How does the human heart function?

Name: Monica Date: Introduction:

This is my packet for the lab that we did in science which was based on dissecting a pig heart. We worked in groups of four and my partners are, Emilia, Evan, Nicolaus, and I. One surprising thing we found out about the pig heart was that it was overall bigger than the human heart. A big part about this lab was comparing measurements with the pig heart and the human heart. Although we made some mistakes during the lab I think that overall the lab was successful.

Research questions:
The purpose of this experiment is to nd out how the human heart functions and how it is similar to and different from other mammalian hearts.

You will need to write some specic research questions here. You can write these ahead of time, or as you do your research. By the end, you should know: What a human heart looks like (have a labeled diagram)

What the different measurements are for the human heart The apex (pointed end) points down and to the left. It is around 5 inches long, about 3.5 inches wide and aproximally 2.5 inches from front to back, and is roughly the size of your fist. The average weight of a female human heart is 9 ounces and a male's heart is 10.5 ounces. This means its less than less than 0.5 percent of the body weight.

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

 How the human heart functions, and how this function is similar to and different from other mammalian hearts On the right side, the upper chamber fills with oxygen-depleted blood from your body and pushes it via the lower chamber and the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. Here blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. On the left side, the upper chamber fills with oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. This is pumped via the lower chamber into the aorta and out to the body to provide cells with the crucial oxygen How human hearts are different from and similar to other mammalian hearts, especially pig hearts
Like human beings, the heart of a pig is four chambered. The top two chambers are known as atria (singular atrium) right and left atria, while the bottom two chambers are called ventricles, left and right ventricles. The inner surface of the heart is lined by a smooth tissue known as endocardium. The heart operates as a pumping organ. The number of times the heart beats in a minute is called heart rate or pulse rate. In an adult pig, the heart rate is usually 70 beats, while in case of young piglets, it can be about 200 beats per minute. In pigs, the heart rate can be felt at the base of the ear or under the tail.

The procedures for dissecting a mammalian heart, especially a pig heart, though other mammalian hearts are similar Remove any fat Run water into the venae cavae Run water into the pulmonary veins Run water int o the pulmonary artery Cut the ventricles from the bottom into halves Cut away the ventral half Look for the bicuspid valves, the tricuspid valves and the heart strings Cut away the front half of the auricles Cut open the base of pulmonary artery Cut open the base of the aorta Identify the semi lunar valves Clean up. The names of the different parts of the mammalian heart, both inside and out pulmonary veins venae cavae pulmonary artery aorta coronary artery coronary vein semi lunar valves bicuspid valves tricuspid valves heart strings

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

septum right and left ventricle auricles

Variables:
The independent variable is: (the one variable that you will change)

Type of heart

The dependent variable is: (The variable that you are investigating)

Function of the human heart

Control Variables
The factors that you keep the same, so that the experiment is a fair test. Try and list at least 5.

Factors to be controlled: 1 Procedure

Reason it needs to be controlled:

How it will be controlled:

We need to keep it controlled We will follow the steps that we because if we dont it could have written down. mess up the whole thing.

2 Parts of the heart that will be measured

Because if you measure differ- We will measure the same parts. ent parts you cant compare them.

3 Units that will be used Because if it wasnt controlled Make sure we use the same for measurement there would be different units measurement system. of measurement. 4

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Hypothesis:
What will happen to the dependent variable as the independent variable is changed? (How similar will the human
heart you investigated be to the pig heart you are dissecting?)
The human heart and a pig heart are very similar, they both have four chambers and double circulation. They both have 2 atria and 2 ventricles. Also the left side pumps oxygenated blood while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood. The pig heart is also very similar because of its weight, size and function. The adult pig heart is around the same size as an adult human st, since the pig heart and human heart is so similar the pig heart used to be used in human heart transplants.

What would that relationship look like? Try to sketch or illustrate

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

13

10.4

Centimeters

7.8

5.2

2.6

Height

Width

Depth

Units

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

297

296.4

295.8

Grams

295.2

294.6

294

Weight

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Materials:
-Ruler -Scale -Pig Heart (obviously) -Paper Towels -Gloves -Dissecting pan -Dissecting kit (scapel, tweezers, scissors)

Diagram One: Set-up of your materials for dissecting a pigs heart:

Heart

Paper Towels Dissecting Pan Ruler

Scale

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Method:
Some things to keep in mind as your write your method: You will need to have a step-by-step procedure for dissecting your pig heart You will need a procedure for measuring the different parts of the pig heart You will also need a procedure for comparing the different parts of the pig heart to the human heart These comparisons can be made in your results table (below)

Get out all of your materials Put on Apron Wash hands Put of gloves Get your computer out for your results Start removing any fat Run water into the venae cavae Run water into the pulmonary veins Run water int o the pulmonary artery Cut the ventricles from the bottom into halves Cut away the ventral half Look for the bicuspid valves, the tricuspid valves and the heart strings Cut away the front half of the auricles Cut open the base of pulmonary artery Cut open the base of the aorta Identify the semi lunar valves Clean up.

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Results:
Observations:

a lot of fat Right atrium is bigger than the left blue and red veins Pig heart is bigger than the human heart White parts around the outside are fat. Aorta is white and made out of cartilage You have to cut inside to nd the ventricle Heart strings are really strong Muscles are stripy

Graph 1: Measurements of the different parts of pig and human hearts

He ading s!w ith uni ts!

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

14

11.2

8.4
Numbers

5.6

2.8

Height

Width

Depth

Units

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

390

312

234

156

78

Weight

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Conclusion:

From the graph, the results show (What happens to the dependent variable as the independent variable changes?) . . .

There are quite a lot of similarities and differences between the pig heart and the human heart. We found out that the weight and the length of the pig heart are similar to the human heart but overall the pig heart is bigger and weighs more than the human heart. Also, some differences are that probably the human heart is healthier than the pig heart.

This happens because (Consider the concepts you used in your hypothesis). This is a good place to include some diagrams if they will help explain your ideas. My hypothesis graph is different to my results graph because in the hypothesis graph my group and I just made guesss but in the results graph we actually measured the parts of the heart.

Our group starting to cut open the pig heart.

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Evaluation:
Table 2: Validity of the method (Was the investigation a Fair Test?) If you were not able to control any of the control variables you listed above, how did any change in that variable affect your data?
Control variable What affect did this Degree of impact Improvement (how to x that was not have when compar- (small, medium or the problem): controlled: ing the independlarge): ent and dependent variables? This affected us beI think that it had an Follow the procedure exactly 1Procedure
cause once we cut in the wrong place and sometimes we skipped steps. 2 3 medium impact. next time and cut in the right spot.

Table 3: Reliability of the method: Were there enough trials? Did multiple trials give similar data? Are there anomalous points?

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

Reliability of data. The measuring instruments. a) Did the measuring instruments collect data that can be trusted? Yes/ No

Explanation (why / why not?)

I think the ruler and the scale are measuring tools that can be trusted because they are always accurate, and we also know that the measurements we took were right because they were close to our hypothesis graph measurements.

b) Was the experiment repeated enough times? Yes/ No

No, because we only had one pig heart to dissect.

c) Did the measuring instrument collect precise data? (i.e. Did the multiple trials give similar data?) Yes/ No

I think it did because the rulers and scales are really accurate.

Size of sample. d) was the range large enough? We only did one trial so we didnt have a range.

Yes/ No

Were there any surprising results? What were they?

The pig heart was overall bigger than the human heart.

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time

You are almost done! Now go back to the beginning and give your investigation a title using the dependent and independent variable.

Reference List:
"PIG HEART!!!!!!!!!!!!."http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNjATiS7d30 . yan505, 12 Apr. 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNjATiS7d30 >.

"How the Heart Works?." net doctor. net doctor, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. < http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/hearthealth/howtheheartworks.htm >.

"Google Images." Google Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. <http://images.google.com>.

how stuff works. "How your heart works?." how stuff works. how stuff works inc, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/heart1.htm >.

Cmassengale. "Heart dissection." Heart dissection. Cmassengale, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. < http://www.biologyjunction.com/heart_dissection.htm >.

Monica Francis

Thursday, 21 February 2013 8:32:55 AM Hong Kong SAR China Time