INITIAL PUBLIC OFFER & ANALYSIS (A study on RELIANCE POWER, GMR IPOs)

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Lecturer of Business Management Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of

DECLARATION

I here by declare that the project work titled A Report on Initial Public Offer done by me as a project work, submitted as partial fulfillment for the

award of degree MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION to the faculty of finance XXXXXXXXX.

Abstract

Initial Public Offer (IPO) is one of the ways of raising capital for the companies which proposes to expand their operations or they want to start a new venture. As this is the effective way of getting funds from public for the first time for every company which wants to go public, that company has to follow a certain set of guidelines which we call as Disclosure and Investor Protection (DIP) guidelines. And the process of coming to IPO has been very important for the company, this project has been describing about the issue procedure along with the advantages and disadvantages for coming to an IPO. For the better understanding of how the companies have to raise

funds, the analysis of some companies which recently came for an IPO and the success of their IPO has been clearly explained. The main aim for undertaking this project is to aware about how the companies come for an IPO route for raising funds to achieve the proposed target. And another thing is the procedure to be followed by the company for the raising of funds and how to work with all the parties involved in the IPO process, their duties and responsibilities for the better results. The conclusion regarding this project is getting to know the students how the companies come for an IPO with certain procedure and make them aware about the issues in an IPO.

Recommendations about this project are Every company whichever wants to go public for the first time has to know what procedure has to be implemented and the success factors for winning in an IPO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the finance faculty XXXX for assisting me in doing this project by giving specific and relevant guidance and giving certain clues for preparation of this project, and I would like to thank my friends for giving advice to do this project and for providing certain information relevant for this topic.

XXXX

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION IPO MEANING AND DECISION DIMENSIONS & ASPECTS PRICING AND STRUCTURE PROVISIONS OF IPO PROSPECTUS METHODOLOGIES AND PROCEDURE MERCHANT BANKER COMPANIES ANALYSIS TYPICAL EXPENSES 42-50 51-55 61-77 78-81 6-14 15-21 22-26 27-38 39-41 PAGE NUMBERS 1-5

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY 82-91 92-93 94

Introduction

Objectives
To aware the intending investors about the procedure what has to be followed in the issue of securities for public subscription.

To provide them the guidelines which are to be followed by companies in an IPO?

To know the key terms and various stages in an IPO process. About the various parties involved along with the company for making an IPO. To look into the aspects of different companies which have come for an IPO recently along with their respective strengths and weaknesses. To know how the shares are valued and the different methods of pricing them in an IPO.

 To know the various parties involved in an IPO and their respective formalities to be completed. To know the factors which can lead to success or failure of an IPO?

Scope of the study

In initial public offering (IPO), the companies have to look into the various aspects like what guidelines it has to follow, the procedure for coming to public issue of shares for the proposed objective. So the company has to fulfill various formalities and regulations specified by the controller SEBI before coming to an IPO. Scope of this project is limited to the guidelines and procedures for coming to an IPO along with the factors which leads to the success or failure of an IPO of different companies. And the scope is limited to mentioned companies which recently came for an IPO and their strengths and weaknesses for succeeding in an IPO.

Limitations

The project is prepared in limitation to the availability of data. The regulations and procedure to be followed is mentioned according to the SEBI rules. Study is limited to companies which are used in analysis of an IPO performance at the end. The data is limited to recent amendments which are to be followed. The duties mentioned for each and every participant are in consideration to the recommendations from SEBI.

INTRODUCTION

The word IPO is very much often used in the issues of shares by the companies when they want to go for public for the huge amount of investment into the purpose of the company for achieving the desired objectives.

The word IPO stands for Initial Public Offer and this is unique in more ways than one since it permanently changes the profile of a company and the way the promoters and the management need to think thereafter. The responsibility of living up to the expectation of the market and shareholders is a mammoth task. Given the fact that there is always a temptation for

companies to look at the primary market as a source of finance through IPO route, the regulator SEBI has evolved an IPO code in the form of the SEBI (Disclosure and Investor Protection) guidelines. SEBI has also brought in several structural improvements in the way the public offers are made in the primary market.

WHAT IS AN IPO?
Selling Stock An initial public offering, or IPO, is the first sale of stock by a company to the public. A company can raise money by issuing either debt or equity if the company has never issued equity to the public, it's known as an IPO. Companies fall into two broad categories: private and public. A privately held company has fewer shareholders and its owners don't have to disclose much information about the company. Anybody can go out and incorporate a company: just put in some money, file the right legal documents and follow the reporting rules of your jurisdiction. Most small businesses are privately held. But large

companies can be private too. Did you know that IKEA, Domino's Pizza and Hallmark Cards are all privately held? It usually isn't possible to buy shares in a private company. You can approach the owners about investing but they're not obligated to sell you anything. Public companies, on the other hand, have sold at least a portion of themselves to the public and trade on a stock exchange. This is why doing an IPO is also referred to as "going public." Public companies have thousands of shareholders and are subject to strict rules and regulations. They must have a board of directors and they must report financial information every quarter. In the United States, public companies report to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In other countries, public companies are overseen by governing bodies similar to the SEC. From an investor's standpoint, the most exciting thing about a public company is that the stock is traded in the open market, like any other commodity. If you have the cash, you can invest. The CEO could hate your guts, but there's nothing he or she could do to stop you from buying stock.

WhyGoPublic?
Going public raises cash, and usually a lot of it. Being publicly traded also opens many financial doors:

Because of the increased scrutiny, public companies can usually get better rates when they issue debt.

As long as there is market demand, a public company can always issue more stock. Thus, mergers and acquisitions are easier to do because stock can be issued as part of the deal.

Trading in the open markets means liquidity. This makes it possible to implement things like employee stock ownership plans, which help to attract top talent.

Being on a major stock exchange carries a considerable amount of prestige. In the past, only private companies with strong

fundamentals could qualify for an IPO and it wasn't easy to get listed. The internet boom changed all this. Firms no longer needed strong financials and a solid history to go public. Instead, IPOs were done by smaller startups seeking to expand their businesses. There's nothing wrong with wanting to expand, but most of these firms had never made a profit and didn't plan on being profitable any time soon. Founded on venture capital funding, they spent like Texans trying to generate enough excitement to make it to the market before burning through all their cash. In cases like this, companies might be suspected of doing an IPO just to make the founders rich. This is known as an exit strategy, implying that there's no desire to stick around and create value for shareholders. The IPO then becomes the end of the road rather than the beginning.

Significance of an IPO
As the facts mentioned in the above paragraph bring us to the discussion on whether the IPO decision is purely market driven or not. Before we discuss the determinants of the IPO decision, it is imperative to understand the significance of an IPO and what it does to the company.

Every company when it is unlisted offers an ownership or equity opportunity to an outside investor which, for the purpose of discussion, has been termed as the private window. The private window also does not provide any price validation for the companys unlisted stock, which has to be derived from time to time through complex valuation methodologies. When a company makes an IPO, what it actually creates is second ownership opportunity that can be termed as market window, unlike the private window, provides any time entry and exit facility to investors from the companys equity capital. Therefore, it is meant either for the retail investors who would wish to have instant liquidity for their investments or for speculators who intend to make profits through regular trading in the companys stock. Being a continuous evaluation mechanism, the market window is market driven- it can be overheated at times or be completely indifferent to the companys fundamentals. During times of frenetic market activity, the market window may over value a companys share while in dull phases; the market price can be extremely low. Due to this phenomenon, though empirically speaking, the market price tends to conform to the trends in the intrinsic worth of a share in the long term, at any given point of time, it represents the instant entry or exit price for an investor.

A strategic investor would be prepared to pay an entry premium for the companys share, which may result in the companys share being valued at much more than its current market price. The premium that a strategic investor would want to pay is arrived at based on long-term considerations that have more of a business perspective than a pure financial perspective. Lastly, financial investors may just want the company to make an IPO and open up the market window which can be used by them from time to time to make gradual sale of their holdings at the best available market prices. This brings us to the discussion on how exactly an IPO should be perceived. Since an IPO is a significant milestone in the life of a company, it could have several implications such as the following mentioned below:

Implications
It can be a source of finance if it is meant to finance a specified use. It creates a new ownership opportunity called the market window and a class of investors called the retail investors. It can be liquidity event since it creates an exit route for the existing and future investors of company

 It creates market capitalization for the company, which is the aggregate value of all its issued shares as multiplied by the current market price. Being listed can open up the gates for hostile takeover attempts on the company It makes future acquisition of stakes in the company by the promoters quite expensive and cumbersome. It brings with it additional costs of regulatory compliance, certain restrictions on future capital transactions and cumbersome procedures. From the above implications, it is quite evident that an IPO can act as a double edged sword. So in good times it enhances share holder wealth but in difficult times, listed status can become a hindrance and a drag on the companys performance and prospects.

The IPO Decision

The IPO decision is depends on the following two stages the pre IPO stage and the post IPO stage. The pre IPO stage relates to the timing of an IPO decision, while the post IPO stage is about continuance or discontinuance of the listed status.

Timing of an IPO is a strategic, financial and merchant banking decision. The strategic decision is to determine whether listing fits into the companys overall strategy and if so, whether the company is mature enough for it. The financial decision to make is to decide whether a company needs the capital proposed to be raised, how much is to be raised and how effectively it should be deployed. The merchant banking decision is made to determine the appropriate structure, pricing, timing and marketing strategy for the IPO. Strategically speaking a company should go for an IPO only when it is mature enough for it. This depends on the following points: Does the company need the IPO as a liquidity event for its existing investors? In other words, are there no private exit options available so that the IPO can be pushed further into the future? Has the company matured enough to unlock the value? Is the companys business model retail-oriented with a strong brand presence so as to identify with the retail investor? Is the companys visibility in the market is sufficient enough for investors to perceive its business model to the full extent and unlock value for its share holders through the IPO?

 Is the company confident of strong financial growth in the future so as to sustain the pressure of constant market validation after the IPO?

Dimensions in an IPO

The Financial Dimension

The next dimension of the IPO decision is a financial one. In capital intensive industries and large industries such as heavy engineering, automobiles, infrastructure and some other industries the business model is

so large that going public could become inevitable in order to maintain balance in the capital structure. They would require IPO and some multiple rounds of offers after IPO to keep financing their growth and consolidation. Therefore, in such cases, IPO and public offers are more of financing decisions than strategic. The same is true of certain start-up businesses that need to look at an IPO more as a source of finance than as a strategic move. The second financial aspect relating to the IPO decision is to evaluate if unlocking value through an IPO is the need of the hour or whether other options are available. Strategic sale of equity happens through the private window that realizes better value for the company than an IPO since private investors offer valuations significantly higher than what the company gets from an IPO. The third aspect of the financial decision is to evaluate how much capital is proposed to be raised through the IPO and its deployment. Generally, IPOs that have well laid out investment plans sell better than those that do not have convincing application for the funds. Investors need to be shown an investment avenue in the company that can generate the expected return on their funds. Sometimes, the require of funds for the company could be too

large to be raised through an IPO without causing too much dilution of promoters stakes. At such times, the company has to formulate an ideal issue structure in consultation with the merchant banker and prune down the size of the issue if necessary.

The Merchant Banking Dimension

Lastly, the IPO is also driven by merchant banking considerations. Merchant bankers take a call on the IPO proposal based on the business plan and financial position of the company, expected future performance, prevailing conditions in the primary market, expected issue pricing, size of the offer

and post issue capital structure. The key drivers for the merchant banker are the market conditions, own placement strength and the main selling points in the issue. On the other hand, if the promoters are bringing in additional contribution in the issue at the same issue price, it adds to the marketability of the issue. Usually in strong market conditions, merchant bankers tend to be aggressive and push companies to go public. The logic put forward in such times is that when there is money for the taking at good pricing, issuers go ahead and make use of best opportunity even if they have no use of for the funds right away. In depressed markets, it would be difficult for a company to plan an IPO and get a good pricing and response for the issue. It would even difficult in such a market to find a merchant banker who would be confident of selling the issue comfortably. Therefore, most companies would defer their IPO plans even if they have matured enough and have a requirement for funds. To summarize and conclude the decision of IPO the following points are prominent. Timing is an important criterion in the IPO decision.

 The IPO decision should be taken considering the strategic, financial and merchant banking considerations. For certain projects and business, going public is an imperative. In such cases, the IPO should be structured to deliver the best results.

Important Aspects of an IPO

It has been evident that an IPO can be made for listing a company either by a public issue, i.e. an offer of fresh shares to the public or through an offer for sale by the existing share holders of the company to the public. Before going to the various aspects of the IPO in particular, it is important to know the

some key terms that are used in merchant banking parlance and their definitions. Key Concepts: IPO- Initial Public Offer is the first public issue of fresh equity or convertibles by a company due to which its share gets listed on the stock exchange. Public Issue - An invitation by a company to public to subscribe to the securities offered through a prospectus. Offer for sale- An offer of securities by the existing share holders to the public for subscription. Rights Issue - An issue of cap ital under sub-section (1) of sec 81 of the companies Act, 1956 to be offered to the existing shareholders of the company through a letter of offer. Preferential Allotment- An issue of capital made by a body corporate in pursuance of a resolution passed under sub-sec (1A) of sec 81 of the companies Act, 1956.

Private Placement- An offer made to select private investors known to the issuer through a private arrangement to the exclusion of the general public. Lock-in- A specified time period during which shares are cannot be sold, transferred and pledged in any way. QIBs- Qualified Institutional Buyers shall mean public financial institutions as defined under sec 4A of companies Act, scheduled commercial banks, mutual funds, foreign institutional investors registered with SEBI, venture capital funds and insurance companies registered with SEBI, provident funds and pension funds with a minimum corpus of Rs. 25 crore and state industrial development corps.

Issue Pricing
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) introduced free pricing of shares for public offerings in 1992. As per the current guide lines (Disclosure and Investor Protection guide lines 2000), every company either

unlisted or listed, which is eligible to make a public issue can freely price its shares. The first step in formulating an issue structure is pricing of the issue. This is one important thing done by the merchant banker in public offering. Appropriate price can not only ensure success of the issue but pro vide good returns to the prospective investors as well. Therefore, proper issue pricing can be a win-win situation for the company and investor as well. The merchant banker usually arrives at an approximate pricing for the issue and tries to carry the management of the company with him on the pricing. Over pricing an issue is an over kill that should be avoided even if it results in short term gain for the issuer and the merchant banker. At the same time the price should provide reasonable returns to existing investors in a company who wish to make an exit in the issue. Therefore issue pricing is considered a trade off between immediate gains long-term returns to the issuing company and its promoters. Pricing issue is done keeping in mind the qualitative features, and by using selective multiples as benchmarks than through the conventional approach of the discounted cash flow method. The usual parameters used are the Pric

to Earning Ratio and Price to Book value Ratio. In addition to the above, the following points have to be kept in mind: Projected earnings of the company cannot be used as a justification for the issue price in the offer document. The accounting ratios should be calculated after giving effect to the consequent increase in capital on account of compulsory conversions outstanding, as well to subscribe for additional capital shall be exercised. Comparison of all the accounting ratios of the issuer company as mentioned above has to be made with the industry average and with the other companies.

Capital Structuring

The capital structure of the company post-issue has to be structured so as to reflect the desirable position for the company and for the marketability of the issue as well. The starting point for this exercise is the pre-issue capital structure. The following steps have to be followed in this regard in the case of 100% retail issue.

1. Taking

into consideration the issue size and proposed

pricing, the total number of new shares to be issued is determined.

2. Based

on the pre-issue paid-up capital and the number of

new shares determined under step1, the total issued and paid up post-issue capital is arrived at.

3. The post-issue paid up capital is superimposed over the preissue capital structure to determine the post-issue capital structure.

4. The

individual shareholder components in the post-issue

capital are examined for regulatory compliance under the companies Act, DIP guide lines, the securities (contract) regulation Act, foreign exchange management Act and the listing agreement of the stock exchange.

5. The

merchant banker has to be satisfied on the capital

structure from the marketability aspect as well. Otherwise suitable changes are made with in the permissible statutory parameters.

Issue Structuring
The issue structure refers to the following points The face value of the share, the premium thereon and the final price. In book built issues, the final price is not done until after the bidding is over, but a floor price is determined. The minimum amount of subscription per applicant and the maximum. The terms of the issue with regard to payment of the offer price and eligibility criteria for applicants. Firm allotments if any and any other details thereof, as per applicable DIP guide lines. Net public offer. Underwriting, either mandatory or discretionary. Cost parameters for the issue and an acceptable issue budget.

The issue size and structure is determined as follows: The issue size = promoters quota+ firm allotments + net public offer. Public offer = firm allotments + net public offer. Net public offer = issue size promoters quota firm allotment.

Important Regulatory Provisions for an IPO

Let us look at the core of the DIP guide lines with respect to the public offers and more importantly IPOs. Basically, all public offers, irrespective of whether they are IPO or secondary offers have to comply with these provisions. A. Eligibility to go Public One of the most important provisions in the DIP guide lines is about the eligibility of a company to go public for the first time through a public issue or an offer for sale. SEBI has over the years brought in several changes to this criterion to ensure that good quality issues are brought to the market. The important guide lines on this criterion are mentioned below based on the currently applicable guide lines.

Mandatory Conditions for a 100% Retail Issue

A company can make an IPO of pure equity or convertibles only if it meets all of the following conditions. The company has net tangible assets of at least Rs.3 crore in each of the preceding 3 full years, of which not more than 50% of the net tangible assets in mandatory assets. The company has a track record of having profits distributable as dividends as per the provisions of section 205 of the companies Act out of its normal business activity without reckoning extra-ordinary profits, for at least three out of the immediately preceding five years. The company has a net worth of at least Rs one crore in each of the preceding three 3 full financial years. The aggregate size of the proposed issue and all previous issues made in the same financial year by the company does not exceed five times its pre-issue net worth as per the audited balance sheet of the last financial year. In case the company has changed its name within the last one year, at least 50% of the revenue for the preceding 12 months is earned by the company from the activity suggested by the new name.

Additional Conditions

An unlisted company not complying with any of the above conditions may make an IPO of equity shares or convertibles only if it meets following conditions. a. The project has at least 15% participation by financial institutions of which at least 10%comes from the appraisers. In addition to this at least 10% of the issue size is allotted to QIBs, failing which the full subscription monies shall be refunded. b. The minimum post-issue nominal value of equity capital of the company shall be RS. 10 crore. The mandatory conditions ensure that the company has a track record of at least 3 years with minimum net worth and profit record. This would ensure that paper companies couldnt go public just after incorporation making tall claims of future business potential.

B. Promoters Contribution

SEBI has also introduced the concept of minimum promoters contribution to be present in companies going public so that they become interested parties in preserving the interests of the shareholders. In terms of DIP guide lines, following are the main points that apply to promoters contribution in case of IPOs: In an IPO the promoters contribution shall not be less than 20% of the post-issue capital. The 20% in case of IPO, shares acquired by the promoter with in the preceding one year for a price less than the IPO price shall be ignored. The minimum promoters contribution criterion does not apply to companies with no promoters. Promoters contribution where required to be brought in the issue shall be brought in one day before the issue opens.

Firm Allotments and Reservations

These are novel concepts that help in pre-marketing of a sizeable part of issue thereby bringing down the risk in the issue. In a firm allotment, a particular investor or category of them are approached in advance by the lead manager or the issuer of the company to subscribe the issue on firm basis. The provisions on firm allotments and reservations in IPO are as given below: The net public offer for issuing companies shall not be less than 25% of the post-issue capital, except in case of IT and infrastructure companies it can be 10%. The issuer can make reservations on competitive basis or on firm basis for allotments to the permanent employees, shareholders of group companies, mutual funds, foreign institutional investors and banks. All firm allotments which have not subscribed after filling the prospectus shall be brought in before opening the issue and treated as preferential one. All reserved categories can be adjusted inter-se and with the net public offer as well. Lock-in of Shares

Lock-in of promoters shares and other share capital is also a novel concept brought in for the purpose of preventing such shareholders in making unfair gains and exits from the company. The provisions are as follows: The minimum promoters contribution of 20% shall be locked-in for 3 yrs from the allotment date. Excess contribution by the promoters in an issue over what is required is shall be lock-in for one year. Firm allotments made in any issue shall be locked in for one year. The amount brought in by promoters to make good under-subscribed portion of firm allotments would also be locked in for 3 years. The entire pre-issue capital in case of an IPO shall be locked in for one year. Similarly, shares held by venture capitalists and shares held for more than one year preceding the IPO and are being offered for sale in the IPO are excluded from lock-in provisions.

Differential Pricing and Price Band

 Any unlisted company making an IPO for equity shares or convertibles may issue such securities to applicants in the firm allotment category at a price different from the price at which net offer to the public is made provided that the price at which the security is offered to the applicant is higher than the price to the public issue made. A justification has to be furnished in the offer document on the price differential for the firm allotment category. The issuer company can mention a price band of 20 %( the cap should not be more than the floor by 20%) in the offer documents filed with SEBI and the actual price can be determined at a later date before filing the offer document with the ROC.

Other Important Issue Requirements

 All new issues shall be in dematerialized form can also be made through online interface following the necessary guide lines. The minimum application size shall be worth Rs. 2000. The maximum size of an application can be equal to the net public offer. In an offer for sale, the entire subscription amount shall be brought in at the time of application. If there are calls on shares, they should be completed with in 12 months of the issue. Over-subscription of a maximum of 10% of the net offer to public can be retained. Buy back arrangements can be made with a minimum period of 6 months and for a maximum of 1000 shares per allottee. Issues should be opened within 365 days from the date of SEBI approval or after 21 days of filing with SEBI. IPO shall be kept open for a min of 3 days and max of 10 working days.

Additional Requirements under Companies Act

 Under the companies Act, no public issue shall be made with out the issue of prospectus or offer document. In terms of section 56, the prospectus shall contain the matters specified in parts I and II of schedule II of the Act. Every application form inviting subscriptions from prospective investors shall be accompanied by a memorandum in form 2A of the companies Act. Every prospectus should be dated and such date would be deemed to be the date of its publication. In addition every prospectus shall be registered with the Registrar before the date of its publication. It should be signed by all the directors or their agents. All those Registered shall be issued within 90 days of publication. Mis-statements in a prospectus can become civil and criminal offences. Every company before making an issue shall make an application to the stock exchange for listing the shares of the company. If permission is not received, allotment is void. All the application money has to be refunded within 8 days without interest or with 15% interest thereafter.

 All over subscriptions should be returned within 8 days of allotment or otherwise with 15% interest. No allotment is made unless the minimum subscription is received. In compliance of this requirement, the DIP guide lines provide that the company has to satisfy the designated stock exchange that 90% of the stated minimum subscription has been received before utilizing the issue proceeds. No allotments can be made until the beginning of the fifth day of the issue of prospectus (section 72). All allotments should be followed by filling of a return of allotment with the Registrar with in 30 days in the prescribed form (Form 2). All the above provisions shall apply to offers for sale as they apply to public issues.

The Stock Exchange Listing Agreement

Compliance with the stock exchanges listing guide lines under its listing agreement is also important in order to be able to seek listing of shares pursuant to an IPO. The conditions for listing shares by an unlisted company pursuant to an IPO on the BSE are listed below: 1. New companies can be listed on the exchange, if their issued and subscribed equity capital after the public issue is equal to or more than Rs. 10 crore. In addition to this, the company should have a post-issue net worth of Rs.20 crore. 2. For new companies in high technology sectors, the following criteria will be applicable. a. The total in come/sales from the main activity should not be less than 75% of the total income during the two preceding years. b. The minimum post-issue paid-up capital should be Rs.5 crore. c. The minimum market capitalization should be Rs.50 crores. d. Post-issue net worth of Rs.20 crore.

The conditions for listing on the NSE are given below:

1. New companies can be listed on the exchange, if issued and subscribed capital after the issue is equal to or more than Rs. 10 crore and post-issue net worth of Rs. 20 crore. 2. For new companies in knowledge based industries, the applicable capital criterion is Rs. 5 crore with a minimum market capitalization of Rs. 50 crore. The total income/sales should not be less than 75% of the total income during the immediately two preceding years. 3. The applicant company should have a track record of three years of existence. If the applicant is promoted by another company, that company should have the minimum stipulated existence. 4. The application for listing in the case of an IPO shall be made within 6 months of the closure of the issue. 5. The project should have been appraised by specified agencies such as the all India financial institutions.

Contents of a Prospectus/Offer Document for an IPO

The DIP guide lines provide exclusive provisions for the presentation of the prospectus/offer document since this is an important area of regulation for SEBI. In the following we discuss some of the important disclosures in an offer document and their presentation as specified in chapter 6 of the DIP guide lines. The prospectus consists of two parts, part I and part II. Main Disclosures in Part I 1. Disclaimers to be included on behalf of SEBI, the stock exchanges and the issuer company. 2. The minimum subscription clause under section 69 of the companies Act in the specified format. 3. Capital structures of the company and the notes to the capital structure have to be provided in detail disclosing the pre-issue and post-issue period. 4. The terms of the issue specifying all the relevant information to the applicants on making the subscriptions and methodologies to be adopted for applications, allotments and refunds.

5. The objects of the issue shall be disclosed stating whether the company proposes to raise funds for fixed assets creation or for rotation in working capital. 6. The details of the company, management and the project, which inter alia include the following: a. History, main objects and present business of the company. b. A complete profile of the promoters, their education and background, experience in the line of business and other details. c. Particulars of key management personnel. d. Complete prescribed details of the project. 7. Financial details of other company in the same business as the issuer company for the past three years. 8. No future financial projection of the issuer company can be furnished in the offer document. 9. The basis for the issue price. 10.The risk factors have to be presented in the prospectus.

Main Disclosures in Part II 1. General information relating to consents given by professionals, experts and other agencies associated with the issue to include their names in prospectus. 2. Financial in formation on the issuer company by way of specific certification by the auditors as provided in schedule II of the companies Act. 3. Statutory in formation on underwriting commissions, fees to lead managers, brokerage and issue expenses, properties purchased by the company, managerial remuneration and interests of directors and promoters in the company, revaluation of assets in the preceding five years. 4. The material contracts and documents of the company, a copy of each of which is made available for inspection at the time and venue specified starting from the date of prospectus till closure. 5. Declaration and verification by the signatories to the prospectus together with signatures by themselves or thro ugh their constituted attorney.

Methodologies for Making Issues

Under the DIP guide lines, it is possible to make an IPO in the form of a 100% retail issue, a book built issue or as a bought out deal either for listing on the main stock exchanges or on the OTC exchange. The different methods are explained as follows: 100% Retail (Fixed Price) Issues Under this method, the issue is made by offering the same directly to the investors from the public that could include the retail small investors as well as other categories of investors. Using this method obviates the need to sell the issue initially to the wholesale investors and them in turn marketing it to retail investors. The main advantage of this system is that it is possible to get a wide dispersal of shareholding among the retail investors that would add depth to the trading in the stock after listing. Secondly, it does not require approaching QIB investors to subscribe to the issue, which could sometimes prove to be difficult, as these investors need to be thoroughly convinced. On the other hand, small investors can be persuaded easily if a reasonable short-term market opportunity is visible in the issue. Due to apparent inflexibility in a fixed price issue, it has a lot of uncertainty attached to it in difficult market conditions. Therefore, after the introduction of the book built system of making issues most companies prefer to use that route.

Book Built Issues A book built mechanism allows the issuer company to make a public issue through the process of price discovery rather than through a price that is fixed beforehand. This mechanism, to a large extent, overcomes the deficiency in the fixed price mechanism of over pricing or under-pricing an issue. It however operates on the basis of a floor price, which is fixed by the company in consultation with the merchant banker. Companies now can make an issue to the extent of 100% or 75% of the net public offer as they may decide, through the book built route. If the 75% route is followed, the price applicable to the balance 25% under the retail route would be the issue price under the book built portion. And under the 100% route, the entire issue happens through one bidding process applicable to both categories investors.

Applicable Provisions for a Book-built Issue

In a book-built issue, reservation and firm allotment may be made only in respect of permanent employees of the issuer company/promoting company and share holders of the promoting companies to the extent they permitted in the DIP guide lines. The other allocation norms for a 100% and 75% book-built issue are as listed below: Not more than 50% of the net public offer shall be allocated to QIBs. Not less than 25% of the net public offer shall be allocated to noninstitutional bidders. Not less than 25% issue shall be available for allocation to retail investors.

Procedural Aspects of an Issue

1. The first task is to hold a Board Meeting to consider the proposal for a public issue, authorize the managing director to do all tasks relating to this issue and including expenses for the issue. 2. On the appointed day, the EGM is held and the shareholders pass a special resolution under section 81(1A) of the companies Act authorizing the company to make public issue. 3. Before embarking on an IPO, the first task is to identify the good merchant banker who can be appointed as lead manager for the issue. The details of the companys project or fund raising plan are discussed with the merchant banker. After the discussion the company finalizes the appointment and enters into a memorandum of understanding with the lead manager. 4. The LM immediately on being appointed starts a due diligence on the company. Usually they go through the all documents and certificates and every relevant information for the issue. 5. In parallel, the LM starts preparation of the draft prospectus or offer document. All disclosure requirements and DIP guide lines have to be filled in.

6. The LM advises the company in the appointments of other intermediaries for the issue. These are the registrar to the issue, bankers to the issue, the printer and advertising agency. The registrar and bankers have to be registered with SEBI. 7. The LM also draws up the issue budget estimated to be spent on the issue. The main components of these are fees for LM, underwriters, registrar and banker, brokerage, postage, stationery, issue marketing expenses and statutory costs. 8. The draft prospectus is finalized by the LM in all respects in consultation with the management and placed before the board of directors for the approval so that it can be issued for filing. The draft prospectus has to be accompanied by the memorandum of understanding signed by the LM with the company. 9. Simultaneously, the company has to make listing applications to all stock exchanges where the shares are proposed to be listed accompanied by at least 10 copies of the draft prospectus. And that prospectus has to be made available to the public by the LM. The LM should also obtain and furnish to SEBI, an in-principle listing approval of the SE within 15 days of filing the draft offer documents with them.

10.The company has to enter into a tripartite agreement with the registrar and all depositories-(presently NSDL or CDSL) for offering the facility of offering the shares on dematerialized mode. Investors have to be given the facility to receive allotments through any one of the depositories or in physical mode according to option. 11.Within 21 days, SEBI would come out with their observations on the prospectus. The SE would also vet any changes to be made to the prospectus. The LM has to file a certificate with SEBI that all amendments and suggestions made by the SEBI have been incorporated in the offer document. 12.Once the draft prospectus is ready in its final form, a board meet has to be held to approve the filing of the same with ROC after being signed by all the directors. 13.This filing should be accompanied by all the material contracts pertaining to the issue and the company and all other documents listed in the prospectus. 14.The marketing of the issue is usually co-coordinated by the LM with the advertising agency. 15.Advertisements are regulated by DIP guidelines and the rules of the stock exchange.

16.The mandatory collection centers are finalized as per the SEBI guidelines in consultation with the bankers and the LM. 17.The LM and the printer finalize the dispatch schedule to all SE, SEBI, collection centers, investor associations, brokers and underwriters. 18.The marketing should be completed one week before the opening of the issue.

Post-Issue Procedures
1. In issues wherein there is more than one LM, it is usual to entrust the entire post-issue responsibility to one LM in inter-se allocation. 2. There are two reports that are required to be furnished to SEBI by the post-issue LM in the case of an IPO in the retail route in the prescribed form. 3. The main task of the post-issue LM is to coordinate the process of collection of subscription figures from the bankers to the issue, processing of applications by the registrar, dispatch of allotment letters and refund orders to all applicants with in time. 4. The issue is to be closed on the earliest closing date, the LM should ensure that issue is fully subscribed before announcing closure. 5. In the case of devolved issues, the LM shall ensure that the underwriters honor their commitments with in 60 days from the date of closure of issue. 6. The LM has to ensure that all issue proceeds are kept in separate bank accounts as provided in the companies Act and the funds are released to the company only after obtaining listing approvals from the respective stock exchanges.

7. The LM has to release an advertisement announcing the closure of the issue on the last day. 8. The responsibility of finalizing the basis of allotment in a fair and proper manner lies with the executive director of the designated stock exchange along with the post-issue LM and the registrar. 9. The post issue LM shall ensure that the demat credit and refund orders to the allottees is completed within two working days after the basis of allotment is done. 10.The LM is responsible for following duties. a. Refund of subscription money to all non-allottees. b. Refund of excess application money to all. c. Attending to all investors grievances. d. Sanction of listing and trading permission by the stock exchanges. e. Filing of return of allotment with ROC.

Role of Merchant Banker in Issue Management

Merchant bankers with valid registration certificates from SEBI have been provided with statutory exclusivity in managing public offers such as IPO, rights and secondary issues of equity as well as issues of debt securities. Therefore, whenever there is an offer of securities to the public, the involvement of a merchant banker is mandatory, subject to the minor exceptions. From a business perspective too, issue management forms the biggest chunk of revenue for investment bankers in those years when the primary market for public flotation is very vibrant. In the overall process of issue management, the merchant banker plays a variety of roles as an expert advisor to the management of the company, as an auditor who performs due diligence on the company, as an event manager and coordinator to ensure timely completion of the issue, as a watch dog for statutory compliance and as a person in fiduciary capacity for the protection of the interests of investor.

Now we have a look at the various functions of the merchant banker. 1. Appointment, MOU and Inter-se allocation of Responsibilities: The appointment of merchant banker as lead manager has to be accepted carefully. The DIP guidelines stipulate him shall not lead manage the issue if he is a promoter or director of the issuer company. Therefore, before taking up an assignment, the guidelines have to be interpreted and it has to be ascertained if appointment is legal. Generally, the preparation of offer document and pre-issue compliance, marketing and syndication of underwriting and post-issue compliance are the main responsibilities. 2. Issue Structuring and Pricing As mentioned previously, capital and issue structuring has to be made carefully assessing market factors, dilution of promoter equity, fulfillment of lock-in requirements, possibility of pre-marketing the issue through firm allotments and related issues. In deciding the pricing he has to look at various aspects which are the deciding factors like P/E ratio and book value of shares. 3. Due diligence The due diligence has an implication on the disclosures in the prospectus and the quality of issue. It is customary for the merchant banker to issue a due diligence questionnaire to the company before the

commencement of process taking into account the standard requirements and the specific requirements of the issue in question. A format of the due diligence certificate to be filed with SEBI by the lead manager.

4. Preparation and Filing of Offer Document The offer document has to be prepared with care and craft. All the certifications required to be included in the offer document have to be obtained in specific formats.

5. Pre-issue Compliance This work is cumbersome as it involves several requirements of the DIP guidelines, tying and underwriting if required, selection and negotiation of terms of other intermediaries, formulating the issue budget and making preparations for the roll out of issue. The lead manager shall asses the overall exposure of the underwriters belonging to the same group. 6. Liaison with SEBI and Stock Exchange After filing of the prospectus with SEBI and stock exchanges and making it public, lead manager has to expeditiously attend to the modifications required at short notice. The lapses in the due diligence also come to the light during this stage.

7. CO-ordination with other functionaries Issue management being a concerted effort is performed with the help of several agencies and intermediaries apart from the lead managers. These are registrars, bankers, and advertisement agencies, brokers underwriters to issue and printers and couriers.

8. Issue Marketing Issue marketing includes road shows, pre-issue meets with journalists and media, brokers, investor associations. The merchant banker has to co-ordinate with the ad agency to ensure that all important persons attend road shows and other issue meetings. The merchant banker has to ensure that the ad is given with the proper data specified in the offer document. 9. Functions during the Issue The main function during the issue is to ascertain daily figures from the bankers or stock exchange and to take decision on the closure of issue based on procurement of minimum subscription. And he has to advertisement carefully when the issue is oversubscribed during the opening period.

11. Post-issue Compliance The DIP guidelines provide that the post-issue manager has to look after the refund of money to investors and regularly monitor the grievances of investors arising there from. SEBI has to kept informed of the important developments about the issue during the intervening period of filing postissue reports. As we have looked at the procedure to be followed in an IPO by every company in accordance with the SEBI guidelines for the investor protection and for the success of the company in raising funds through an IPO. In order to look into these prospects in a practical way, one has to go through some companies which have come to IPO and succeeded in raising funds from the investors. At the same time some companies may not raise funds from public in an effective way and there may a chance for failure because of various reasons which are essential in an IPO offering. Let us look into the various companies which have raised the capital expenditure for the intended objective as mentioned in filing for an IPO with SEBI.

A study on IPOs of Different Companies And Analysis

Study on Reliance power IPO

Company 1

Reliance power Ipo

Company Overiew : Reliance Power Limited is part of the Reliance ADA group and is established to develop, construct and operate power projects domestically and internationally.Reliance Power is currently developing 13 medium and large sized power projects with a combined planned installed capacity of 24,200 MW, one of the largest portfolios of power generation assets under development in India. Anil Ambani- owned Reliance Power Ltds mega initial public offer (IPO) was opened for subscription on15th January to raise Rs 11,500 crore. The company proposed to issue 26 crore equity shares of Rs. 10 each, including promoters contribution of 3.2 crore shares allotted at the IPO price. The balance 22.8 crore equity shares constituted the net issue to the public.The price band for the book building was Rs 405 to Rs 450 for every fully paid up share of Rs 10 each. The issue was managed by UBS, ABN AMRO, JPMorgan, Deutsche Bank, Enam Securities, ICICI Securities, JM Financial,and Kotak Mahindra Capital. Macquarie and SBI Capital Markets

are co-managers. This was the largest IPO ever. The previous largest was that of the real estate developer DLF which raised Rs 9,187 crore in July 2007

Reliance power Ipo oversubscribed 73 times

As per market experts expectation, Reliance Power Initial Pubic Offering has closed with 73 times overbooking as against the released shares on January 18 breaking over all records in the Indian stock history as bourses informed media. According to data information collected from National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange at here 7 pm on January 18, the concluding day of the IPO, the trading operators have cumulatively collected all time high 5.

1 million applications from the retail investors for the shares worth Rs. 1,88,000 ($47billion). Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) and High net worth investors (HNIs) have also submitted the record-breaking applications that oversubscribed the allotted quota of both the institutes by 70-80 times

and 200 times respectively. The retail investors quota was subscribed by 15 times. As per the estimated calculation, Anil Ambani backed Reliance Power Ltd has raised nearby $180 billion (Rs.7,52,000 crores) for its shares worth offered price of $2.9 billion (Rs.122 crores). The total collected price has been more than that of the combined market capitalisation of companies listed in Portugal and the Czech Republic as Bloomberg, a famous business magazine said yesterday. For making better comfort to retail investors, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, ADAG has provided two options to them, either they can submit the entire price (Rs.430) of the asking lot or they can only deposit the one-quarter price (Rs.115) of the asking shares. The rest price of the shares can be submitted after getting the allotment of the shares. Besides, R-Power has also provided a subsidy of Rs.20 for each share of Reliance power IPO to the retailers. Thus the retailer investors have submitted approximately Rs. 50,000 crores collectively, which is one-fourth of the total direct tax collections for last year. Several public sector banks have also subscribed the offer joylessly tremendously. Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India, Bank of India and Indian Overseas Bank put in bids worth Rs 1,500-2,000

crore, as the sources reported. Reliance Power had offered a total of 228-milion equity shares with face value of Rs.10 each in the price band of Rs.405-450 for the public through 100% book-building process. It has targeted to collect as much as Rs 11,700-crore from this offer, which has now gone beyond Rs.75,000-crore. From this collected money, ADAG is planning to complete its 13 power projects across the country and somewhere overseas in the next couple of years. The experts believe that the sale of the shares of Reliance Power can make Anil Ambani the richest person of the country who is still on the third position. Before this his Reliance Energy share has tripled his total asset by going quadruple in value last year in the Indian stock market. According to Forbes, a famous business magazine, only his elder brother Mukesh Ambani and Steel king Lakshmi Niwas Mittal are only ahead to Anil by cementing his position on no.1 and no.2 simultaneously. Before this K P Singh, the chairperson of DLF (a construction company) has offered the biggest IPO offered that oversubscribed only three times as against 32.88 crore equity shares. Mukesh Ambani backed Reliance Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani group

had also offered a gigantic IPO offered for its subsidiary refinery company Reliance Petroleum Ltd. that had showed the similar response to Reliance Power IPO and overbooked 52 times for 45crore released shares. Mukesh had collected Rs. 1,45,080 crore from this. Reliance Power to give 3 bonus shares for every five held

Buy back
A buyback is essentially a financial tool in the hands of the corporate that affords flexibility in the capital structure. A buyback allows the company to sustain a higher debt-equity ratio. It is also a tool to defend against possible takeovers. Generally, companies buyback their shares when they perceive their own shares to be undervalued or when they have surplus cash for which there is no ready capital investment need.Share buybacks also prevent dilution of earnings. In other words, a buyback programme enhances the earnings per share, or conversely, it can prevent an EPS dilution that may be caused by exercises of stock option grants, etc. Last, but not the least, a buyback also serves as a substitute for dividend payments. This brings us to the crucial issue of tax implications of a buyback. A very important consideration is whether the amount paid on buyback is dividend or

consideration for transfer of shares. If it is indeed considered to be dividend, the same will not be taxable in the hands of the investors. Also, to what extent, if at all, can the amount paid on buyback be taken as dividend? Is the entire amount paid dividend or is it only the premium paid over the face value?

Strengths
1. One of the largest potfolios of Power Generation Projects under Development in India. 2. Portfolio of Power Projects that diverse in Geographic Location, Fuel-type, Fuel source and off-take. 3. Strategically Located Power Projects. 4. Part of the Reliance ADA Group. Projects Currently handled by Reliance Power Limited
Rosa Phase I, a 600 MW coal-fired project in Uttar Pradesh scheduled to be commissioned in March 2010. Rosa Phase II, a 600 MW expansion of Rosa Phase I which is scheduled to be commissioned in September 2010. Butibori, a 300 MW coal-fired project scheduled to be commissioned in June 2010. Sasan 3,960MW UMPPs promoted and awarded by the Government of India is expected to be the largest pithead coal-fired power project at a single location in India,scheduled to be commissioned by April 2016.

 Shahapur, a 4,000 MW coal-fired(1,200 MW) and combined cycle gasfired (2,800 MW) project in Shahapur, scheduled to be commissioned in March 2011. Urthing Sobla (400 MW), a run-of-the-river hydroelectric project, located on the Daulinganga River in Uttarakhand scheduled to be commissioned in March 2014. Five other projectsthe gas-fired Dadri project (7,480 MW), the coalfired MP Power project (3,960 MW) and three run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects, Siyom (1,000 MW), Tato II (700 MW) and Kalai II (1,200 MW). Weaknesses

Due to the nature of the business, Reliance power projects typically require a long gestation period and substantial capital outlay before completion. It may be months or years before positive cash flows can be generated. Further, power, property development, and infrastructure and construction projects are capital intensive and will require high levels of debt financing. They will also lead to continuous dilution of equity. one should become long-term investors with a two-three year view. There are no short term revenue generating opportunities in the power sector now, he said. Investors cant expect to make money in a month in the power sector.

Reliance power : Issue Highlights Issue Highlights Sector Sector TTM P/E No of fresh shares Price band (Rs) Post issue equity (Rs crore) Post-issue promoter stake Issue open / Close Listing CM Rating Diversified Not applicable 22.8crore Rs 405 Rs 450 22.8 75% 15-01-2008 /18-01-2008 BSE, NSE 50/100

Analysis of Reliance power IPO The above mentioned company issue of shares in IPO fund raising activity has been over subscribed by 75 times overall from the investors. And looking at the various aspects, which are previously discussed are applied in this IPO process and the post-IPO performance is also good. And the strengths and

weaknesses are also mentioned which form a part of success for the company. Apart from the compliance of issue procedure and the documentation part, the success of an IPO is depends on the financial prospects of the company for the last 3 years. It is because of the strengths which the company has got and good financial record the company maintained. Regarding the pricing of share value, it has used the past EPS and other considerations like its business and development. To conclude about this case, it has maintained good financial track record and fair valuation of share price along with the timing of coming for an IPO.

GMR Infrastructure
Company 2 High valuation, high gestation Retail investors better wait than get on board GMR Infrastructure (GMR) is an infrastructure holding company formed to fund the capital requirement of the GMR group initiative in the

infrastructure sector. The GMR group develops various infrastructure projects in power, road and airport sectors through GMR Infrastructure.

Strengths
GMR has won many big-ticket projects in various infrastructure sectors. Current projects of the company are: Power: * 220-MW naphtha-fired power plant at Mangalore in Karnataka, which commenced commercial operation in 2001. * 200-MW LSHS-fired power plant in Chennai in Tamil Nadu, which commenced commercial operation in 1999. 388.5-MW gas-fired power plant in Vemagiri in Andhra Pradesh, which is in the development stage. Natural gas is expected to be made available for use end July 2006 and the plant is to begin commercial operations within one month of such date of availability of natural gas. In addition, GMR has the right to develop a 140-MW hydroelectric power plant on the river Alaknanda in the Chamoli district of Uttaranchal. GMR Energy, a fully-owned subsidiary of GMR Infrastructure, and Hong Kong-

based China Light and Power (CLP) have signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly bid for the 4,000-MW pit head domestic coal-fired Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project. Road: * 59-km stretch on the Chennai-Kolkata (NH-5) highway (Tuni-Anakapalli Road Project), which commenced commercial operation in December 2004. * 93-km stretch on the Chennai-Dindigul (NH-45) highway (TambaramTindivanam Road Project), which commenced commercial operation in October 2004. * 86-km stretch between Adloor Yellareddy and Kalkallu and an additional 17-km stretch on the Hyderabad-Nagpur (NH7) highway (Adloor Yellareddy-Kalkallu Road Project), which is currently under development and expected to enter into commercial operation by end 2008. In addition, GMR has won three concessions to develop, operate and maintain roads. Airports:

* GMR owns 63% of GMR Hyderabad International Airport (GHIAL). It expects the Hyderabad airport to be operational end first quarter of 2008. * In January 2006, a consortium led by GMR was awarded a long-term agreement to operate, manage and develop the Delhi airport following competitive bidding. Other members of the consortium consist of Fraport AG, Malaysia Airports (Mauritius), and the India Development Fund.

Weaknesses
The power purchase agreement (PPA) for the Mangalore power plant expires in 2008. In FY 2006, the Mangalore power plant generated about 40% of the total revenue and operating income of the company. This plant is based on very high-cost naphtha and, hence, used only for meeting peak load requirement, resulting in capacity utilisation of just 12.5% in FY 2006. Its

only because of the current PPA that it is paid as per supply, irrespective of the poor output. So it will be in a highly unfavourable position when the PPA comes for review and if it has to provide power at competitive rates. Part of the issue proceeds will be paid to promoters for acquiring GVL Investments (GVLI). The main holding of GVLI is the 9% stake in Delhi airport project. Notably, GVLI has investments of book value of only around Rs 50 crore (including the 9% stake) for which it will be paid Rs 399.3 crore. Infrastructure projects by nature are long-gestation projects and subject to lot of legal, financial, political and environmental risks, specially in India where policies and frameworks are just evolving and political mindset is not tuned to private operation of infrastructure projects.

Valuation
GMR Infrastructures consolidated net profit after minority interest and share of profit from associates was Rs 70.55 crore in FY 2006. Post-issue diluted EPS stood at Rs 2.1 in FY 2006. At the offer price band of Rs 210Rs 250, PE range works out to 100 to 119, respectively. In FY 2006, 85% of the companys revenue came from the power generation business. Trailing

twelve-month (TTM) PE of power generation was 11.4. Naturally, the price band takes into account future revenue that will be generated once the various (high value) projects are fully commissioned. Retail investors will get 5% discount to the issue price. However, it should be remembered that risks involved and gestation periods for infrastructure projects are very high, specially when the issue price already factors in lot of benefits that these projects may accrue to the company in the distant future. Moreover, capital requirement of holding companies to carry infrastructure projects are exorbitant and they need to dilute their equity regularly to take up more projects.

GMR Infrastructure : Issue Highlights Sector Diversified Sector TTM P/E Not applicable No. of shares on offer (lakh) 376.4 Price Band (Rs) 210-250 Post issue equity (Rs crore) 331.1 Post-issue promoter stake 79.15% Issue open date 31st July 2006 Issue close date 4th Aug,06 Listing BSE, NSE Rating 43/100

Analysis of GMR IPO The above mentioned company issue of shares in IPO fund raising activity has been over subscribed by 75 times overall from the investors. And looking at the various aspects, which are previously discussed are applied in this IPO process and the post-IPO performance is also good. And the strengths and weaknesses are also mentioned which form a part of success for the company. Apart from the compliance of issue procedure and the documentation part, the success of an IPO is depends on the financial prospects of the company for the last 3 years. It is because of the strengths which the company has got and good financial record the company maintained. Regarding the pricing of share value, it has used the past EPS and other considerations like its business and development. To conclude about this case, it has maintained good financial track record and fair valuation of share price along with the timing of coming for an IPO.

Typical expenses Related to the IPO

The major expenses of an initial public offering are the investment bankers fees, legal fees, accounting fees and printing costs. In addition, there are registration and state filing fees. The investment bankers gross underwriting commission, or gross spread, for an initial public offering is typically 7% of the public offering price depending primarily upon the size of the offering. Final terms are determined at the time of pricing and will be the result of discussions with management concerning, among other things, underwriting discounts for recent offerings that are similar in size, by similar companies. Any variation within the suggested range will ultimately be based on the size and price of the offering, and the degree of difficulty encountered in marketing the issue. Approximately 50% to 60% of the gross spread is paid to the brokers who actually sell the shares, 20% to 25% is paid to the investment banking firm itself and the balance is paid to the syndicate for expenses, as well as compensation for sharing in the underwriting risk.

The following additional fees are typical for an initial public offering: Legal fees: Legal fees will vary considerably depending upon the circumstances surrounding each situation. Legal services generally include corporate housekeeping work related to the offering, the preparation and clearance of the registration statement, negotiation of the underwriting agreement and the preparation of closing documents. The fees vary, but typically range from $150,000 to $500,000. In addition, the company will pay a fee for the legal work in connection with state-by-state Blue Sky filings and clearances. This expense is generally $25,000, but can vary depending on the number of jurisdictions where filings are made and the nature of the comments raised. Accounting fees: Accounting fees will vary widely with the size of the company and the complexity of its operations. Fees may be somewhat lower if the auditors have conducted regular audits for the past few years and have just completed the companys annual audit. They tend to be significantly higher if no prior audits have been conducted and new accountants are engaged at the time of the offering.

The accountants fees include their preparation of the financial statements, their services in helping to respond to SEC staff accounting comments, and their preparation and delivery of the cold comfort letter to the underwriters, which assures that information in the registration statement and prospectus is correct and that no material changes have occurred since its preparation. Printing expenses: The registration statement and prospectus account for the largest portion of the printing expenses, which average $75,000 to $150,000. Expenses are significantly impacted by the length of the prospectus, the number of proofs and corrections made, and the number of prospectuses printed. Expenses will also be somewhat higher if color photographs are used in the prospectus. Registrar and transfer agent fees: These are fixed fees, depending on the number of certificates issued and the number of certificates transferred. Fees are usually under $10,000, but this should be verified with the bank or banks the company intends to use.

Travel and other: The Company can expect to incur a minimum of approximately $25,000 in other expenses in connection with an initial public offering. These may include unusual legal, accounting or printing charges and travel expenses incurred during the marketing phase of the offering. In addition, there will be incremental ongoing expenses in the legal, accounting and investor communications areas as a result of being a public company.

The advantages and disadvantages of going public

To owners of private businesses, the decision to go public is one of the most important they will make in the life of their company. In making the decision, the principals should rely upon their own judgment and that of their advisors as they weigh the advantages, disadvantages and alternatives before proceeding. The following is a general overview of the advantages and disadvantages that are associated with becoming a public company

Advantages Capital: The most persuasive benefit of going public is the increased access to capital, as well as the relatively favorable financing terms afforded by the public market. A public offering is an excellent way to accommodate growth by providing equity capital for increased inventories, receivables, facilities, equipment and long-term capital expenditures. When a company goes public, financing is no longer limited to the profits generated from operations and bank borrowings. Even the most successful

businesses are hard-pressed to stretch retained earnings and bank loans far enough to finance ongoing expansion or a major new investment. In summary, going public can give a company the funds it needs to invest in acquisitions, expansion and facilities, without depleting the owners capital or the companys store of ready cash used for daily operational expenses. Equally important to a firm with high growth prospects is the ability to secure the financial stability and balance sheet that will provide a defense against well-capitalized competitors and enable the company to aggressively pursue opportunities. More capital: Once an initial offering is completed, and assuming the stock performs well, subsequent offerings will usually be readily accepted by the market so that additional equity capital can be raised on very favorable terms. A successful public offering will also increase a companys net worth and improve its debt-to-equity ratio. This, along with the increased disclosure and diligence required of a public company, will substantially improve the companys credibility as a borrower, making it easier for the company to borrow funds in the future on more favorable terms.

A public company also has significantly more options available to it in terms of financing. The public debt and convertible securities markets are examples of favorable alternatives available only to publicly held companies. A public company can use its own securities to finance acquisitions and expansions, as long as acquisitions can be made with equity rather than with after-tax profits. As a general rule, acquires will not accept a minority equity position in a privately held company in exchange for their business, whereas this is a very common and attractive from a tax perspective alternative with a publicly held company. Liquidity: Because it is difficult to place a value on a privately held company or to establish a ready market for its stock, such companies are often an asset without liquidity. Once a company goes public, however, its founders and principals have a more effective way of valuing and marketing that stock. In all likelihood, the vast majority of the founders and principals net worth is tied up in the company. A public offering makes it easier for them to diversify their investments or simply provide capital for diversification or personal use.

Wealth: In most cases, a public offering will increase the value of a privately held company. The growth prospects and security of a public company are generally greater than those of a private firm. This higher value can translate into significant wealth for founders and principals. Even if they dont realize immediate proceeds by selling a portion of their existing stock during the initial offering, key individuals can use their publicly traded stock as collateral to secure borrowings for other investments. This opportunity is rarely, if ever, available to shareholders in privately held companies. Prestige: Going public is an important measure of success for many companies and is recognized as a significant step in corporate growth. Public offerings increase the companys visibility in the community and in financial circles, and this greater visibility can generate new interest from customers and suppliers, as well as from financial and business associates. It can be particularly attractive to companies with high retail customer interaction or firms that can benefit from the increased publicity. Carefully managed, this new prestige and higher visibility can be a real and ongoing asset.

Personnel: Offering stock as a benefit or as an option for employees, or simply making it available for their purchase, can be a powerful incentive for attracting and retaining quality personnel. In general, higher caliber management and employees can be obtained by a public company that permits the sharing of its financial successes with its employee/shareholders. Disadvantages Preparation: Going public is not a decision that can be implemented overnight. It can require several months or more of advance planning. Few privately held companies are structured to handle the disclosure requirements of public companies. Before a company is ready to file a public offering with the SEC, substantial preparation and legal/accounting work is likely to be required. Written documentation for major financial transactions and customer arrangements will have to be supplemented and additional documentation may have to be prepared. Companies with existing bylaws may have to amend to clarify them and those without bylaws will have to draft them. The minutes of all board meetings will have to be reviewed to ensure that the record is clear and complete. All contracts and agreements will have to be scrutinized carefully.

Certain leasing and licensing arrangements with shareholders may have to be terminated or amended. Similarly, internal agreements between multiple owners, or owners and key personnel, on voting rights and/or buying and selling rights will have to be forfeited. On the other hand, the company may also be advised to draft contracts for certain key personnel to ensure their continued employment and loyalty. Some companies may also require some restructuring to accommodate the change from a private company to a public company. The capital structure must accommodate a large number of shares to be held by the public. In addition, special classes of stock that had been designed to meet specific financial and estate planning objectives of family members or principals are generally eliminated. Tax-oriented structures, such as S corporations, will also be eliminated, which may or may not have adverse consequences for existing shareholders. Accounting procedures and relationships may have to be significantly upgraded to ensure compliance with statutory reporting deadlines, increased financial statement disclosure requirements and public comfort.

Although stock-based compensation can be a significant advantage to the company, the design of a program appropriate to furthering the companys objectives can be difficult and expensive to develop. Costs: In addition to the time and effort required to prepare for the filing and offering, a company must also be prepared to incur the cost of going public. The principal costs include the underwriters compensation, legal and accounting fees, printing charges and transfer agent and filing fees. A company expecting to go public with a high-quality offering should anticipate spending between $400,000 and $1,000,000, excluding

underwriters commissions. The magnitude of these costs usually makes public offerings grossing less than $25 to $30 million impractical. Furthermore, principals must remember that there is no guarantee the offering will be a success. With the exception of underwriters compensation, the costs are incurred regardless of the outcome. Ongoing expenses: The cost of going public does not stop with the initial offering. Other costs associated with being a public company are ongoing. Management must devote time and money to new areas such as shareholder relations, public relations, public disclosures, periodic filings with the SEC

and reviewing stock activity. All of this time, and the time of the personnel hired to handle these functions, would be spent on other management tasks in a privately held company. There are also various out-of-pocket expenses. Shareholder meetings, annual and quarterly reports, public relations efforts, and legal, accounting and auditing fees must all be paid. The total cost of these expenses will vary from company to company, but in most cases they range from $50,000 to $150,000 annually. Disclosure: In addition to the required disclosure of results of operations and financial condition, public companies must be prepared to disclose information about the company, the officers, the directors and certain shareholders. This information might include company sales and profits by product line, salaries and other compensation of officers and directors, as well as data about major customers, the companys competitive position, any pending litigation and related party transactions. By releasing the information, it will become available to competitors, customers, employees and the general public, and is required in the initial registration statement and updated annually through annual reports, 10-Ks, proxies and other public disclosure documents.

Pressure: Another disadvantage of going public is the internal and external pressures publicly held company management may feel to maintain earnings and growth patterns. These pressures are generally tied to the quarterly reports filed with the SEC and delivered to shareholders. Because shareholders will, therefore, evaluate company progress quarterly rather than annually, management may be tempted to make short-term decisions at the expense of long-term profitability. In their efforts to anticipate the stock market and satisfy outside shareholders, management may begin to lose the operating flexibility it exercised before going public. Loss of control: If a sufficiently large proportion of the companys shares are sold to the public, the principals may be faced with the eventual loss of voting control of the company. The principals will also be required to maintain a fiduciary responsibility to the outside shareholders in regards to the decisions they make for the company, regardless of whether the principals retain a majority of the companys stock. This responsibility will be under constant scrutiny and may limit the flexibility that the privately held company previously enjoyed. There are conflicting considerations and risks in any serious business decision and the decision to go public is no exception.

If the company is of sufficient size and profitability and has competent management, it is likely that it will benefit substantially from a well-planned public offering. As with any important decision, however, it is essential that the owners and principals of a private corporation carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages in light of the plans and goals they have for themselves and their company. They should consider the alternatives and actively discuss the matter much more thoroughly than this document can review with their attorneys, accountants, investment bankers and other professional advisors.

Conclusion of IPO
As we have seen the procedural aspects regarding the opening of an IPO for a company or any other organization which wants to come for public by offering shares to public for the first time. So every company has to follow certain guidelines before coming to public and it has to fulfill the DIP guidelines specified by the SEBI for the investor protection, who want to invest in the company. The main points which conclude the IPO are as follows: 1. Every company planning to come for IPO has to comply with all the above mentioned procedure. 2. IPO is one of the forms of raising the capital and which is the effective one though it has defects. 3. As the price factor plays major role along with the time of the issue, every company must specify the proper pricing strategy for the shares. 4. Merchant banker also plays a significant role in an IPO process by operating the IPO and looking into various aspects. 5. In order to succeed in the fund raising through IPO route one has to be through with DIP guidelines.

6. As the investor protection is important, the company has to ensure investors by offering good prospects in the prospectus. 7. Before coming to an IPO every company has to have a good track record of financial performance. 8. SEBI is the regulator for all IPOs it has to ensure its due diligence in issue of shares. 9. The utilization of the funds from IPO is significant and as per the objective mentioned in prospectus. 10.Listing is important for the company on the stock exchange, so it has to be done with proper pricing.

Bibliography
The above information regarding the project has been collected from the following different sources. Secondary information

Books referred Investment Banking and Analysis. Investment, Analysis and management by Francis. Security Analysis by Graham and Dodd.

Sites visited www.sebi.gov.in www.moneycontrol.com www.investopedia.com www.reliancemoney.com