Functions

INTERVALS: Let a and b two given real numbers such that a < b. Then the set of all real numbers x such that a x b is called a closed interval and is denoted by [a, b]. i.e. [a, b] = {x r |a x b} For example, [1, 2] = {x R| 1 x 2} i.e., the set of all real numbers lying between 1 and 2, including the end points. OPEN INTERVAL: Let a and b be two given real numbers such that a < b. Then the set of all real numbers x such that a x b is called a closed interval and is denoted by (a, b). i.e (a, b) = {x R | a x b} REAL FUNCTION: If the domain and co-domain of a function are subsets R9st of all real numbers). It is called a real valued function or in short a real function. EXAMPLES:

1 1 (i) If for non-zero x, a f(x) +b f = -5, where a b then find f(x). x x (ii) Let g : R R be given by g(x) = 4x + 3. If g n ( x) = gogog....og ( x), show that
n times

g (x) = 4 x + (4 -1). If g-n(x) denotes the inverse of gn (x), prove that g n ( x) = 4 n x + (4 n 1) for all x R.
DOMAIN: Generally real functions in calculus are described by some formula and their domains are not explicitly stated. In such cases to find the domain of a function f (say) we use the fact that domain is the set of all real numbers x for which f (x) is a real number. In other words, determining the domain of a function f means finding all real numbers x for which f(x) is real. For example, if f(x) = 2 x , then f(x) is real for all x 2. For x > 2, f(x) is not real. So, domain of f(x) is the set of all real numbers less than or equal to 2 i.e. ( , 2] EXAMPLE: Find the domain and range of function f ( x) =
SOME STANDARD REAL FUNCTIONS CONSTANT FUNCTION: Let k be a fixed real number. Then a function f(x) given by f(x) =k for all x R is called a constant function. GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION: For any real number x, we denote [x], the greatest integer less than or equal to x. PROPERTIES OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION: If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and n+1, then the greatest integer function has the following properties : (i) [-n] = -[n] (ii) [x + n] = [x] + n (iii) [-x] =-[x]-1 2[ x] , if x Z 1, if x Z (v) (iv) [x]=[-x]= 0 , if x Z 2[ x] + 1, if x Z (vi) [x] n x n, where n Z (vii) [x] n x < n + 1, nZ (viii) [x] > n x n + 1, nZ (ix) [x] < n x < n, nZ

1 . 2 cos 3x

(x) [x+y] = [x] + [y=X-[X]] for all x, y R. n 1 1 2 (xi) [x] + x + + x + + .... + x + =[nx], n N n n n (1) If [x] and [x] denote respectively the fractional and integral parts of a real number x. Solve the equation 4[x] = x+[x] (2) I f[x] and [x] denote the fractional and integral parts of x and (x) is defined as 2[ x] [ x], x < 0 follows ( x) [ x] + 3[ x], x 0 then solve the equation : (x) = x + {x}
SIGNUM FUNCTION:
| x | , x0 The function defined by f(x) = x 0 , x = 0

(Or)

1, x > 0 f(x) = 0 , x = 0 0 , x = 0

is called signum function.

RECIPROCAL FUNCTION: The function that associates each nonzero real number x to its reciprocal 1/x is called the reciprocal function. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION: If a is a positive real number, then the function that associates every positive real number to loga x i.e. f(x) = loga x is called the logarithmic function. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: If a is positive real number, then the function which associates every real number x to ax i.e. f(x) = ax is called the exponential function. SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION: The function that associates every positive real number x to + x is called the square root function, i.e., f(x) = + x . POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION: A function of the form f(x) = aoxn +a1 xn-1 ++an-1 x+an, where ao, a1, a2, ..an are real numbers, ao 0 and n N , is called polynomial function of degree n.

The domain of a polynomial function is always R.

RATIONAL FUNCTION: A function of the form f(x) =

P( x) , where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q( x)

q(x) 0, is called a rational function.

SUM Let f and g be two real functions with domain D1 and D2 respectively. Then, we define their sum f + g as that function from D1 D2 to R which associates each x D1 D2 to the number f(x) + g(x). Thus, f+g: D1 D2 R such that (f+g) (x) =f(x) + g(x) for all x D1 D2 . Similarly, we define the difference, product and quotient as follows: DIFFERENCE f-g : D1 D2 R such that (f-g) 9x) = f(x) g(x) for all x D1 D2 PRODUCT fg : D1 D2 R such that (fg) (x)=f9x0 g(x) for all x D1 D2 QUOTIENT

f f ( x) f : D1 D2 {x | g ( x) = 0} R such that ( x) = for all x D1 D2 {x | g ( x) = 0}. g ( x) g g

SCALAR MULTIPLE for any real number c, the function cf is defined by

(cf) (x) = c.f(x) for all x D1.

REMARK Note that the above operations are defined here are true only for real functions. For general functions from one set to another, these do not make sense. COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS: Let f and g be two functions with domain D1 and D2 respectively. If range (f) domain g (g), we define gof by the rule (gof) (x) = g(f(x)) for all x D1. Also, if range (g) domain (f), we define fog by the rule (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) for all x D2 It follows from the above discussion that if f(x) and g(x) are two real functions with domains D1 and D2 respectively. Then (ii) Domain of ( fg ) = D1 D2 (i) Domain of ( f g ) = D1 D2

f (iii) Domain of = D1 D2 {x | g 9 x) = 0} g

(1) For what real values of a does the range of the function f ( x) = belonging to the interval [-1, -1/3] ? (2) For what real values of a does the range of the function f(x) = interval [-1, 1]? Fin the domains of definition of the following functions:
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS:

x 1 not contain any values a x2 + 1

x 1 not attain any value from the 1 x2 a

PERIOD If f(x) is a periodic function, then the smallest positive real number T is called the period or fundamental period of function f(x) if. F(x+T) = f(x) for all x R. (1) Prove that the function (x) = x-[x] is a periodic function. Also find its period. (2) Let f(x) be a real valued function with domain R such that f(x + p) = 1+[2-3 f(x) + 3 (f(x))2 (f(x))3]1/3 hold good for all x R. and some positive constant p, then prove that f(x) is a periodic function. SOME USEFUL RESULTS ON PERIODIC FUNCTIONS RESULT 1 If f(x) is a periodic function with periodic. T and a, b, R such that a 0 , then af(x) + b is periodic with period T. RESULT 2 If f(x) is a periodic function with period T and a, b R such that a 0, then f(ax+b0 is periodic with period T |a|. RESULT 3 Let f(x) and g(x) be two periodic functions such that : m Period of f(x) = , where m, n N and m, n are co-prime. n and, r Period of g(x) = , where r N and s N are coprime 3 s LCM of (m, r ) , provided that there does not Then, (f+g) (x) is periodic with period T given by T = HCF of (n, s ) exist a positive number k < T for which f(k+x) = g (x) and g(k=x)=f(x), else k will be the period of (f+g) (x).

EXAMPLE Prove that f(x) = sin-1 (sinx) is a periodic function EVEN FUNCTIONS A function f(x) is said to be an even function if f(-x) = f(x) for all x. ODD FUNCTION A function f(x) is said to be an odd function if (-x) = -f(x) for all x. (1) If f is an even function defined on the interval [-5, 5], then find the real values of x +1 x satisfying the equation f(x) = f . x+2 (2) Extend f(x) = x2 + x defined in [0, 3] onto the interval [-3, 3] so that f(x) (i) even (ii) odd.