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Notes On Basic Circuit Theory

This document provides an overview of basic circuit theory concepts in 3 paragraphs or less: It defines key circuit elements like voltage, current, resistors, capacitors, inductors, sources, and switches. It explains Kirchhoff's laws, voltage and current divisions, and series and parallel resistor connections. Finally, it introduces the superposition principle for analyzing circuits with multiple sources.

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RAJARAM
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46 views18 pages

Notes On Basic Circuit Theory

This document provides an overview of basic circuit theory concepts in 3 paragraphs or less: It defines key circuit elements like voltage, current, resistors, capacitors, inductors, sources, and switches. It explains Kirchhoff's laws, voltage and current divisions, and series and parallel resistor connections. Finally, it introduces the superposition principle for analyzing circuits with multiple sources.

Uploaded by

RAJARAM
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes on Basic Circuit Theory

Voltage B B vAB vBA A vAB=-vBA A

It is the difference in electrical potential between two points

Current B B iBA iAB A A iAB=-iBA

It is the charge flowing in a section of a conductor per unit time:

dQ i= dt

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KLV) A vAC C vCB vBA B vBA+ vCB+ vAC = 0

A vAB vAC C vBC B vAC=vBC+vAB


like quotes on a drawing

A B 0 vA=vA0 vB=vB0

Kirchoffs Current Law (KLI)

iB iC iA
special case: Nodes Law

iA+ iB+ iC = 0

iA iC iB

iA+ iB+ iC = 0

iA iC iB

iB = iA+ iC
like a flow of a liquid

Sign Conventions

Active Sign Convention:

i
P

i
P

v and i arrows have the same direction

P=vi
P : electrical power delivered by the device

Passive Sign Convention:

i
P

i
P

v and i arrows have opposite directions

P=vi
P : electrical power absorbed by the device

Basic Circuit Elements

Ideal Resistor
Passive Sign Convention:

i v R

v =Ri
Ohms Law

Active Sign Convention:

i v R

v =-Ri
Ohms Law

Basic Circuit Elements

Ideal Capacitor
Passive Sign Convention:

i v C dv i = C dt

Active Sign Convention:

i v C dv i =-C dt

Basic Circuit Elements

Ideal Inductor
Passive Sign Convention:

i v L di v = L dt

Active Sign Convention:

i v L di v =-L dt

Basic Circuit Elements


Ideal Voltage Source

i v + v0

v =v0
independently of i

special case: if v0=0 short circuit (i.e. an ideal wire)

Ideal Current Source

i v i0

i =i0
independently of v

special case: if i0=0 open circuit (i.e. no electrical connection)

Basic Circuit Elements


Switch

ON state
equivalent to a short circuit (i.e. an ideal wire)

OFF state
equivalent to an open circuit (i.e.two unconnected points)

Resistor Connections
Series Connection
Two resistors are connected in series if - they share one terminal (A), - such a terminal is not connected to nothing else

i i1 + v v1 R1 i2 R2 A vA

by Ohms Law

v1=R1 i1 v2=R2 i2
by KLI

i=i1=i2
by KLV

v2

v=v1+v2
as a consequence

v= R1 i + R2 i = (R1+R2) i (*) = REQ i


Two resistors in series are equivalent (for external effects) to a single resistor with a resistance

REQ=R1+R2
Replacing two resistor in series with the equivalent resistor, node A is lost. Node A voltage can be expressed in terms of the overall voltage v across the series-connected resistors

vA = v2 = R2 i2 = R2 i,

from (*):

i=

v R1+R2

vA=

R2 v R1+R2

Voltage Divider Rule

Resistor Connections
Shunt Connection
Two resistors are connected in shunt if they share both terminals

A i v v1 i1 R1 v2 i2 R2

by Ohms Law

v1=R1 i1
by KLI

v2=R2 i2

i=i1+i2
by KLV

v=v1=v2
as a consequence

i = v/R1 + v/R2 = v(1/R1+1/R2) = v/REQ (*)


Two shunt-connected resistors are equivalent (for external effects) to a single resistor with a resistance

REQ=

1 1 1 + R1 R2

R1R2 = R1+R2

Current i1 can be expressed in terms of the overall current i

i1= v1/R1 = v/R1

from (*):

v=

R1R2 i R1+R2

i1=

R2 i R1+R2

Current Divider Rule

Exercises R1 + v R2 R3 v3 i4 R4 R5
Ex. 1: Evaluate v3 and i4

R6 i1 R1 R2 i R3 v3 R4 R5
Ex.2: Evaluate i1, v3, i4 and v7

i4 v7 R7

Superposition Principle R1 + v1 R2 R3 vo i3 R4 R5
In any linear circuit which includes more that one independent source, each output can be expressed as the sum of the contributions of each source.

+ v2

vo=vo+vo+vo
The contribution of a source to the output is the value of the output in the circuit when the considered source is active, while the other sources are turned off.

a voltage source, when it is turned off, is equivalent to a short circuit a current source, when it is turned off, is equivalent to an open circuit

Superposition Principle
Contribution of v1 (vo)

R1 + v1 R2 R3 vo R4 R5 vo = (R2+R3)//R5 R1+(R2+R3)//R5 R3 R2+R3 v1

Contribution of v2 (vo)

R1 R2 R3 vo R4 R5 vo = (R2+R3)//R1 R5+(R2+R3)//R1 R3 R2+R3 v2 + v2

Superposition Principle
Contribution of i3 (vo)

R1 R2 R3 vo i3 R4 R5 R3 R2+R3

vo = - R1//R5//(R2+R3)

i3

Superposition Principle

Overall Circuit

R1 + v1 R2 R3 vo i3 R4 R5 vo=vo+vo+vo vo= (R2+R3)//R5 R1+(R2+R3)//R5 + (R2+R3)//R1 R5+(R2+R3)//R1 - R1//R5//(R2+R3) R3 R2+R3 R3 R2+R3 R3 R2+R3 v1 + + v2

v2 + i3

Exercises R1 R2 R3 v v3 + i4 R4 R5
Ex. 1: Evaluate v3 and i4

ia i1 R1 R2 R3 v3 ib i4 R4 R5
Ex.2: Evaluate i1, v3, i4 and v7

+ v v7 R7

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