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Digital Signal Processing: Air University

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on discrete-time signals and systems. It discusses basic operations on discrete-time signals like time-shifting, time-reversal, and time-scaling. It then defines classes of discrete-time systems including memoryless, linear, time-invariant, causal, and stable systems. Examples are provided for each type of system. Linear time-invariant systems are identified as an important class that will be covered extensively in the course. The output of an LTI system due to an impulse input is called the impulse response. The relationship between input and output signals for an LTI system is defined using convolution.

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Ghazal Khan
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41 views11 pages

Digital Signal Processing: Air University

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on discrete-time signals and systems. It discusses basic operations on discrete-time signals like time-shifting, time-reversal, and time-scaling. It then defines classes of discrete-time systems including memoryless, linear, time-invariant, causal, and stable systems. Examples are provided for each type of system. Linear time-invariant systems are identified as an important class that will be covered extensively in the course. The output of an LTI system due to an impulse input is called the impulse response. The relationship between input and output signals for an LTI system is defined using convolution.

Uploaded by

Ghazal Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Signal Processing

Instructor Waseem Khan


[email protected]

Lecture 3 Department of Electrical Engineering

Air University

Basic Operations on Discrete-Time Signals


Time-shifting Time-reversal or flipping Time-scaling

Discrete-Time System

Classes of Discrete-Time Systems


Memoryless System Linear Systems Time-Invariant System Causal System Stable System

Memoryless System
If the system output for every value of n depends only on the input x[n] at the same value of n, it is a memory less system.

Examples

Linear System
A system that satisfies principle of superposition, is called linear system. If x1[n] and x2[n] are two inputs of a system and y1[n] and y2[n] are the respective outputs, then the system is linear if and only if T{ax1[n]+bx2[n]} = aT{x1[n]} + bT{x2[n]} = ay1[n] + by2[n]

Example
y[n] = (x[n])2 i.e. T{.} = (.)2 Lets check for linearity. y1[n] = (x1[n])2 y2[n] = (x2[n])2 Then T{x1[n] + x2[n]} = (x1[n] + x2[n])2 = (x1[n])2 + (x2[n])2 + 2x1[n] x2[n] (x1[n])2 + (x2[n])2 Hence, this system is not linear.

Time-Invariant System
A system is time-invariant if a delay or time-shift in the input sequence causes a corresponding shift in output sequence. i.e. if y[n] = T{x[n]}, then y[n-n0] = T{x[n-n0]} A system that is linear as well as time-invariant is called linear time-invariant or LTI system. This is a very important class of discrete systems and we will deal with LTI systems during a major part of this course.
Examples 2.8, 2.9

Causal and Stable System


Causal System If output of a system for any value of n=n0,depends only on x[n] for nn0, it is a causal system. In other words, the system output doesnt depend on future input samples. Stable System A system is stable iff every bounded input sequence produces a bounded output sequence. Input x[n] and output y[n] are bounded if for any Bx< and By< |x[n]| Bx and |y[n]| By

Example 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11

LTI Systems
Output of a LTI system in response to a unit impulse [n] at input is called, impulse response of the system usually represented as h[n].

If x[n] is the input to the system, the respective output is y[n] = T{x[n]} This is convolution process

Systems Examples
Ideal Delay: Moving Average: y[n] = x[n-nd]

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