Chapter 1

An Overview of Financial Management

Topics in Chapter

Basic Goal: to create shareholder value Agency relationships:

Stockholders versus managers Stockholders versus creditors

Transparency in financial reporting The Cost of Money

Why is corporate finance important to all managers?

Why is corporate finance important to all managers?

Corporate finance provides the skills managers need to:

Identify and select the corporate strategies and individual projects that add value to their firm. Forecast the funding requirements of their company, and devise strategies for acquiring those funds.
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What should be managements primary objective?

What should be managements primary objective?

The primary objective should be shareholder wealth maximization, which translates to maximizing stock price.

Should firms behave ethically? YES! Do firms have any responsibilities to society at large? YES! Shareholders are also members of society.

Is maximizing stock price good for society, customers and employees?

Is maximizing stock price good for society, customers and employees?

Consumer welfare is higher in capitalist free market economies than in communist or socialist economies. Fortune lists the most admired firms. In addition to high stock returns, these firms have:

high quality from customers view employees who like working there
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Is maximizing stock price good?

(Continued)

Employment growth is higher in firms that try to maximize stock price. On average, employment goes up in:

firms that make managers into owners (such as LBO firms) firms that were owned by the government but that have been sold to private investors
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What three aspects of cash flows affect an investments value?

Amount of expected cash flows (bigger is better) Timing of the cash flow stream (sooner is better) Risk of the cash flows (less risk is better)

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Free Cash Flows (FCF)

Free cash flows are the cash flows that are available (or free) for distribution to all investors (stockholders and creditors). FCF = sales revenues - operating costs - operating taxes - required investments in operating capital.
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What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)?

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What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)?

WACC is the average rate of return required by all of the companys investors. WACC is affected by:

Capital structure (the firms relative use of debt and equity as sources of financing) Interest rates Risk of the firm Investors overall attitude toward risk

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What determines a firms value?

A firms value is the sum of all the future expected free cash flows when converted into todays dollars:
Value = FCF1 (1 + WACC)1 + FCF2 (1 + WACC)2 + FCF (1 + WACC)

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What is an agency relationship?

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What is an agency relationship?

An agency relationship arises whenever one or more individuals, called principals, (1) hires another individual or organization, called an agent, to perform some service and (2) then delegates decision-making authority to that agent.
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If you are the only employee, and only your money is invested in the business, would any agency problems exist?

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If you are the only employee, and only your money is invested in the business, would any agency problems exist?

No agency problem would exist. A potential agency problem arises whenever the manager of a firm owns less than 100 percent of the firms common stock, or the firm borrows.

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Would hiring additional people create agency problems?

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Would hiring additional people create agency problems?

An agency relationship could exist between you and your employees if you, the principal, hired the employees to perform some service and delegated some decision-making authority to them.

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Might acquiring capital lead to agency problems?

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Might acquiring capital lead to agency problems?

If you needed additional capital to buy computer inventory or to develop software then you might end up with agency problems if the capital is acquired from outside investors.

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Does the source of the capital affect agency problems?

Agency problems are less for secured than for unsecured debt, and different between stockholders and creditors. So it matters whether the new capital comes in the form of an unsecured bank loan, a bank loan secured by your inventory of computers, or from new stockholders.
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There are 2 potential agency conflicts:

Conflicts between stockholders and managers. Conflicts between stockholders and creditors.

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Would expansion increase or decrease potential agency problems?

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Would expansion increase or decrease potential agency problems?

Increase. If you expanded to additional locations you could not physically be at all locations at the same time. Consequently, you would have to delegate decision-making authority to others.

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What actions might make a loan feasible?

Creditors can protect themselves by (1) having the loan secured and (2) placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements. They can also charge a higher than normal interest rate to compensate for risk.

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Would going public in an IPO increase or decrease agency problems?

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Would going public in an IPO increase or decrease agency problems?

By going public through an IPO, your firm would bring in new shareholders. This would increase agency problems, especially if you sell most of your stock and buy a yacht. You could minimize potential agency problems by staying on as CEO and running the company.
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What kind of compensation program might you use to minimize agency problems?

Reasonable annual salary to meet living expenses

Cash (or stock) bonus

Options to buy stock or actual shares of stock to reward long-term performance

Tie bonus/options to EVA

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What is transparency in financial reporting?

When all market participants have reliable, accurate information about a particular company.

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Why might you want make your financial statements look artificially good?

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Why might you want make your financial statements look artificially good?
A manager might inflate a firm's reported earnings or make its debt appear to be lower if he or she wanted the firm to look good temporarily. For example just prior to exercising stock options or raising more debt.

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What are the potential consequences of inflating earnings or hiding debt?

If the firm is publicly traded, the stock price will probably drop once it is revealed that fraud has taken place. If private, banks may be unwilling to lend to it, and investors may be unwilling to invest more money.

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What safeguards help market transparency?

Public companies use GAAP rules established by the FASB for accounting Public companies must have their financial statements audited These statements are made available to the investing public by the SEC Firms must release information to everyone at the same time
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Cost of Money

What do we call the price, or cost, of debt capital?

The interest rate

What do we call the price, or cost, of equity capital?

Cost of equity = Required return = dividend yield + capital gain

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What four factors affect the cost of money?

Production opportunities Time preferences for consumption Risk Expected inflation

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What economic conditions affect the cost of money?

Federal Reserve policies Budget deficits/surpluses Level of business activity (recession or boom) International trade deficits/surpluses

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What international conditions affect the cost of money?

Country risk. Depends on the countrys economic, political, and social environment. Exchange rate risk. Non-dollar denominated investments value depends on what happens to exchange rate. Exchange rates affected by:

International trade deficits/surpluses Relative inflation and interest rates Country risk
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What two factors lead to exchange rate fluctuations?

Changes in relative inflation will lead to changes in exchange rates. An increase in country risk will also cause that countrys currency to fall.

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Financial Securities
Debt Money Market
T-Bills CDs Eurodollars Fed Funds
T-Bonds Agency bonds Municipals Corporate bonds

Equity

Derivatives
Options Futures Forward contract

Capital Market

Common stock Preferred stock

LEAPS Swaps

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Typical Rates of Return

Instrument U.S. T-bills Bankers acceptances Commercial paper Negotiable CDs Eurodollar deposits Commercial loans: Tied to prime or LIBOR Rate (July 2008) 1.96% 2.80 2.31 3.08 3.25

5.00 + 3.12 +

(More . .)
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Typical Rates (Continued)

Instrument U.S. T-notes and T-bonds Mortgages Municipal bonds Corporate (AAA) bonds Rate (April 2007) 3.83% 6.04 4.56 5.49

Preferred stocks
Common stocks (expected)

6% to 9%
9% to 15%

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