DISCUSSION ON TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE STUDY

DISCUSSION ON DISSCUSSION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COIL

DISCUSSION ON INSULATING MATERIAL OF

TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER NAME PLATE STUDY

Provides vital information on How the transformer is to be connected and operated.

Transformer birth certificate

MINIMUM NAMEPLATE REQUIREMNTS

The minimum information to be shown on a transformer nameplate depends on the KVA rating. The standards require the follow information for transformers rated > 500 KVA Name of manufacturer

Serial number
Month/year of manufacture

Cooling class where the class of transformer involves more than one rating. all ratings are shown. windings having different ratings have their individual KVA ratings described. If the transformer has more than one temperature rating, These ratings are shown on the nameplate. Provisions for future cooling equipment are indicated.

Frequency KVA or MVA rating voltage ratings Tap voltages Rated temperature rise. C Percent impedance The percent impedance is specified between each pair of windings with the voltage connection and the KVA base stated. The percent impedance shall he tested. Basic lightning impulse insulation levels (8W) The BlL of each winding and each bushing are specified. .

 Approximate mass of the core and coils, tank and fittings, insulating oil, total weight, and heaviest piece
Maximum negative pressure of the tank for vacuum filling Oil volume of each transformer compartment

Type of insulating liquid.

 Number of phases Phasor or vector diagram (poly-phase transformers) The word transformer or autotransformer Maximum positive and negative operating pressures of the oil preservation system, kPa or psi

Cooling class :
The kinds of cooling medium and their symbols adopted by I E C :

Name of the Cooling Medium Mineral oil or equivalent flammable insulating liquid Non flammable synthetic insulating liquid Air Gas water

Symbol o

L A G W

The kinds of circulation for the cooling medium and their symbols are:
Name of the Circulation Cooling Medium Natural Forced (Oil not directed) Forced (Oil directed) Symbol

N F D

Name of the Cooling Class Description ONAN ( Oil Natural Air Oil Immersed Natural Natural ) cooled

Name of the Cooling Class ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced

Description Oil Immersed Air Blast Type

In this case circulation of air is obtained by fans. It becomes possible to reduce the size of the Transformer for the same rating and consequently save in cost.

Name of the Cooling Class OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced )

Description Forced Oil Air Blast Cooled

In this system of cooling also circulation of oil is forced by a pump. In addition fans are added to radiators for forced blast of air. .

Name of the Cooling Class

Description

OFAN (Oil Forced Air Natural ) Forced Oil Natural Air Cooled
In this method of cooling, pump is employed in the oil circuit for better circulation of oil.

Name of the Cooling Class Description OFWF (Oil Forced Water Forced ) Forced Oil Forced Water Cooled
Oil is forced through cooler. Cooling water is also circulated in closed loop.

Nominal Rating of Various Cooling Classes

Symbol O.N.A.N. O.N.A.F. Title Oil Natural Water Force Oil Natural Air Force Description 30 MVA. Between 30 MVA and 60 MVA.

O.F.A.F.

oil Forced Air Forced

Air Natural Water Forced Air Natural

60 MVA.

O.F.W.F.

do

A.N.

1.5 MV

Percentage Impedance (Z%) ?

Definition
The percentage impedance of a transformer is the volt drop on full
load due to the winding resistance and leakage reactance expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage. It is also the percentage of the normal terminal voltage required to circulate full-load current under short circuit conditions

The percentage impedance can then be calculated as follows: Z% = Impedance Voltage x 100 Rated Voltage

Example : It is easy to calculate the maximum current that a transformer can deliver under symmetrical fault conditions. Consider a 2 MVA transformer with an impedance of 5%

The maximum fault level available on the secondary side is:

2 MVA x 100/5 = 40 MVA

From this figure the equivalent primary and secondary fault currents can be calculated.
A transformer with a lower impedance will lead to a higher fault level (and vice versa) The figure calculated above is a maximum. In practice, the actual fault level will be reduced by the source impedance, the impedance of cables and overhead lines between the transformer and the fault, and the fault impedance itself.

Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL)

Lightning surges or Even if the lightning strikes the line some distance from the transformer voltage surges can travel down the line and into the transformer Opening or Closing of High voltage switches and circuit breakers Both types of surges have steep wave fronts and can be very damaging to electrical equipment . To minimize the effects of these surges, the electrical system is protected by lighting arresters but

they do not completely eliminate the surge from reaching the transformer.
The basic impulse level (BIL) of the transformer measures its ability to withstand these surges.

OPERATING PRESSURE RANGE

Most modern power transformers are designed to be vacuum oil filled.

Before attempting to pull vacuum. on a transformer, it is important to consult the nameplate first to verify that the tank is designed to withstand the negative pressures. The positive range of operating pressures is also specified on the nameplate.
The nominal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi a sea level. Thus, when the transformer contains a perfect vacuum. the negative pressure on the tank will be approximately 15 psi at sea level. and slightly less at higher elevations.

Vector Group :

Three phase transformer winding connected in several ways based on the connection--> The vector group of the transformer is determined . indicated in the name plate
.

The vector group indicates the phase difference

between the primary and secondary sides.

Why the phase difference happen ?
Phase difference due to the particular configuration of the transformer winding connection.

Determination of vector group is very important , why? If different vector group transformers are parallel connected

Then
the phase difference exist between secondaries of the transformers and large circulating current flows between two transformer

which is very harmful !!

The three phase transformer primary and secondary windings are connected are the following ways, Wye - Wye ( also called star-star) Wye-Delta ( also called star Delta) Delta Wye ( also called Delta-star) Delta-Delta

VECTOR GROUP LIST

VECTOR GROUP LIST

VECTOR GROUP LIST

VECTOR GROUP LIST

DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA
VOLTS

HV LV

500

AT

NO LOAD

AMPERES

HV
LV HV

PHASE

LV

DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA
VOLTS

HV LV

500 11000 433

AT

NO LOAD

AMPERES

HV
LV HV

PHASE

LV

DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA
VOLTS

HV LV

500 11000 433 26.27 666.7

AT

NO LOAD

AMPERES

HV
LV HV

PHASE

LV

DESCRIPTION OF NAME PLATE AT SITE :

KVA
VOLTS

HV LV

500 11000 433 26.27 666.7 3 3

AT

NO LOAD

AMPERES

HV
LV HV

PHASE

LV

TYPE OF COOLING FREQUENCY HZ

ONAN

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL
TOTAL OIL IN

Kg
WEIGHT Kg LITRE

TYPE OF COOLING FREQUENCY HZ

ONAN 50

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL
TOTAL OIL IN

Kg
WEIGHT Kg LITRE

TYPE OF COOLING FREQUENCY HZ

ONAN 50 942

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL
TOTAL OIL IN

Kg
WEIGHT Kg LITRE

TYPE OF COOLING FREQUENCY HZ

ONAN 50 942 510

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL
TOTAL OIL IN

Kg
WEIGHT Kg LITRE

TYPE OF COOLING FREQUENCY HZ

ONAN 50 942 510 1750

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL
TOTAL OIL IN

Kg
WEIGHT Kg LITRE

TYPE OF COOLING FREQUENCY HZ

ONAN 50 942 510 1750 600

CORE & WINDING Kg

OIL
TOTAL OIL IN

Kg
WEIGHT Kg LITRE

GURANTEED MAXIMUN TIMP RAISE IN OIL / WININD DEG.C Vector Group

45/55 Dy1

Tap Position :
SWITCH POSITION
1

H.V VOLTS 113300 11000 10670 10340 10010

L.V VOLTS 433 433 433 433 433

JOIN TAPS 5-6 6-4 4-7 7-3 3-8

2U 2N 1U 1V

2V 1w

2w

2 3

4
5
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5

1
6 7 8 2 6 7 8 3 6 7 8

5 4 2

TAP POSITION INDICATOR

Tap Position :
SWITCH POSITION
1

H.V VOLTS 113300 11000 10670 10340 10010

L.V VOLTS 433 433 433 433 433

JOIN TAPS 5-6 6-4 4-7 7-3 3-8

2U 2N 1U 1V

2V 1w

2w

2 3

4
5
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5

1
6 7 8 2 6 7 8 3 6 7 8

5 4 2

TAP POSITION INDICATOR

Tap Position :
SWITCH POSITION
1

H.V VOLTS 113300 11000 10670 10340 10010

L.V VOLTS 433 433 433 433 433

JOIN TAPS 5-6 6-4 4-7 7-3 3-8

2U 2N 1U 1V

2V 1w

2w

2 3

4
5
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5

1
6 7 8 2 6 7 8 3 6 7 8

5 4 2

TAP POSITION INDICATOR

Tap Position :
SWITCH POSITION
1

H.V VOLTS 113300 11000 10670 10340 10010

L.V VOLTS 433 433 433 433 433

JOIN TAPS 5-6 6-4 4-7 7-3 3-8

2U 2N 1U 1V

2V 1w

2w

2 3

4
5
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5

1
6 7 8 2 6 7 8 3 6 7 8

5 4 2

TAP POSITION INDICATOR

Tap Position :
SWITCH POSITION
1

H.V VOLTS 113300 11000 10670 10340 10010

L.V VOLTS 433 433 433 433 433

JOIN TAPS 5-6 6-4 4-7 7-3 3-8

2U 2N 1U 1V

2V 1w

2w

2 3

4
5
3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5

1
6 7 8 2 6 7 8 3 6 7 8

5 4 2

TAP POSITION INDICATOR

NAME PLATE OF THE TONGI GRID S/S STATION TRANSFORMER SECTION - 1

NAME PLATE OF THE TONGI GRID S/S STATION TRANSFORMER SECTION - 2

NAME PLATE OF THE TONGI GRID S/S STATION TRANSFORMER SECTION - 3

COIL

DISSCUSSION ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF WINDING

Conductor

Aluminum
Less Expensive

Copper
More expensive

Lower Mechanical Higher Strength Mechanical strength Used In Bigger Size Used in Smaller size

TRANSFORMER WINDINGS (Coils) 2 types of Winding Primary winding Receives Energy . Secondary Winding delivering electrical energy What is it (Winding /Coil) made of ? High grade of copper for high current capacity and made it higher by using standard conductors are used for carrying higher current. Why insulation is used is used in winding ? To avoid the each turn to come in contact with each other

The following are the most important requirements of transformer windings: The windings must be economical. The heating conditions of the windings should satisfy standard requirements.

The windings must have good mechanical strength to combat the force that originates due to short-circuit.
The windings must have the necessary electrical strength during over-voltage.

Two Types of winding :

1)Concentric Winding : Usually used in Core-type Transformer .

2) Sandwich Winding : Usually used in Shell type Transformer

Concentric windings are classified into four following groups: Spiral windings. Helical windings. Cross-over windings. Continuous disc windings.

Spiral windings.
This type or winding is normally used up to 33 kV and low current ratings. Strip conductors are wound closely in the axial direction without any radial ducts between turns. Spiral coils are normally wound on a Bakelite or pressboard cylinder

Double Layer

Helical winding

This type of winding is used in low voltage and high-current ratings. A number of conductors are used in parallel to form one turn. The turns are wound in a helix along the axial direction and each turn is separated from the next by a duct. Helical coils may be single layer or double layer or multi-layer if the number of turns are more.

Distributed Cross-Over Windings These windings are suitable for currents not exceeding about 20 A and are used for HV windings in small transformers in the distribution range. These coils are generally wound on formers. Each coil consists of several layers Each layer consists of several turns. The conductors may be of round wire with paper or cotton insulation A number of such coils are joined in series, spaced with blocks which provide insulation as well as duct for cooling

ontinuous disc windings :

his type of winding is used for voltage between 33 and 132 KV nd medium current ratings.

CORE

DUCT

hese coils consist of a number of sections placed in the radial rection with ducts between them.

ach section is a flat coil, having more than one turn, while each

Individual strands differences in the flux field Why ? Due to their respective positions within the winding

What will happen regarding this phenomenon ?

Create differences in voltages between the strands and drive circulating currents through the conductor loops.

Proper transposition of the strands cancels out these voltage differences and eliminates or greatly reduces the circulating currents.

A variation of this technique ,involving many rectangular conductor strands combined into a cable, is called continuously transposed cable (CTC),

DISCUSSION ON INSULATING MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER

What are the various types of insulations used in power transformers ?

In dry type transformers Silicon treated materials are advantageous because of their water repellent property.
For oil immersed transformers the coil insulation is generally of class A type, paper (craft, paper, manila paper etc.) or paper derivatives such as press boards, crapt boards are used. specially treated tape is applied to the winding conductors , Parts made from sheet insulation such as phenolic resin bonded paper bars, tubes, cylinders are used to support the winding and to provide insulation barriers . Insulating Varnish. Insulating varnish is used for impregnating (infuse) the transformer winding. The impregnation of trans-former windings by insulating varnish increases the mechanical strength of the windings insulation and fills up the pores of the paper and reduces the tendency to absorb to moisture. Vacuum impregnation is preferable Enamel. Enamel insulation is used on conductor for dry type transformers. Oil resistant, air drying enamel applied to copper conductors of small size. Transformer Oil. The transformer oil (dielectric oil) is used as an insulation and cooling medium in power transformers and instrument transformers. The oil also has impregnating action on the paper insulation.

The main properties of insulating materials used in power transformer are the following : 1. High dielectric strength at working temperature.

2. Good thermal conductivity.

3. Long life at working temperatures. (Ageing property). 4. Good mechanical properties such as ease for working and application, bending. 5. Resistant to vibrations and abrasion.

6. Compatible with oil and surrounding medium.

7. Non-hygroscopic.

8. Low dielectric loss

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Porcelain

Enclosures for Bushing

compression strength 6000 kg/cm2 Tensile strength 4000 kg/cm2 High temperature withstand

Suitable for outdoor and indoor applications.

Processed clay by molding and firing before and after glazing at l250C to 1400C

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Epoxy Resin

Support insulators

compression strength 6000 kg/cm2

Bonding of core Tensile strength 4000 kg/cm2 laminations Insulation for conductors High temperature withstand

Suitable for outdoor and indoor applications.

Processed clay by molding and firing before and after glazing at l250C to 1400C

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Glass fiber enforced synthetic resin.

Insulating components

High tensile strength high withstand pres sure, high dielectric strength.

Dielectric oil

As an insulation and cooling medium in transformers.

Good dielectric strength properties as Per as Per IEC 60296Specification for unused mineral insulating oils for transformers

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Insulation
Press Boards

solid, soft, Calender pressboards used for cylinders, barriers, spacers washers, yoke insulation, partitions. -Soft laminated press board used for blocks, supports, cleats, spacers etc. Pre-compressed solid pressboards for studs, blocks, washers, clamping of winding etc.

As per specification IEC 60641

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Laminated Wood Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Packing between core wood and winding Blocks, wedges for coil supports

Un-impregrated high density laminated wood. High strength High dielectric strength

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

insulating tapes

For tapping on the conductors Cotton tape

High dielectric strength Moisture retardant Good ageing properties

Glass woven tape Terylene woven tape

Compatible with transformer oil High temperature Withstand

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material Picture Application Remarks (Property)

Insulated copper conductor cables

Paper insulated High tensile rectangular copper strength conductors for winding high withstand pres Paper covered sure, high stranded copper cable dielectric strength. PVC insulated copper cable single or multicore (Polyvinyl chloride) Synthetic resin insulated conductor

Dielectric Materials used in Power Transformers

Material
Insulating Papers

Picture

Application

Remarks (Property)

For winding insulation For paper boards

high dielectric strength. Electrical grade insulating craft paper. Thermal stability High temperature withstand Moisture retardation -Free from voids, gaps -Good heat dissipation Chemically compatible with oil -Good mechanical properties.

Insulating Components in Power Transformers Components Press board or synthetic resin bonded paper cylinder Press board or synthetic resin bonded paper cylinder Function Insulation between Core and L.V. Winding. Insulation between L.V. and H.V. winding.

Synthetic resin bonded paper bars.

Type of paper for conductor. Glass paper Synthetic resin coating casting

For supports, for spacers between L.V. winding/H.V. winding. Conductor Insulation in oil immersed Transformer Conductor Insulation for dry Transformer

Thank you