COHERENCE Coherence means the transition between ideas Ideas will move no one unless they are properly

connected. If readers cannot move easily from one thought to another, they will surely find something else to read or turn on the television. One thing you must never assume is that your readers know what you know. In fact, it's a good idea to believe not only that your readers need all the information that you have, but also that they are not quite as quick as you are. You might be able to help them to cross the river, assume that your readers need some stepping stones and be sure to place these means of access in visible spots. There are four basic techniques in providing transitions between ideas using transitional expressions, repeating key words and phrases, using pronoun reference, using parallel form. Techniques of SENTENCE COMBINATION Discourse Markers in English Sentences DISCOURSE MARKERS are used to combine clauses or to link sentence elements. Each discourse marker creates a particular relationship between two or more clauses. Four types of DISCOURSE MARKERS are used in combining English sentences: 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 2. CONNECTORS 3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 4. PHRASE LINKERS 1-COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: informally known as the FANBOYS or BOYFANS Conjunction Meaning Conjunction Meaning CONTRAST,CONCESSION B = but F = for REASON CHOICE O = or A= and ADDITION CONCESSION; unexpected Y = yet N= nor NEGATIVE result S = so ADDITION RESULT, CONSEQUENCE

Coordinating conjunctions are discourse markers that join two INDEPENDENT clauses, which are activated by a coma. independent clause 1 S+V , coordinating conjunction independent clause 2 S+V .

EX.: We arrived late, so we waited in the hall. 2- CONNECTORS Connectors are discourse markers that also join two INDEPENDENT clauses, but with a semicolon (;) or a period (.). They can occur in three positions in a sentence: initial position, middle position, and final position. It is a good idea to vary the position of the discourse markers to avoid monotony. The punctuation is different, depending on the position of the connector. A. INITIAL POSITION: The connector is positioned at the beginning of the second clause. independent clause 1 ; connector, independent clause 2 . S+V S+V independent clause 1 connector, independent clause 2 . S+V S+V EX.: We were late for the lecture; therefore, we waited in the hall. We were late for the lecture. Therefore, we waited in the hall.

B. MIDDLE POSITION: The connector is positioned in the middle of the second clause, usually between subject and verb. In this case, the subject is emphasized and contrasted. independent clause 1 ; S , connector, V + C . EX.: George and Harry are best friends. George spends his free time reading twentieth century American short stories; Harry, on the other hand, is more interested in sports and physical exercise. C. FINAL POSITION: The connector is positioned at the end of the second clause. independent clause 1 ; S + V + C , CONNECTOR EX.: George spends his free time reading twentieth century American short stories; Harry is more interested in sports and physical exercise, on the other hand.

MEANING RELATIONSHIPS expressed by connectors:

1. RESULT ______; therefore, ____ ; thus,

2. CONTRAST 3. ADDITION ______; however, ______; in addition, ______ ______ ; in contrast, ; furthermore, ; on the other ; consequently, ; moreover, hand, ; as a result, ; instead, ; besides, ; hence, ; rather, ; additionally, 5. CONCESSION 6. TIME 7. SIMILARITY (unexpected result) ______; however, _______ . First, ______; similarly, _____ _______ ______ ______; likewise, ; nevertheless, . Second, ______ ; nonetheless, . Afterward,

4. EMPHASIS ______; in fact, _______ ; as a matter of fact, ; indeed,

8. NEGATIVE CONDITION _____; otherwise, ____

; still,

. After that, . Later, . Then / Next,

9. NEGATIVE 10 MAIN IDEA11 EXAMPLE EMPHASIS ____; on the contrary, On the whole, For example, ____ In general, For instance, Generally, To illustrate, Generally speaking,

12 CONCLUSION In conclusion, To conclude, In summary, To summarize, As we have seen, In short,

3 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Subordinating conjunctions are discourse markers that join a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent (main) clause. There are two patterns (a. and b.) for positioning the dependent clause and therefore two patterns of punctuation. a. independent clause S+V OR SUB dependent clause S+V .

b. SUB + dependent clause , independent clause SUB + S + V , S+V

EX.: a. We waited in the hall because we arrived late for the lecture. b. Because we arrived late for the lecture, we waited in the hall. NOTE: With because it is recommended to identify the REASON and the RESULT first in order to avoid a mix-up (incorrect meaning relationship): a. RESULT because + REASON . , RESULT .

b. Because + REASON

Again, the SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS are used to signal different MEANING RELATIONSHIPS.
1. REASON/CAUSE 2. CONTRAST because since as due to the fact that now that , while , whereas (usually used with a comma in front in Pattern a.) 3. CONCESSION (unexpected result) although even though even if despite the fact that (though) in spite of the fact that (often used with a comma in front in 4. TIME after before when while since as as soon as

Pattern a.) until by the time that whenever 5. PURPOSE so that So...that such...that such a...that the next time 6. 7. 8. DESCRIPTION/ CONDITION/RESULT SIMILARITY IDENTIFICATION If..., (then) just as who whether (or not) whom when that In case that whose Provided that when Unless where

4- PHRASE LINKERS (prepositions or ADJ + PREP combinations) Phrase linkers are transitions that are often used at the beginning of a sentence. _____________________ . PHRASE LINKER (NP) , S + V + C . (item #1) (item #2) 1. CONTRAST 2.REASON In contrast to Because of _____, _____ _____, _____ different from due to unlike as a result of 5. CONCESSION 4. SIMILARITY (unexpected result) Similar to _____, _____ Like Despite _____, _____ in spite of 3. ADDITION In addition to _____, _____

6. TIME Before / after _____, _____ until since during

EX.: Due to our late arrival at the lecture, we had to wait in the hall. (NP) In contrast to western societies, eastern societies stress the importance of community. (item #1) (item #2) Before the work of Sigmund Freud, psychology was not considered an academic subject. (NP) Problems that occur with sentence combination: Comma splices, run-on sentences, and fragments.