j. innov.dev.strategy.

3(4): 1-8 (August 2009)

PROCESS FOR LEVEL DYEING OF 100% COTTON KNIT FABRICS WITH REACTIVE DYE
CHOWDHURY JONY MOIN1 AND A.K.M. MAHABUBUZZAMAN2
1

Senior Lecturer, Department of Textile Engineering, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh and 2 Principal Scientific Officer, Mechanical Processing Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. ABSTRACT

Accepted for publication on 17 July 2009

Moin, C.J., and Mahabubuzzaman, A.K.M. 2009. Process for level dyeing of 100% cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye. J. innov.dev.strategy 3(4): 0108.

The research was carried out at Hamza Textile Mills Ltd.of Gazipur in 2007. A beige color is selected to dye in a modern knit-dyeing machine (jet type) with the capacity of 500kg; maximum load of 440kg with 88% load. Three batches are dyed and observed. The machine contains two separate feeding units and has the scope of dividing the batch into two parts, with 220 kg each. This study will enable the industry to reduce loss of reprocess and rejection of fabric. The study was identified that precision setup of cycle time, run-time, dosing time and temperature gradient can improve meter-to-meter variation from 66%86%; the study considers the factors namely water hardness, dyes combination and dyes leveling properties were optimum. In this study it was found that a satisfactory improvement in level dyeing of 100% cotton knit fabric with reactive dye could be ensured without additional chemicals or operational costs.

Keywords: Level Dyeing, Knit, Reactive

INTRODUCTION Manufacturing of knit goods is cheap and 100% cotton knit items are very comfortable which increase the demand of knit underwear as well as outerwear. As a result knitting, knit dyeing and finishing industries are growing very rapidly (Biljana et al 2004). In 2006, Textile Intelligence estimated yearly production of knitted goods to be 17 millions tons, which is one-third of global textile market, and predicted an increase by 25% over the next 10 years, amounting 21 millions tons/year (Booth, 1968). New fibre will be used and that will create new markets. Designers will get high-tech fibres to create more sophisticated items, which will reduce monopolistic use of 100% cotton knitted textile in basic apparel. But still we are in trouble for quality of knit clothing items. Day by day the customers are going to be more conscious about quality of clothing items. As a result it became more challenging to the manufacturer. First of all cotton determines the quality of textile, hence higher quality cotton is used for clothing and lower quality for household or industrial products (Crown, 2005). If fibre is selected as per quality, then fabric quality will depend on fabric manufacturing and processing techniques. Generally cotton fibres are ring spun to card, combed and compact yarn, among these first one is inferior and last one is the best in quality. The properties of yarn are directly shifted to the fabrics, as fabricmanufacturing techniques define arrangement of yarn by creating loops and interlacements. After fabric manufacturing the fabric is subjected for wet processing to add values. Jets and Winch dyeing machines are usually used as exhaust equipment for preparation, dyeing and finishing of apparel knit fabrics (David, 2005). Knit fabric wet processing is started with batching or batch preparation where fabric is weighted as per machine capacity and the fabric is turned to inside out in case of body fabric i.e. main fabric of garments. Normally in Bangladesh single jersey fabric such as plain, locust, pique etc. fabrics are widely used for body fabric of garments. Interlock, rib, fleece fabrics are also turned to inside out when those are in unbalanced structures and used as body fabric of garments. The fabrics are usually turned to keep away from the any unaccepted incident or damage on face side and remove edge marks, which are created due to formation of fabric roll. Background Maximum knit fabric problems are created during preparation, dyeing and after treatment process. Common problems of knit dyeing are edge mark, crease mark, pin hole, loss of fabric strength, shade variation of batch to batch, uneven dyeing (such as roll to roll shade variation, patchy, color spot, white spot, meter to meter shade variation), hand feel problem, fastness problems etc. Edge mark and Crease mark In case of edge mark fabric is turned before wet processing and for precaution gray fabric roll should not too tight and should not stored for a long time. For crease marks anti-creasing chemicals are used. However, to ensure perfect remedy, preventive measures are more convenient and prescribed. Among the precautionary measures followings are ensured like convenient machine speed (with fabric compactness), correct loading (no twisted rope and knots), relaxation of fabric; proper dyeing process (heating-cooling rates not too rapid). Simultaneously the measures like stationary fabric in a running machine, overloading which might cause mechanical frictions, rough patches in the machine, tight construction of fabric, high twisted yarns and high GSM are avoided.
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C.J. Moin, and A.K.M. Mahabubuzzaman

Pinhole Pinhole is an interesting and very dangerous problem; it may cause rejection of full batch fabric. The reason behind this is presence of Fe+ and Cu+ ions in water and active per-oxide that is used during bleaching (Teal at el, 2002). As there is no correction options water hardness should be within limit or strong sequestering agent should be used and per-oxide killing should be done properly. Fabric strength Contamination of sulphuric acid with acetic acid, longer process with excess scouring bleaching chemicals, delay of killing the enzymes, very high speed of machine, too long dyeing (corrective or repairing) process are mainly responsible for loss of fabric strength (Teal at el, 2002). Shade variation batch to batch Consistency of dyeing performance mainly depends on minimum shade variation of batch to batch. Process parameters such as water hardness, M:L, time, temperature, recipe, reproducibility of dyes, dye lot, fabric structure, GSM, fibre lot, yarn count etc. should be same as much as possible for minimizing batch to batch shade variation problem. Roll to roll shade variation and Patchy Roll to roll shade variation always confused for matching the batch with standard shade and produces a variety of shade within a batch. This is a result of mixing of fabric roll produced from different fibre lot, yarn count, GSM, structure and even sometime for different machines. So to avoid such problems one has to avoid mixing of different types of fabrics. Patchy is the real uneven dyeing; this may result of uneven absorbency, electrolytes (salt) alkaline pH, uneven and sudden alkali dosing, wrong dye combinations, improper mixing of dyes, improper neutralization after scouring-bleaching and dyeing, fabric entanglement during process etc. If above mentioned points are under controlled then possibility of patchy is very low. Color spot and White specks Color spot is the result of improper color mixing (very serious issue in case of turquoise dyes as their dye molecules are comparatively larger), water hardness and presence of heavy metal sulphate, sulphides, sulphites & alkali especially caustic soda. Water treatment plant (WTP), sequestering agent and proper mixing of dyes are fundamental solution of this problem. White specks are mainly yarn problem i.e. dead or immature fibres. Moreover contamination in water, improper dissolve of alkali and presence of silica based chemical before dyeing also arise white spots. Excluding yarn quality; WTP, proper handling of caustic and de-finishing removing silica based finishes, incase processing of finished fabric with such finishing chemicals, are necessary to solve such problem. Meter to meter shade variation Meter to meter shade variation is a typical shade variation problem. Very short dyeing arise unleveled dyeing (Gordon, 2006) .United State patent 4,629,465 and 5,167,668 show that level dyeing is dependent on controlled addition of dyes and electrolytes and proper alkali dosing system for dye fixation respectively. Another United State patent 4089644 suggested controlling the rate of dye adsorption of dye on to the substrates by the number of cycles of dye liquor and/or substrates throughout the dyeing process. Furthermore, during my job in the industry, it was found that, imbalance dosing time, run time and temperature gradient of each step with cycle time of fabric is responsible for meter-to-meter shade variation. Six batches are dyed with linear dosing system, incase of alkali & per-oxide dosing of scouringbleaching and dyes, salt, alkali of dyeing, on this aspect and described in methodology and result section. Hand feel and Fuzzy appearance Hand feel problem is irreversible due to use of harsh metal chemicals for processing. It can be easily reduce by demineralization and can improve by the addition of softener. Fuzzy appearance comes because of fabric to fabric, fabric to chemicals and fabric to machine abrasion in presence of high temperature for a long period of time. Nowadays very popular bio polishing is practiced to improve the appearance of the fabric. Fastness problems Fastness problems are result of improper washing off, presence of unfix dyes, hydrolysis of dyes, dyeing with excessive dyes, poor fastness properties of dyes, improper use of fixer and softener (www.researchandmarkets.com/reports).

j. innov.dev.strategy. 3(4): August 2009

Process for level dyeing of 100% cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye

METHODOLOGY A beige color is selected to dye in a modern knit-dyeing machine (jet type) with the capacity of 500kg; maximum load of 440kg with 88% load. Three batches are dyed and observed. The machine contains two separate feeding units and has the scope of dividing the batch into two parts, with 220 kg each. Traditionally in our country technicians are habituated for maintaining the cycle time in between 2.5 to 3 minutes as standard. First batch is dyed with 3 minutes cycle time. The second one is dyed with 3 minutes cycle time and synchronized to chemicals & dyes dosing time and run time. And the third batch dyed with a cycle time of 2.5 minutes where chemicals & dyes dosing time, run time and temperature gradients are synchronized with cycle time. Full fabrics are inspected for meter-to-meter shade variation and ten samples are taken randomly for each batch. Ten samples from each batch are catalogued along each other and inspected visually. Finally 3 batches are examined to identify the extent of meter-to-meter shade variation among the batches. Furthermore, samples are measured in a spectrophotometer for each batch considering the sample-1 as standard and other nines as batches. Data for each batch are analyzed with respect to dE. And then statistical analysis is done to identify the improvements in levelness of dyeing between three batches. Additionally, three batches of another color (Brown) are also dyed and inspected maintaining the same procedure of beige color. RESULT AND DISCUSSION For both color it is clearly observed that third batch gives the most level dyeing and second batch gives more than the first. The reason behind these is for third batch cycle time is synchronized to dyes and chemicals dosing time, temperature gradient and run time where as at second batch cycle time is synchronized to dyes and chemicals dosing time and run time. Here cycle time means the time required for the fabric to complete one revolution. Theoretically for uniform dyeing adsorption, absorption and fixation should be uniform. This study focused on these factors and made following adjustments (a e as shown in Annexture-1 Table 1). a) Scouringbleaching process determines uniform absorption properties. To get uniform absorption properties dosing time (DT) of caustic and per-oxide set in such a way that during dosing fabric can complete its full cycles i.e. DT/CT= an integer. For example, in second batch it was six minutes (6/3=2) and five minutes (5/2.5=2) for third batch. b) Incase of scouring-bleaching run time for 2nd and 3rd batches it was 60 minutes where run time (RT) also perfect for completion of fabric cycles i.e. RT/CT== a integer (60/3=20 & 60/2.5=24). So during run time 2nd batch complete 20 cycles and 3rd batch 24 cycles. c) Similarly, salt dosing time 21 minutes for 2nd batch and 20 minutes for 3rd batch. Dyes and alkali dosing time also 30 minutes and 60 minutes, both are compatible for completion of full cycles of fabric. These DT ensures the uniform impregnation of fabric during DT, hence ensures level adsorption, absorption and fixation.d) According to b run times are also set to 51 and 50 minutes for 2nd and 3rd batch respectively. These RT ensures the uniform impregnation of fabric during RT, hence ensures level adsorption, absorption and fixation. e) For third batch another factor; temperature gradient (TG) for scouring-bleaching is also synchronized with cycle time. Room temperature was 38oC. The scouring-bleaching temperature was 110oC. So temperature is increased by 72oC. The temperature gradient in 3rd batch was 3oC/minute and total time required to raise temperature up to 110oC was 72/3 = 24 minutes. Within this 24 minutes fabric completed 9.6 cycles 10 cycles {24 minutes/2.5 minutes (CT) = 9.6}. So this ensures uniform absorption properties of fabric as with the increase of temperature the action of caustic and per-oxide increase rapidly. Another factor also noticeable that batch-3 received more impregnations of fabric (due to less cycles time, 2.5 minutes) than batch-2; this more impregnation also helps to improve level dyeing. With respect to the sample 1, dE value of the rest nine samples from respective batches, are measured by spectrophotometer. Annexture-1 Table 2 shows the dE value of beige colour and its three batches against sample 1 of corresponding batches. Similarly, Annexture-1 Table 3 shows the dE value of brown colour and its three batches against sample 1 of corresponding batches. Variance of dE which represents variance of 9 samples for each batch. For beige colour, batch 1 shows variance of dE as 0.152. After the adjustment of the process (as mentioned in Annexture-1 Table 1), in Batch 2 and 3, variances of dE are found 0.051 and 0.021 respectively. Consequently, batch 2 and 3 shows 66.45% and 86.18% improvement against batch 1 (Annexture-1 Table 4). In case of brown colour, batch 1 shows variance of dE as 0.075. After the adjustment of the process (as mentioned in Annexture-1 Table 1), in Batch 2 and 3, variances of dE are found 0.020 and 0.010 respectively. Consequently, batch 2 and 3 show 73.33% and 86.67% improvement against batch 1 (Annexture-1 Table 4).
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C.J. Moin, and A.K.M. Mahabubuzzaman

CONCLUSION The study found that a satisfactory improvement in level dyeing of 100% cotton knit fabric with reactive dye could be ensured without additional chemicals or operational costs. Suggested adjustments are much user-friendly as well. This study will enable the industry to reduce loss of reprocess and rejection of fabric. REFERENCES Biljana, M., Goran D. and Igor J. 2004. Structural characteristics of cotton knitted fabrics after enzymatic and alkaline scouring, Bulletin of the chemists and technologists of Macedonia, vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 19-28. Booth, J.E. 1968. Principles of Textile Testing, Butterwrth Heinemann Ltd. UK. 0-592-06325-9, P 101. Crown, J. 2005. Critical solutions in the dyeing of cotton. Textile progress, The Textile Institute.Dec., P150. David, T. Parkes, 2005. Dye house productivity Back to basics. Istanbul Conference, May pp-15-21. Gordon, R. 2006. The preparation, dyeing and finishing of cotton knit goods. Nearchimica S.p.A. textile auxiliaries. P-22. Teal, S, R.T.Ervin and R.D. Mehta, 2002. Economic analysis of cotton textile finishing processes, Part 2After treatments, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA pp-15-20. www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/29475/world_markets_for_knitted_textiles_and.pdf.

j. innov.dev.strategy. 3(4): August 2009

Process for level dyeing of 100% cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye

ANNEXTURE-1
Table 1. Process details for three batches of both colors Process Chemicals and Sub-process dyes Detergent Demineralization Acidic Sequestrate Detergent Sequestrate Anti-creasing Scouringagent bleaching Stabilizer Caustic Per-oxide Then hot rinse for 10 minutes. Then cold rinse for 10 minutes. Neutralization A. Acetic acid Enzymatic peroxide killing Per-oxide killing A. Acetic acid Bio polishing Enzyme killing Batch-1 Cycle time 3 min Dose %/g/l 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 2.0 2.5 Injection Dosing system Injection Default 60 min., Default temp. grad. raise temp. from R.T.110OC Dosing time Default Run time 10 min Default setting 9 min 60 min., Default temp. grad. raise temp. from R.T.110OC Default 10 min 60 min, 3oC/min raise temp. from 38OC.110OC Batch -2 Cycle time 3 min Dosing time Run time Batch-3 Cycle time 2.5 min Dosing time Run time Remarks

Default

Default

Dosing Dosing

5 min, at R.T 5 min. at R.T

6 min, at R.T 6 min, at R.T

5 min at R.T 5 min at R.T

1.0 0.3 As req.

Inject Inject Inject

Default Default Default Default Default Default

10 min. 10 min

Default Default

10 min. 10 min

Default Default

10 min 10 min Ph-4.55.5 Ph-4.55.5

Default 45 min Default Default 10 min Default 45 min 10 min

Default Default Default 10 min Default

O

Dyeing

A. Acetic acid As req. Inject Inject Enzyme 1.5 Hot wash at 80o c for 10 min Leveling agent 1.0 Anti-creasing 1.0 agent Sequestrate 1.0 Inject Dyes Salt Alkali

45 min 10 min

30 min.at 60 C 20 min.at 60OC 60 min.at 60OC

50 min at 60OC

30 min.at 60 C 21 min.at 60OC 60 min.at 60OC

51 min at 60OC

30 min. at 60 C 20 min. at 60OC 60 min. at 60OC

50 min at 60OC

Rinsing drain Cold wash Neutralization Soaping

Acetic Acid Washing off Cold wash Softener Fixer

1.0 1.0

Inject Inject

Default Default

10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min.

Default Default

10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min.

Default Default

10 min 10 min 10 min 10 min.

Finishing

0.5 0.5

Inject Inject

Default

Default

Default

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C.J. Moin, and A.K.M. Mahabubuzzaman

Table 2. Data from spectrophotometer of beige color of three batches Batch 1 Std. Name Illum L* Color name Beige Sample-1 D65 70.555 Colorspace CIELAB CWF 71.228 Observer 10 Degree TL84 71.385 Mode Reflectance Illum Da* Spectro COLORGUIDE Sample-2 D65 0.074 Sample-3 D65 0.119 Sample-4 D65 0.072 Sample-5 D65 -0.003 Sample-6 D65 -0.008 Sample-7 D65 -0.560 Sample-8 D65 0.044 Sample-9 D65 0.070 Sample-10 D65 -0.030 Statistical calculation of dE* Mean 0.254 Variance Batch 2 Std. Name Illum L* Color name Beige Sample-1 D65 71.173 Colorspace CIELAB CWF 71.849 Observer 10 Degree TL84 72.020 Mode Reflectance Illum Da* Spectro COLORGUIDE Sample-2 D65 0.217 Sample-3 D65 0.084 Sample-4 D65 0.130 Sample-5 D65 0.080 Sample-6 D65 0.192 Sample-7 D65 0.158 Sample-8 D65 0.066 Sample-9 D65 0.176 Sample-10 D65 0.212 Statistical calculation of dE* Mean 0.143 Variance Batch 3 Std. Name Illum L* Color name Beige Sample-1 D65 70.134 Colorspace CIELAB CWF 70.778 Observer 10 Degree TL84 70.953 Mode Reflectance Illum Da* Spectro COLORGUIDE Sample-2 D65 0.236 Sample-3 D65 0.303 Sample-4 D65 0.419 Sample-5 D65 -0.101 Sample-6 D65 0.277 Sample-7 D65 -0.028 Sample-8 D65 0.219 Sample-9 D65 0.094 Sample-10 D65 0.318 statistical calculation of dE* Mean 0.113 Variance a* b* 2.134 10.833 0.802 11.467 -0.259 11.487 Db* DL* 1.142 -0.109 0.769 -0.741 1.078 -0.445 1.045 0.369 0.795 0.241 1.893 0.172 0.502 -0.444 0.576 -0.403 0.899 -0.197 0.152 Standard a* b* 1.863 11.462 0.604 12.080 -0.458 12.122 Db* DL* -0.264 -0.424 -0.634 -0.696 -0.658 -0.096 -0.275 -0.411 -0.472 -0.326 0.192 -0.323 -0.059 -0.026 -0.266 -0.376 -0.458 -0.135 0.051 Standard a* b* 1.857 11.756 0.580 12.388 -0.414 12.474 Db* DL* 0.042 0.568 -0.225 0.644 -0.196 0.479 0.213 0.435 -0.290 0.303 -0.343 0.861 -0.220 0.426 -0.246 0.669 -0.183 0.672 0.021 Standard C* 11.041 11.495 11.490 DC* 1.136 0.778 1.072 1.026 0.780 1.782 0.501 0.579 0.878 Deviation C* 11.612 12.095 12.131 DC* -0.223 -0.610 -0.626 -0.258 -0.432 0.216 -0.047 -0.232 -0.414 Deviation C* 11.902 12.402 12.481 DC* 0.80 -0.170 -0.120 0.195 -0.239 -0.343 -0.180 -0.228 -0.126 Deviation H* 78.824 85.965 91.327 DH* dE* Comment 0.141 1.150 FAIL 0.031 1.075 FAIL 0.131 1.168 FAIL 0.196 1.108 FAIL 0.156 0.831 PASS 0.850 1.982 FAIL 0.053 0.672 PASS 0.042 0.706 PASS 0.196 0.921 PASS 0.3904 CV% 153.7824 H* 80.736 87.103 92.199 DH* dE* Comment -0.259 0.545 PASS -0.194 0.946 PASS -0.240 0.678 PASS -0.124 0.501 PASS -0.270 0.605 PASS -0.124 0.408 PASS -0.075 0.092 PASS -0.219 0.493 PASS -0.288 0.522 PASS 0.2263 CV% 157.8708 H* 80.991 87.284 91.936 DH* dE* Comment -0.226 0.617 PASS -0.337 0.746 PASS -0.447 0.666 PASS 0.132 0.495 PASS -0.322 0.503 PASS -0.026 0.927 PASS -0.253 0.527 PASS -0.133 0.719 PASS -0.345 0.766 PASS 0.1435 CV% 126.7423

6 j. innov.dev.strategy. 3(4): August 2009

Process for level dyeing of 100% cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye

Table 3-Data from spectrophotometer of brown color of three batches Batch Color name Colorspace Observer Mode Spectro 1 BROWN CIELAB 10 Degree Reflectance COLORGUIDE Std. Name Sample-1 Illum D65 CWF TL84 Illum D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 Mean 0.149 Illum D65 CWF TL84 Illum D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 Mean 0.112 Illum D65 CWF TL84 Illum D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 D65 Mean 0.078 L* 28.782 29.263 29.197 Da* 0.235 0.191 0.280 -0.047 -0.080 0.165 0.021 -0.012 0.146 Variance L* 29.354 29.882 29.813 Da* -0.071 -0.098 -0.171 -0.102 0.131 -0.060 -0.215 -0.075 -0.099 Variance L* 29.872 30.400 30.335 Da* -0.094 0.031 0.440 -0.133 -0.071 -0.166 -0.098 -0.245 -0.250 Variance a* 3.944 2.244 1.725 Db* -0.016 -0.239 0.048 0.067 0.082 0.006 0.194 -0.011 0.128 0.075 a* 3.933 2.263 1.747 Db* 0.078 0.164 0.168 0.186 0.105 0.192 0.133 0.081 0.221 0.020 a* 4.105 2.368 1.885 Db* 0.151 0.333 0.150 0.243 0.092 0.247 0.483 0.279 0.323 0.010 b* C* 5.537 6.797 6.020 6.425 5.703 7.958 DL* DC* 1.268 0.126 0.849 -0.077 1.537 0.204 0.176 0.028 0.711 0.021 -0.112 0.102 0.361 0.171 0.378 -0.016 0.816 0.189 Standard deviation b* C* 5.657 6.890 6.145 6.458 5.819 6.076 DL* DC* -0.086 0.024 0.197 0.081 -0.081 0.044 0.299 0.097 0.567 0.161 0.446 0.125 -0.073 -0.009 0.379 0.025 0.008 0.128 Standard deviation b* C* 5.580 6.927 6.106 6.549 5.806 6.104 DL* DC* 0.236 0.068 -0.219 0.289 0.468 0.124 -0.054 0.121 0.266 0.033 0.109 0.106 -0.007 0.340 -0.449 0.089 -0.364 -.123 Standard deviation H* 54.530 69.529 73.141 DH* -0.199 -0.296 -0.197 0.077 0.113 -0.130 0.094 0.003 -0.044 H* 55.169 69.755 73.260 DH* 0.103 0.173 0.236 0.189 -0.047 0.153 0.053 0.108 0.206 H* 53.638 68.775 71.984 DH* 0.164 0.169 0.085 0.249 0.111 0.278 0.357 0.360 -.389

dE* 1.290 0.902 1.563 0.721 0.720 0.200 0.410 0.738 0.839 0.2744 CV%

Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4 Sample-5 Sample-6 Sample-7 Sample-8 Sample-9 Sample-10

Statistical calculation of dE* 2 Std. Name BROWN Sample-1 CIELAB 10 Degree Reflectance COLORGUIDE Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4 Sample-5 Sample-6 Sample-7 Sample-8 Sample-9 Sample-10 Statistical calculation of dE* Batch 3 Std. Name Color name BROWN Sample-1 Colorspace CIELAB Observer 10 Degree Mode Reflectance Spectro COLORGUIDE Sample-2 Sample-3 Sample-4 Sample-5 Sample-6 Sample-7 Sample-8 Sample-9 Sample-10 Statistical calculation of dE* Batch Color name Colorspace Observer Mode Spectro

Comment FAIL PASS FAIL PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS 141.4214

dE* 0.136 0.274 0.253 0.367 0.591 0.489 0.263 0.395 0.242 0.1404 CV%

Comment PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS 125.3237

dE* 0.296 0.400 0.491 0.282 0.290 0.317 0.493 0.583 0.547 0.0979 CV%

Comment PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS PASS 125.0629

j. innov.dev.strategy. 3(4): August 2009

C.J. Moin, and A.K.M. Mahabubuzzaman

Table 4. Improvement analysis Colour Batch nos. Variance of dE 1 0.152 Beige 2 0.051 3 0.021 1 0.075 Brown 2 0.02 3 0.01

Improvement against batch 1 66.45% 86.18% 73.33% 86.67%

j. innov.dev.strategy. 3(4): August 2009