active low pass filter. Butterworth filters have maximally flat frequency responses and are commonly used in filter design. The design of a Butterworth second order low pass filter involves selecting component values based on the desired cutoff frequency and gain using design graphs.

Uploaded by

Asheque Iqbal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Filter

It is an electronic circuit used to separate out signals of different frequencies.


Types : (1) High Pass (2) Low Pass (3) Band Pass or Notch (4) Band reject

RC High Pass Filter


Vout

Vin

Vout

2RfC 1 (2RfC)
2

Vin

Vo/ Vi
1 0.707

Cutoff frequency or -3db frequency : at which the output power is half of the input db = 10 log10 (P2 / P1) = 10 log10 (1/2) = -3

fc

1 fc 2RC

RC Low Pass Filter


R

Vin
C

Vout
Vout

1 1 (2RfC) 2

Vin

100%

1 fc 2RC
0 fc f

Band Pass Filter


R Vout Vin L C

fo

1 2 LC

100%

Quality factor, Q = f0 / f3db For this circuit, Q =0RC


f3db

f 0 fo

It is also known as TUNED circuit, signal of a particular frequency can be selected by adjusting the capacitor or inductor.

Band Reject or Notch Filter


R C Vout Vin L

fo

1 2 LC

100%

fo

Ideal filter
V0/Vi V0/Vi

fo

f V0/Vi

fo

foH

fOH

Active Low pass filter


Reference Book : Electronic Devices and Circuit Analysis, by Abraham Pallas, available in Rental Library, EEE Dep't. Rf Rg + C1 V0/Vi

R1

1 fc 2R1C1

20 dB/decade

fc

Rf Rg

Second order Active Low pass filter

+ V0/Vi

R1

R2

C1

C2
20 dB/decade 40 dB/decade fOH

Active High pass filter


Rf Rg

+ C1

R1

V0/Vi 20 dB/decade

fOL

Active High pass filter


Rf Rg

+ C1

R1

V0/Vi 20 dB/decade

40 dB/decade fOL

Active Band pass filter


Rf Rf Rg + C1 R1 High Pass R2 + C2 Low Pass Rg

Butterworth Second order low pass filter


Reference Book : Manual of active filter design, by Hilburn & Johnson,

available in Rental Library, EEE Dep't.


Rf Rg

+ C2

R1

R2

C1

Analysis of Butterworth Second order low pass filter


R4 R3 + Vo

Vo ( s ) K 2 Vi ( s ) s as b

R4 gain 1 C C V R3 K R1 R2CC1 1 1 1 1 a (1 ) b R2C1 R1C R2C R1 R2CC1


R1
i

R2
1

Design of Butterworth Second order low pass filter


Given : Cutoff frequency, fC and gain. Wanted : Values of all resistors and capacitors.: Steps : Select the value of C from graph, starting with fC Select value of K parameter from graph. Select values of resistors from graph, using k parameter. Check the design with standard values of resistors and capacitors.

Design Example of Butterworth Second order low pass filter


Given : Cutoff frequency, fC = 1000 Hz and gain. = 6. Wanted : Values of all resistors and capacitors.: Steps : starting with fC = 1kHz, from graph, C=0.01 F. Value of K parameter from graph, K =10. Using K = 10, values of resistors from graph are R1 = 6.2K, R2 = 20.7K, R3 = 32K, R4 = 160K and C1 =2C = 0.02 F.

Standard values, R1 = 6.2K, R2 = 20K, R3 = 33K, R4 = 160K


Calculatedesign parameters, using standard values, fc = 976Hz, gain = 5.9.

K parameters graph for Butterworth Second order low pass filter

K parameters graph for Butterworth Second order low pass filter

K parameters graph for Butterworth Second order low pass filter

K parameters graph for Butterworth Second order low pass filter

K parameters graph for Butterworth Second order low pass filter

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