Deducerea unor egalitati folosind

elemente de combinatonica si numere compuse

Scopul acestui referat este de a prezenta o metoda de obtinere a unui tip de identitati
numerice , identitati care pe langa faptul ca sunt interesante ca forma au si diverse
aplicatii .
Fie nN\{0;1} , xR . Din formula lui Moivre si binomul lui Newton obtinem :
(cosx + isinx)
n
= cosnx + isinnx ( formula lui Moivre )
(cosx + isinx)
n
=
0
n
C cos
n
x + i
1
n
C cos
n-1
xsinx + i
2

2
n
C cos
n-2
xsin
2
x + i
3 3
n
C cos
n-3
xsin
3
x +
+
n
n
C i
n
sin
n
x = (
0
n
C cos
n
x -
2
n
C cos
n-2
xsin
2
x +
4
n
C cos
n-4
xsin
4
x + ) + i(
1
n
C cos
n-1
xsinx
-
3
n
C cos
n-3
xsin
3
x +
5
n
C cos
n-5
xsin
5
x )
Egaland partile reale si imaginare
(1) cosnx =
0
n
C cos
n
x -
2
n
C cos
n-2
xsin
2
x +
4
n
C cos
n-4
xsin
4
x +
(2) sinnx =
1
n
C cos
n-1
xsinx -
3
n
C cos
n-3
xsin
3
x +
5
n
C cos
n-5
xsin
5
x +
Folosind mai intai formula (2) pentru n = nr par si pentru n = nr impar
sin2nx =
1
2n
C cos
2n-1
xsinx -
3
2n
C cos
2n-3
xsin
3
x + + (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C cosxsin
2n-1
x (2)
sin(2n-1)x =
1
1 2 n
C cos
2n-2
xsinx -
3
1 2 n
C cos
2n-4
xsin
3
x + + (-1)
n-1

1 2
1 2

n
n
C cosxsin
2n-1
x (2)
Din (2) si (2) obtinem urmatoarele formule :
sin2nx = cosxsin
2n-1
x (
1
2n
C ctg
2n-2
x -
3
2n
C ctg
2n-4
x + + (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C ) (3)
sin(2n-1)x = sin
2n-1
x (
1
1 2 n
C ctg
2n-2
x -
3
1 2 n
C ctg
2n-4
x + ... + (-1)
n-1 1 2
1 2

n
n
C ) (3)
sin2nx = cos
2n-1
xsinx (
1
2n
C -
3
2n
C tg
2
x + ... + (-1)
n-1 1 2
2
n
n
C tg
2n-2
x ) (4)
sin(2n-1)x = cos
2n-2
xsinx (
1
1 2 n
C -
3
1 2 n
C tg
2
x + ... + (-1)
n-1 1 2
1 2

n
n
C tg
2n-2
x ) (4)
sin2nx = cosxsinx (
1
2n
C cos
2n-2
x -
3
2n
C cos
2n-4
xsin
2
x + ... + (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C sin
2n-2
x ) (5)
sin(2n-1)x = sinx (
1
1 2 n
C cos
2n-2
x -
3
1 2 n
C cos
2n-4
xsin
2
x +...+ (-1)
n-1 1 2
1 2

n
n
C sin
2n-2
x) (5)
Sa folosim acum formula (3) :
sin2nx = 0 x=
n
k
2
t
, kZ. Fie x
k
=
n
k
2
t
, y
k
= ctg
2
x
k
, k = 1 , 1 n
Deoarece x
k
(0;
2
t
) , k 1 , 1 n rezulta ca cosxk sin
2n-1
x
k
0 , 1 , 1 = n k
Prin urmare , din formula (3) obtinem :

1
2n
C
1 n
k
y -
3
2n
C
2 n
k
y + ... + (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C = 0 , 1 , 1 = n k
In concluzie yk , 1 , 1 = n k reprezinta toate solutiile ecuatiei :

1
2n
C y
n-1
-
3
2n
C y
n-2
+ ... + (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C = 0 (6)
In mod analog se obtin urmatoarele ecuatii polinomiale cu toate solutiile lor :

1
1 2 n
C y
n-1
-
3
1 2 n
C y
n-2
+ ... + (-1)
n-1 1 2
1 2

n
n
C = 0 cu solutiile y
k
= ctg
2
1 2 n
kt
, 1 , 1 = n k (6)

1
2n
C -
3
2n
C y + ... + (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C y
n-1
= 0 cu solutiile y
k
= tg
2
n
k
2
t
, 1 , 1 = n k (7)

1
1 2 n
C -
3
1 2 n
C y + ... + (-1)
n-1 1 2
1 2

n
n
C y
n-1
= 0 cu solutiile y
k
= tg
2
1 2 n
kt
, 1 , 1 = n k (7)
1
2n
C y
n-1
-
3
2n
C y
n-2
(1-y) +...+ (-1)
n-1

1 2
2
n
n
C (1-y)
n-1
=0 cu solutiile y
k
=cos
2
n
k
2
t
, 1 , 1 = n k (8)
1
1 2 n
C y
n-1
-
3
1 2 n
C y
n-2
(1-y)++ (-1)
n-1 1 2
1 2

n
n
C (1-y)
n-1
=0 cu solutiile y
k
=cos
2
1 2 n
kt
,
1 , 1 = n k (8)
Folosind relatiile lui Vite obtinem :
Din(6) :

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
= -
1
2

n
n
coef y
coef y
= -
1
2
3
2
n
n
C
C
=
)! 1 2 (
)! 2 (
)! 3 2 ( ! 3
)! 2 (

n
n
n
n
=
6 )! 3 2 (
)! 1 2 (

n
n
=
6
) 2 2 )( 1 2 ( n n

=
3
) 1 )( 1 2 ( n n

Deci

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
=
3
) 1 )( 1 2 ( n n
(9)
Tot din (6) obtinem :

<
=
n
l k
l k 1 ,
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
ctg
2
n
l
2
t
=
1
3

n
n
coefy
coefy
=
1
2
5
2
n
n
C
C
=
)! 1 2 ( ! 1
)! 2 (
)! 5 2 ( ! 5
)! 2 (

n
n
n
n
=
)! 2 ( )! 5 2 ( ! 5
)! 1 2 ( ! 1 )! 2 (
n n
n n

=
)! 5 2 ( 5 4 3 2 1
)! 1 2 (


n
n
=
! 5
) 1 2 )( 2 2 )( 3 2 )( 4 2 ( n n n n
=
30
) 3 2 )( 1 2 )( 1 )( 2 ( n n n n
(10)
respectiv
[

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
= (-1)
n-1
1
0
n
coef y
coef y
= (-1)
n-1
1
2
1 1 2
2
) 1 (
n
n n
n
C
C

= 1
[

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
n
k
2
t
ctg
n
k
2
t
= 1
[

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
n
k
2
t
=
[

=
1
1
n
k
tg
n
k
2
t
= 1 (11)
Din (9) rezulta :

3
) 1 )( 1 2 ( n n
=

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
=

=
1
1
n
k
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
2
sin
1
2
n
kt
=

=
1
1
n
k
1
2
sin
1
2
+ n
n
kt

=
1
1
n
k
n
k
2
sin
1
2
t
=
3
) 1 )( 1 2 ( n n
+ n-1 =
3
) 3 1 2 )( 1 ( + n n
=
3
) 1 )( 1 ( 2 + n n
=
3
) 1 ( 2
2
n

=
1
1
n
k
n
k
2
sin
1
2
t
=
3
) 1 ( 2
2
n
(12)
Din (9) si (10) rezulta :

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
4
n
k
2
t
=
2
2
1
1
2
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
k
ctg
n
k
t
- 2

<
=
n
l k
l k 1 ,
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
ctg
2
n
l
2
t
=
3
3
) 1 )( 1 2 (
(

n n
-
2
30
) 3 2 )( 1 2 )( 1 )( 2 ( n n n n
=
45
) 13 6 4 )( 1 2 )( 1 (
2
+ n n n n

Deci

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
4
n
k
2
t
=
45
) 13 6 4 )( 1 2 )( 1 (
2
+ n n n n
(13)
Din (6) obtinem :

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
1 2 n
kt
= -
1
1 2
1 2
3

n
n
C
C
=
3
) 3 2 )( 1 ( n n
(9)
de unde rezulta :

=
1
1
n
k
1 2
sin
1
2
n
kt
=
3
) 3 2 )( 1 ( n n
+ n 1 =
3
) 1 ( 2 n n
(12)
Tot din (6) obtinem :
[

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
1 2 n
kt
= (-1)
n-1
1
1 2
1 1 2
1 2
) 1 (

n
n n
n
C
C
=
1 2
1
n

deci
[

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
1 2 n
kt
=
1 2
1
n
(11) de unde rezulta
[

=
1
1
n
k
tg
1 2 n
kt
= 1 2 n (11)
Din (7) obtinem :

=
1
1
n
k
tg
2
1 2 n
kt
= -
1 2
2
1
3 2
2
2
) 1 (
) 1 (

n
n
n
n
n
n
C
C
=
1
2
3
2
n
n
C
C
=
3
) 1 2 )( 1 ( n n
(14)
de unde rezulta :

=
1
1
n
k
n
k
2
cos
1
2
t
=
3
) 1 2 )( 1 ( n n
+ (n-1) =
3
) 1 ( 2
2
n
(15)
Din (7) obtinem :

=
1
1
n
k
tg
2
1 2 n
kt
= -
1 2
1 2
1
3 2
1 2
2
) 1 (
) 1 (

n
n
n
n
n
n
C
C
= +
! 0 )! 1 2 (
)! 1 2 (
! 2 )! 3 2 (
)! 1 2 (

n
n
n
n
=
! 2
) 1 2 )( 2 2 ( n n
=
(n-1)(2n-1) (14)
de unde rezulta :

=
1
1
n
k
1 2
cos
1
2
n
kt
=(n-1)(2n-1) + (n-1) = (n-1)(2n-1+1) = 2n(n-1) (15)
Din (8) obtinem :
[

=
1
1
n
k
cos
2
n
k
2
t
= (-1)
n-1
1
0
n
coef y
coef y
=
1
1 2
2
1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (

n
n
n
n n
coefy
C
=
1 2
2
2
n
n
=
2 2
2
n
n

Dar coef y
n-1
=
1
2n
C +
3
2n
C + ... +
1 2
2
n
n
C = 2
2n-1
si deci
[

=
1
1
n
k
cos
2
n
k
2
t
=
1
2
1
n
= 2
1-2n

[

=
1
1
n
k
cos
n
k
2
t
=
n
2
2
(16)
Din (8) obtinem :
[

=
1
1
n
k
cos
2
1 2 n
kt
= (-1)
n-1
1
1
) 1 (

n
n
coef y
unde coeficientul lui y
n-1
este
coef y
n-1
=
2 2 1 2
1 2
3
1 2
1
1 2
2 ...


= + + +
n n
n n n
C C C
Prin urmare
[

=
1
1
n
k
cos
2
1 2 n
kt
=
2
2
1
n
de unde
[

=
1
1
n
k
cos
1 2 n
kt
=
1
2
1
n
(16)
Folosim acum formula (1) :
cos2nx = x C x x C x C
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 0
2
sin ) 1 ( ... sin cos cos + +

(1)
cos(2n-1)x = x x C x x C x C
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2 3 2 2
1 2
1 2 0
1 2
sin cos ) 1 ( ... sin cos cos

+ + (1)
Procedand ca mai sus obtinem urmatoarele ecuatii polinomiale cu toate solutiile lor :
0 ) 1 ( ...
2
2
1 2
2
0
2
= + +
n
n
n n
n
n
n
C y C y C cu solutiile y
k
= ctg
2
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
, k= 1 , 0 n (17)
0 ) 1 ( ...
2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1 0
1 2
= + +

n
n
n n
n
n
n
C y C y C cu solutiile y
k
=ctg
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
,
k= 2 , 0 n (17)
0 ) 1 ( ...
2
2
2
2
0
2
= + +
n n
n
n
n n
y C y C C cu solutiile y
k
= tg
2
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
, k= 1 , 0 n (18)
0 ) 1 ( ...
1 2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
1 2
= + +

n n
n
n
n n
y C y C C cu solutiile y
k
= tg
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
, k= 2 , 0 n (18)
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ... ) 1 (
2
2
1 2
2
0
2
= + +
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
y C y y C y C cu solutiile y
k
= cos
2
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
,
k= 1 , 0 n (19)
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ... ) 1 (
1 2 2
2
1 2 2
1 2
1 0
1 2
= + +

n n
n
n n
n
n
n
y C y y C y C cu solutiile
y
k
=cos
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
, k= 2 , 0 n (19)
Din acestea se obtin urmatoarele identitati numerice :

=
1
0
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
= n(2n-1) (20)

=
2
0
n
k
ctg
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
= (n-1)(2n-1) (20)

<
=
1
0 ,
n
l k
l k
ctg
2
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
ctg
2
l
l
4
) 1 2 ( t +
=
6
) 3 2 )( 1 2 )( 1 ( n n n n
(21)

=
1
0
n
k
ctg
4
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
=
6
) 3 10 )( 1 2 (
2
n n n n
(22)

[

=
1
0
n
k
ctg
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
=
[

=
1
0
n
k
tg
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
=1 (23)

[

=
2
0
n
k
ctg
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
= 2n-1 ;
[

=
2
0
n
k
tg
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
=
1 2
1
n
(24)

=
1
0
n
k
tg
2
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
= n(2n-1) (25)

=
1
0
n
k
tg
2
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
=
3
) 3 2 )( 1 ( n n
(25)

=
1
0
n
k
n
k
4
) 1 2 (
sin
1
2
t +
= 2n
2
;

=
2
0
n
k
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (
sin
1
2

+
n
k t
= 2n(n-1) (26)

[

=
1
0
n
k
cos
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
=
[

=
1
0
n
k
sin
n
k
4
) 1 2 ( t +
=
1
2
1
n
(27)

[

=
1
0
n
k
cos
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
=
1
1
2
2

n
n
;
[

=
1
0
n
k
sin
) 1 2 ( 2
) 1 2 (

+
n
k t
=
1
2
1
n
(28)
Impartind relatiile (1) la (2) [ respectiv (1) la (2) ] obtinem :
tg2nx =
x C x x C x C
x x C x x C x x C
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 0
2
1 2 1 2
2
1 3 3 2 3
2
1 2 1
2
sin ) 1 ( ... sin cos cos
sin cos ) 1 ( ... sin cos sin cos
+ +
+ +

=
tgx
x tg C x tg C C
x tg C x tg C C
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n
n
n n
2 2
2
2 2
2
0
2
2 2 1 2
2
2 3
2
1
2
) 1 ( ...
) 1 ( ...
+ +
+ +

(29)
tg(2n-1)x = tgx
x tg C x tg C C
x tg C x tg C C
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n
n
n n
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
0
1 2
2 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 3
1 2
1
1 2
) 1 ( ...
) 1 ( ...

+ +
+ +
(29)
Tinand seama ca tg2nx = 1 x =
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
, kZ respectiv tg(2n-1)x = 1
x=
) 1 2 ( 4
) 1 4 (

+
n
k t
obtinem urmatoarele ecuatii polinomiale cu toate solutiile lor :
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ...
2 2
2
1 2 1 2
2
4 4
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1
2
0
2
= + + + + +
n n
n
n n n
n
n
n n n n n
y C y C y C y C y C y C C cu
solutiile y
k
= tg
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
, k = 1 2 , 0 n (30)

1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1
1 2
0
1 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ...

+ + +
n n
n
n n n
n
n
n n n
y C y C y C y C C = 0 cu solutiile
y
k
=tg
) 1 2 ( 4
) 1 4 (

+
n
k t
, k = 1 2 , 0 n (30)
Analog se obtin polinoamele cu radacinile sub forma de ctg , cos sau sin .
De exemplu :
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ...
2
2
1 2
2
3 2 3
2
2 2 2
2
1 2 1
2
2 0
2
= + + + +
n
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
C y C y C y C y C y C cu solutiile
y
k
= ctg
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
, k = 1 2 , 0 n (31)
Din (31) de obtin identitatile :

=
1 2
0
n
k
ctg
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
= 2n ;

=
1 2
0 ,
n
l k
ctg
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
ctg
n
l
8
) 1 4 ( t +
= -n(2n-1) (32)
de unde rezulta

=
1 2
0
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
= 4n
2
+ 2n(2n-1) = 2n(4n-1) (33)
De aici rezulta

=
1 2
0
n
k
n
k
8
) 1 4 (
sin
1
2
t +
= (4n-1)2n + 2n = 8n
2
(34)
De asemenea
[

=
1 2
0
n
k
ctg
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
= (-1)
n
=
[

=
1 2
0
n
k
tg
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
(35)


APLICATII

1) O aplicatie interesanta a unor identitati deduse mai sus este calcularea unor sume
de tip Euler |
.
|

\
|
N e
-

p unde
k
p
k
1
1
.
Este cunoscut faptul ca seria
o
k
k
1
1

=
este convergenta pentru >1 si divergenta
pentru 1 .
Sa notam cu a
p
=
p
k
k
1
1

=
unde p N e \{0 ;1} . Aceste numere se numesc sumele lui
Euler ( a
p
) .
Sa calculam de exemplu a
2
:
Deoarece sinx<x<tgx , |
.
|

\
|
e
2
; 0
t
x rezulta ca ctg
2
x<
2
1
x
<
x
2
sin
1
, |
.
|

\
|
e
2
; 0
t
x de unde
rezulta ca

=
1
1
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
2
t
<
n
k
k
n
n
k
n
k
2
sin
1 1 4
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
t
t


=

=
< si tinand seama de identitatile (9) si
(12) <

3
) 1 )( 1 2 (
4
2
2
n n
n
t
3
) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
2
2
2
1
1

<

=
n
n k
n
k
t
de unde rezulta ca
6
1
lim
2
2
1
1
t
=

=

k
n
k
n
deci
6
2
2
t
= a .
Analog putem calcula a
4
:
Din 1
sin
1 1
2
2 2
2
+ = < < x ctg
x x
x ctg obtinem
1
2
2
2
1 16
2
1 2
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
4
4
1
1
2 4
4
4
+ + < < + + < <


=

=
n
n
k
ctg
n
k
ctg
k
n
n
k
ctg x ctg x ctg
x
x ctg
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
t t
t
t
si tinand seama de (9) si (13)

+

+
+
< <
+

=
) 1 (
3
) 1 )( 1 2 (
2
45
) 13 6 4 )( 1 2 )( 1 (
16
1
16 45
) 13 6 4 )( 1 2 )( 1 (
2
4
4
4
1
1
4
4 2
n
n n n n n n
n k n
n n n n
n
k
t t

90 16 45
8 1
lim
4 4
4
1
1
t t
=

=

k
n
k
n
deci
90
4
4
t
= a .
In mod analog se pot calcula ,... ,
8 6
a a dar calculele se complica foarte mult .
Obs: Pentru calcularea sumelor lui Euler putem undica o metoda mai simpla
(neelementara ) care furnizeaza o relatie de recurenta pentru sirul ( )
-
N e p
p
a
2
.
Dezvoltand in seria Fourier functia | | R f t t; : , ( )
p
x x f
2
= si luand t = x rezulta
urmatoarea relatie de recurenta :

j
j
j
p
j
p
j
a
j C
p
p
2
2
1 2
2
1
1
)! 1 2 ( ) 1 (
1 2 t

=
+
+
=

Din aceasta relatie de recurenta putem calcula a
2p
, pentru orice
-
N e p .
De aici :
9450
;
945
;
90
;
6
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
t t t t
= = = = a a a a s.a.m.d .

2) Folosind aceeasi inegalitate |
.
|

\
|
e < <
2
; 0 ,
sin
1 1
2 2
2
t
x
x x
ctg si identitatile (3) ,
(34) rezulta :

=
1 2
0
n
k
ctg
2
n
k
8
) 1 4 ( t +
<
+
<
+


=

=
n
k
k
n
n
k
n
k
8
) 1 4 (
sin
1
) 1 4 (
1 64
2
1 2
0
2
1 2
0
2
2
t
t

< ) 1 4 ( 2
64
2
2
n n
n
t

=
1 2
0
n
k
<
+
2
2
2
2
8
64 ) 1 4 (
1
n
n k
t
8 ) 1 4 (
1
lim
2
2
1 2
0
t
=
+

=

k
n
k
n
deci
8 ) 1 4 (
1
2
2
0
t
=
+

=
k
k
.

3) Formula de tip Stirling
Folosind identitate
1
1
2 2
sin

=
=
[
n
n
k
n
n
kt
vom da o demonstratie simpla formulei de tip
Stirling .
a) Calculam integrala improprie :
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x x
xdx
2
cos ln
2
sin ln 2 ln
2 2
cos
2
sin 2 ln sin ln
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
} } } }
+ + = =
t t t t
t
=

2
4
0
2
4
0
cos ln 2 sin ln 2 2 ln
2
t
t t
t
= =
} }
+ +
u
x
u
udu udu =
2 ln
2
sin ln sin ln 2 2 ln
2
sin ln 2 sin ln 2 2 ln
2
2
0
2
0
2
4
4
0
t t t
t t t
t
t
= + = + +
} } } }
xdx udu tdt udu

b) Calculam integrala :
( ) dx x x x x xdx xdx dx
x
x
x
'
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
ln ln 2 ln
2
ln sin ln
sin
ln
} } } } }
+ = =

t t t t t
t
=
t
t t
t
t t t t e
x x
x
ln
2 2
ln
2 2
ln lim 2 ln
2
2 ln
2
0
= + = + +

.
c) Fie functia

=
(

\
|
e
=
(

0 , 0
2
; 0 '
sin
ln
) ( ,
2
; 0 :
x
x
x
x
x f R f
t
t

f este integrabila Rieman
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

9 e

}
=

n
k
f
n
dx x f
e
f
n
k
n
2 2
lim ) ( ln
2 2
; 0
1
2
0
t t
t
t t
t

n
n
n n
n
n
n
k
n
n
k
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
k
n
n
k
n
k
n
e
t
t
t
t
t
t !
2
2
ln
1
lim
2
!
2
sin
ln
1
lim
2
2
sin
ln
1
lim ln
1
1
1

=

=

=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
[
[
=
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
e n
n n
n
e
n n
n n
n n
n n
n !
2
ln
1
lim ln
1
!
2
ln
1
lim 0
!
2
ln
1
lim

=
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

t t t
=
=
(

!
2
ln
1
lim
2
ln
1
!
2
ln
1
lim
n
n e n
n n n
n e n
n
n n
n
n n
n
t
t
t

1
!
2
lim
1
=
(

n
n n
n
n
n e n t
.
Fie 1
2
!
1

(

=

n
n
n n
n
n e n
n
c
t
c si
n
n
n n
n e n n c t =

2 ! unde 1
n
c .



Bibliografie :

A.M.Iaglom si I.M. Iaglom Probleme neelementare tratate elementar