Learning Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Learn the basics of instrumentation and control engineering. Learn about Differential Pressure(DP) Transmitters, Pressure Sensors,Thermistors,Thermocouples, RTDs,Thermowells,P&ID Symbols,Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and much more. Expand your knowledge in instrumentation and control with our quality content!

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Thermowells
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INDUST RIAL SENSORS Linear Variable Transf ormer (LVDT ) Vibrating Wire Sensors Capacitance Sensors Strain Gauge Mechanical Pressure Sensors INST RUMENTAT ION BASICS:
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Dif f erential

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Thermowells Flow Sensors

P&ID

Temp Sensors

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Control Signals Basics of T he 4 - 20mA Current Loop Measurement Terminology How a Process Control Loop Works BASICS OF RT D SENSORS How to Specif y an RT D Sensor
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The p ro c e s s e nviro nme nt whe re te mp e rature mo nito ring is re q uire d is o fte n no t o nly ho t, b ut als o p re s s uriz e d and p o s s ib ly c he mic ally c o rro s ive o r rad io ac tive . To fac ilitate re mo val o f the te mp e rature s e ns o rs (RTD and The rmo c o up le ), fo r e xaminatio n o r re p lac e me nt and to p ro vid e me c hanic al p ro te c tio n, the s e ns o rs are us ually mo unte d ins id e the rmal we lls wid e ly re fe rre d to as a the rmo we ll in the ind us trial e nviro nme nt

Fundamentals of RT Ds
What is a T he rmowe ll? A the rmo we ll is b as ic ally a ho llo w me tal tub e with o ne e nd s e ale d . It is us ually mo unte d p e rmane ntly in a ve s s e l o r p ip e wo rk. The s e ns o r is ins e rte d into it and make s c o ntac t with the s e ale d e nd . A s imp le d iag ram s ho wing a the rmo we ll in us e with a te mp e rature g aug e is s ho wn b e lo w:

Application Limitations, Types and Failure Modes of RT D Construction Conf igurations and Wire

How to Convert RT D Resistance to Temperature

FOLLOWERS

RSS FEED

T EMPERAT URE SENSORS Filled Bulb Sensors Bi-metallic Sensors T hermistors T hermowells
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T hermowells Comparison Sensors

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Temperature

Flow Meter Thermocouple Level Sensors Flow Diagram

POPULAR POST S Common P&ID symbols used in Developing Instrumentation Diagrams Instrument Abbreviations Used in Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) Basics of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) Common Process Equipment Symbols Used in Developing Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) and P&IDs I How to Read and Interpret Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams:Tutorials I How to Calibrate Your DP Transmitter How a Pressure Switch Works Filled Bulb Temperature Sensors

A m ajo r d is ad van tag e o f th e rm o we lls is th e ir lo n g re s p o n s e tim e b e cau s e h e at m u s t b e tran s fe rre d th ro u g h th e we ll to th e s e n s o r; Min im iz in g th e air s p ace b e twe e n th e s e n s o r an d th e we ll, can h o we ve r d e cre as e th is th e rm al lag .

A th e rm o we ll acts as a b arrie r b e twe e n a p ro ce s s m e d iu m an d th e s e n s in g e le m e n t o f a te m p e ratu re m e as u rin g d e vice . It p ro te cts ag ain s t co rro s ive p ro ce s s m e d ia, as we ll as m e d ia co n tain e d u n d e r p re s s u re o r flo win g at a h ig h ve lo city. A th e rm o we ll als o allo ws th e s e n s in g e le m e n t to b e re m o ve d fro m th e ap p licatio n wh ile m ain tain in g a clo s e d s ys te m . Th e rm o we lls m ay b e m ad e o u t o f an y m ate rial th at is th e rm ally co n d u ctive , p re s s u re -tig h t, an d n o t ch e m ically re active with th e p ro ce s s . A Th e rm o we ll m u s t s atis fy th e fo llo win g fu n ctio n s wh ile in s e rvice : (a) Po s itio n th e te m p e ratu re s e n s itive s e n s o r tip in th e p ro ce s s (b ) Pro te ct th e te m p e ratu re s e n s o r an d (c) Se al th e p ro ce s s are as fro m th e e n viro n m e n t. Th e rm o we lls are p rin cip ally u s e d with Th e rm o co u p le s , RTDs (Re s is tan ce Te m p e ratu re De te cto rs ) an d Bim e tallic Th e rm o m e te rs in ap p licatio n s wh e re it is n e ce s s ary to m e as u re te m p e ratu re at h ig h p re s s u re (ab o ve 75 p s ig ) o r in h o s tile e n viro n m e n ts . Th e rm o we lls are m ach in e d fro m s o lid b ars to ck. Safe wo rkin g p re s s u re s d e p e n d o n th e we ll m ate rial, o p e ratin g te m p e ratu re an d th e ve lo city o f th e flo win g m e d iu m .

O ptimum B o re Th e o p tim u m b o re is an im p o rtan t p aram e te r th at s h o u ld b e co n s id e re d wh e n s e le ctin g a Th e rm o we ll s in ce p h ys ical co n tact b e twe e n th e in n e r wall o f th e th e rm o we ll an d th e te m p e ratu re p ro b e is e s s e n tial fo r th e rm al co u p lin g . In th e cas e o f a th e rm o co u p le wh ich is tip s e n s in g it is im p o rtan t to e n s u re th at th e p ro b e is fu lly s e ate d (in co n tact with th e tip o f th e th e rm o we ll). Fo r Pt10 0 s e n s o rs wh ich are s te m s e n s in g th e d iffe re n ce b e twe e n th e p ro b e o u ts id e d iam e te r an d b o re m u s t b e ke p t to an ab s o lu te m in im u m . Re s p o n s e tim e s can b e o p tim is e d b y m e an s o f a tap e re d o r s te p p e d -d o wn we ll wh ich p re s e n ts a lo we r th e rm al m as s n e ar th e p ro b e tip

T he rmo we ll Pro ce s s Co nne ctio ns Vario u s p ro ce s s co n n e ctio n co n fig u ratio n s are u s e d wh e n in s tallin g a Th e rm o we ll. Th e m o re p o p u lar o n e s u s e d are :

How to Calibrate and Adjust a Pressure Switch

T hre ade d co nne ctio ns Paralle l o r tap e re d (g as tig h t) th re ad s m ake fo r co n ve n ie n t in s tallatio n in to a we ld e d -in fittin g d ire ctly in to th e p ro ce s s . Su ch a co n n e ctio n is s u itab le fo r s m alle r d iam e te r we lls wh ich are n o t like ly to b e ch an g e d fre q u e n tly (e .g . wh e re co rro s io n rate s are lo w). A h e xag o n is u s e d at th e to p o f th e we ll fo r e as e o f fittin g . An e xte n d e d h e xag o n le n g th can b e u s e d to allo w fo r in s u latio n th ickn e s s . Typ ical th re ad s iz e s are 18 BSP (T), 12 BSP (T) o r 2 0 m m

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Th e d iag ram b e lo w s h o ws a tap e re d th re ad e d th e rm o we ll:

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Flang e d Co nne ctio ns Flan g e d co n n e ctio n s are p re fe rab le if th e re is a n e e d fo r m o re fre q u e n t we ll re p lace m e n t s u ch as h ig h co rro s io n rate s . Th e flan g e b o lts to a m atin g flan g e m o u n te d o n th e p ro ce s s . Su ch a te ch n iq u e is m o re ap p ro p riate fo r larg e p ip e d iam e te rs an d fo r h ig h p re s s u re ap p licatio n s . Flan g e s are u s u ally o f 2 to 3 in ch e s in d iam e te r. Th e d iag ram b e lo w s h o ws a flan g e d p aralle l we ll:

We lde d Co nne ctio ns

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We ld e d co n n e ctio n s can b e u s e d wh e n th e p ro ce s s is n o t co rro s ive an d ro u tin e re m o val is n o t re q u ire d . Hig h in te g rity is ach ie ve d an d th is te ch n iq u e is s u itab le fo r h ig h te m p e ratu re an d h ig h p re s s u re ap p licatio n s s u ch as s te am lin e s . Re m o val o f a we ld e d -in we ll u s u ally in vo lve s co n s id e rab le e ffo rt an d tim e . Th e d iag ram b e lo w s h o ws a we ld -in Th e rm o we ll:

Lag g ing Exte ns io ns Lag g in g e xte n s io n s are p ro vid e d o n th e rm o we lls o r e ve n d ire ctly o n te m p e ratu re p ro b e as s e m b lie s fo r u s e o n lag g e d p ro ce s s e s . A lag g in g e xte n s io n d is tan ce s th e te rm in al h e ad o f th e s e n s o r fro m th e im m e rs io n p art o f th e as s e m b ly to allo w fo r th e d e p th o f lag g in g (th e rm al in s u latio n ). Th is te ch n iq u e is u s e fu l in allo win g th e h e ad , p e rh ap s with an in te g ral tran s m itte r, to re s id e in a co o le r am b ie n t te m p e ratu re re g io n rath e r th an ad jace n t to th e m u ch h o tte r p ro ce s s . Lag g in g e xte n s io n s take vario u s fo rm s d e p e n d in g o n o ve rall p ro b e o r we ll co n s tru ctio n , fittin g m e th o d an d typ e o f te rm in atio n .

T he rmo we ll Fitting s In s tallin g te m p e ratu re s e n s o r as s e m b lie s in to th e rm o we lls o r d ire ctly in to th e p ro ce s s re q u ire s th e u s e o f s o m e kin d o f b ras s o r s tain le s s s te e l fittin g . Fittin g s in clu d e vario u s th re ad e d u n io n s , b ayo n e t cap s (an d ad ap te rs ) an d flan g e s .

Ad ju s tab le co m p re s s io n fittin g s are u s e d d ire ctly o n p ro b e s to ach ie ve th e re q u ire d in s e rtio n le n g th in th e p ro ce s s an d to e n s u re th e p ro p e r s e atin g o f p ro b e s in to th e rm o we lls . Ad ju s tab le flan g e s can s im ilarly b e u s e d to s e cu re th e s e n s o r as s e m b ly in to th e p ro ce s s .

Bayo n e t cap s p ro vid e a m e th o d o f q u ick fittin g in to s u itab le ad ap te rs lo cate d in th e p ro ce s s ; th is te ch n iq u e is wid e ly u s e d in p las tics m ach in e ry.

Bu s h e s an d h e xag o n p lu g s are u s e d wh e n ad ju s tm e n t o r re m o val is a le s s e r co n s id e ratio n . Th e ch o ice o f fittin g m ay b e d ictate d b y th e n e e d fo r p re s s u re in te g rity o r b y p h ys ical s iz e co n s train ts . Co m p re s s io n fittin g s an d th re ad e d b u s h e s can b e s u p p lie d with tap e re d th re ad s to ach ie ve a p re s s u re -tig h t co n n e ctio n Th e rm o we lls are co m m o n ly u s e d in two in s tallatio n fo rm ats : tap e re d th e rm o we lls an d s traig h t th e rm o we lls . Tap e re d an d s traig h t th e rm o we lls are s h o wn b e lo w:

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Tapered thermowells are used in many process applications and provide greater strength, faster response times and more resistance to vibration than straight wells. The taper provides a higher natural frequency which permits use at higher fluid velocities. The reduced tip on a straight well improves response time when it is used with a length sensitive sensor such as an RTD or Bimetallic Thermometer. Thermowells are more likely to fail from vibratory stress than from the effects of temperature and pressure. ASME calculations can be used to determine if the selected thermowell dimensions are adequate to withstand the specified service conditions of temperature, pressure, velocity and vibration.
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EXPLORE T HE INST RUMENT T OOLBOX: Flow Meters : T heory of Fluid Flow Meters Electronic Flow Meters Mechanical Flow Meters Dif f erential Pressure Flow Meters Mass Flow Meters Flow Meter Selection Guide Introduction to Turbine Flow Meters Principles of Flow Metering Pressure and Process Switches : How a Pressure Switch Works How a Dif f erential Pressure Switch Works Pressure Switch Designs and Applications How to Select a Pressure Switch Understanding Pressure Switch Terminology Calibrating a Pressure Switch with a Fluke Calibrator How to Calibrate and Adjust a Pressure Switch Process Switches Symbols Differential Pressure (DP) Transmitters : An Introduction to DP Transmitters Troubleshooting Guide of DP Transmitters How to Calibrate Your DP Transmitter Common Terms Used in DP Transmitter Calibration DP Transmitter Valve Manif olds Applications of DP Transmitters Electronic Transmitters Wire Conf iguration How to Calibrate DP Transmitters T hermocouples : Temperature Measurments with T hermocouples Practical Application Tips For T hermocouples Selection Factors f or T hermocouples How to Convert T hermocouple Milivolts to Temperature Reducing Noise in T hermocouple Installations Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams : How to Read and Interpret P&IDs Understanding P&ID Drawings Basic Functions of Instruments in a P&ID P&IDs: Piping Line Number Identif ication Basics of P&IDs Instrument Abbreviations Used in P&IDs Common Process Equipment Symbols I Common Process Equipment Symbols II Common Terms Used to Interpret P&ID Drawings P&IDs Tutorials: P&IDs: Tutorials I P&IDs Tutorials II: Pressure Control P&IDs Tutorial III: Flow and Level Control

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