ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

181301- TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

UNIT-1 [Fourier series] 1. Define periodic function? A function f(x) is said to be have a period T if for all x ,f(x+T)=f(x),where the T is a positive constant. The least value of T>0 is called the period of f(x). 2. Define Continuous function? A Continuous function at x=a is denoted

lt f ( x)
a

f (a) ,i.e., lt f (x) exists.f(x) is said to be Continuous

x a

in an interval (a,b)if it is Continuous at every point of the interval. 3. Define Discontinuous function? A function f(x) is said to be discontinuous at at point if it is not Continuous at that point. 4. Define Fourier series? If f(x) periodic function and satisfies Dirichlet condition,then it can be represented by an infinite series called Fourier series as

f ( x)

a0 2

(a n cos nx bn sin nx)

n 1

5. Define Even functions? A function f(x) is said to be even if f(-x)=f(x). 6. Define Odd functions? A function f(x) is said to be odd if f(-x)=-f(x). 7. Pick out the even function : x ,sinx?
2

x 2 is an even function ,sinx is an odd function.

8. Write the formula for Fourier constant for f(x ) in the interval

, ).

a0

f ( x)dx , an

f ( x) cosnxdx , bn

f ( x) sin nxdx

9. Find the Fourier constant a n when odd function f(x) is expanded in

, )?

a n =0.
10. Find the Fourier constant b n in the expansion of Since f(x)=

x 2 in (

, )?

x 2 is an even function the value of bn =0

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. 11. What is the sum of the Fourier series at point x= x 0 the eunction f(x) has a finite discontinuity?

f(x)=

f ( x x0 ) 2

f ( x x0 )

12. write Parsevals theorem on Fourier constants? If the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) converges uniformly to f(x) in

( l , l ) then

1 [ f ( x)]2 dx l l

2 a0 2

2 (an n 1

2 bn )

13. Define Root mean square value of a function? The root mean square value of f(x) over the interval (a,b)is
b

[ f ( x)]2 dx
R.M.S=
a

b a
.

14. Find the constant a 0 of the Fourier series for the function f(x)=k,0<x<2

a0

f ( x)dx =
0

k 2 2 k =2k. kdx = [x]0 =

?

15. Write the Fourier series in complex form for f(x) in the interval c to c+2

f(x)=
n

C n e inx where C n

1 2

c 2

f ( x )e
c

inx

dx .

16. Write the Fourier series in complex form for f(x) in the interval c to c+2l?
in x l

f(x)=
n

Cn e

where

Cn

1 2

c 2

f ( x )e
c

in x l

dx .

17. Write the formula for Fourier constant for f(x ) in the interval (c,c+2l)?

a0

1 l

c 2l

f ( x)dx , an
c

1 l

c 2l

n x f ( x) cos dx , bn l

1 l

c 2l

f ( x) sin
c

n x dx l

18. Find the Fourier constant b n for xsinx in

, )?

bn

f ( x) sin nxdx =

x sin x sin nxdx =0[ x sin x sin nx is an odd function].

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. 19. Write the formula for Eulers constant of a Fourier series in 0<x<2 ?

a0

f ( x)dx , an
0

f ( x) cosnxdx , bn
0

f ( x) sin nxdx
0

20.Find the Fourier series corresponding to f(x)= x Given f(x)= x f(-x)=

x 3 in (

, )?

x3 ,

x x 3 =-( x x 3 )= -f(x).

f(-x)= -f(x). f(x) is an odd function in

, ) .Hence a 0 =0.
UNIT-2 [Fourier Transforms]

1. Define integral transforms?

b

The integral transforms of a function f(x)is denoted by L[f(x)]=

a

f ( x)k ( s, x)dx ,s is parameter,f(x) is inverse

transform of L[f(x)].

i.e, L[f(x)]=
0

f ( x)e sx dx
0

f (t )e st dt

2. Define Fourier integral theorem? If f(x)is a given function (

l, l ) and satisfies Dirichlets condition ,then

f(x)=

1
0

f (t ) cos (t

x)dxd

3. Formula for Fourier sine integral?

f(x) =

2
0

sin x f (t ) sin tdtd

0

4. Formula for Fourier Cosine integral?

f(x) =

2
0

cos x f (t ) cos tdtd

0

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. 5. Formula for complex form of Fourier integral?

f(x) =

1 2

i x

f (t )e

i t

dtd

6. Define convolution of two function? If f(x) and g(x) are any two function (

, ) then the convolution of two function is

f*g=

1 2

f (t ) g ( x t )dt

7. Define parsevals identity? If f(x) are any given function (

2 2

, ) that it satisfy the identity,

f ( x) dx

F ( s) ds

8. Define finite Fourier Transforms? If f(x) are any given function ( 0, l ) then the finite Fourier sine and cosine Transforms of f(x) in 0<x<l is
l

Fs [ f ( x)]
0

f ( x) sin
l

n x dx l

Fc [ f ( x)]
0

f ( x) cos

n x dx where n is an integer. l

9. Define infinite Fourier Transforms write inverse formula is? The infinite Fourier Transforms of a function f(x) is

F[f(x)]=

1 2

f ( x)e isx dx ,

Then the function f(x)=

1 2

F[ f ( x)]e

isx

ds

10.What is the Fourier Transforms of f(x-a) the Fourier Transforms of f(x) is F(s)? Given that F[f(x)]=F(s) i.e,F[f(x-a)]= e F (s ) 11. Define Fourier sine transform? Fourier sine transform of f(x) is
ias

Fs [ f ( x)]

2
0

f ( x) sin sxdx

12. Define Fourier sine transform its inverse?

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. Fourier sine transform o its inverse f(x) is

f ( x)

2
0

Fs [ f ( x)]sin sxds

13. Define Fourier cosine transform? Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is

Fc [ f ( x)]

2
0

f ( x) cos sxdx

14. Define Fourier cosine transform its inverse? Fourier cosine transform o its inverse f(x) is

f ( x)

2
0

Fc [ f ( x)]cos sxds

15. Find the sine transform of

e x?
2
0

WKT

Fs [ f ( x)]

f ( x) sin sxdx

Here f(x) =

e
2

Fs [e x ]

e x sin sxdx
0

2 s
2

s 1

16. State the Fourier Transforms of the derivative of a function?

d n f ( x) dx n

( is) n F (s); where F(s)=F[f(x)].

17. Define convolution theorem for Fourier Transforms? If F(s) and G(s) are the Fourier Transforms of f(x) and g(x) respect then the Fourier Transforms of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product of their Fourier Transforms i.e., F[(f*g)]=F(s).G(s)

18. Define linear property of Fourier Transforms? Then the linear property is, F[af(x)+bg(x)]=aF(s)+bG(s).

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. 19. Define Shifting property of Fourier Transforms? Then the Shifting property is, (i) F[f(x-a)]= e F (s ) . (ii)F[ e
ias
ias

f (x) ]=F(s+a).

20. Define Change of scale property of Fourier Transforms? Then the Change of scale property is, F[f(ax)]=

1 s F ( ), a a a

21. Define Modulation theorem? Then the Modulation theorem is

F[ f ( x) cosax]

1 [ f ( s a) 2

f ( s a)]wheref ( s)
UNIT-3

F[ f ( x)] .

[Applications of PDE(Boundary Value Problems)] 1.Explain the initial and boundary value problem? In ordinary differential equation , first we get the general solution which contains the arbitrary constant and then the initial value . This type of problem is called initial value problem. 2. Explain the method of separation of variables? In this way,the solution of the PDE z is dependent variable x,y is independent variable is coverted in to the solution of ODE. This method is known as method of separation of variables. 3. The one dimensional wave equation is..? The one dimensional wave equation is
2

i.e.

u
2

a2
2

u x2

4. The three possible solutions of

u
2

u are? x2
2

Then the three possible solutions is

u
2

a2

u x2

(i)u ( x, t ) ( Ax B)(Ct

D)

(ii)u ( x, t ) ( Ae px Be px )(Ce pat De pat ) (iii)u ( x, t ) ( A cos px B sin px)(C cos pat D sin pat)

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

2

5. The PDE of a vibrating string is

u
2

t
2

u 2 what is a ? 2 x

Then the vibrating string is

u
2

a2

u x2

a2 =

T m

Tension mass

6. Explain the various variables involved in one dimensional wave equation ?

2

The one dimensional wave equation is length and t denotes time . 7. Define temperature gradient?

u
2

a2

u .Here x and t are the variables .Where x denotes x2

This rate of changes of temperature w.r.to distance is called the temperature gradient and denoted by 8. Define steady state temperature distribution? If the temperature will not change when time varies is called steady state temperature distribution.
2

u . x

9. How many boundary conditions required to solve completely Then the three conditions

u
2

a2

u ? x2

10. State the law assumed to derive the one dimensional heat equation? (i) Heatflows a higher temperature to lower temperature . (ii) To produce temperature change in a body is proportional to the mass of the body and to the temperature change . (iii) An area is proportional to the area and to the temperature gradient normal to the area. 11. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave equation and one dimensional heat equation ? The correct solution of one dimensional wave equation is of periodic in nature. But solution of heat flow equation is not in periodic in nature.

12. Give three possible solutions of the equation The three possible solutions is

u t

a2

u ? x2

(i )u ( x, t ) (ii)u ( x, t ) (iii)u ( x, t )

( Ax b) e e
2

p 2t
2

( Ae px
2

Be

px

p t

( A cos px B sin px)

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. 13. State Fourier law of heat conduction? The rate at which heat flows across an area A at a distance x from one end of a bar is given by

KA

u x

, k is thermal conductivity and

x

u x

means the temperature gradient at x.

x

14. Write the solution of one dimensional heat equation. When the time

derivative is absent?

When time derivative is absent is the heat flow equation is

u x2

0.

15. In steady state, two dimensional heat equation in cartesian coordinates is..? Then the steady state, two dimensional heat equation in cartesian coordinates

u x2

u y2

16. Write the boundary condition of the string equation, to initial displacement f(x) and initial velocity g(x)? Then the boundary conditions are

(i ) y (0, t ) oforallt 0 (ii) y (l , t ) 0 forallt 0 y ( x,0) (iii) g ( x) forallxin(0, l ) t (iv) y ( x,0) f ( x) forallxin(0, l )
17. Write the boundary condition of string equation, to non zero initial velocity? Then the boundary condition are non zero initial velocity is

(i) y (0, t ) oforallt 0 (ii) y (l , t ) 0 forallt 0 (iii) y ( x,0) 0 forallxin(0, l ) y ( x,0) (iv) g ( x) forallxin(0, l ) t
18. Explain the term steady state? When the heat flow is independent of time t, it is called steady state. In steady state the heat flow is only w.r.to the distance x. 19. Obtain one dimensional heat flow equation from two dimensional heat flow for unsteady case? When unsteady state condition exists the two dimensional heat flow equation is given by,

u t

u x2

u y2

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

In one dimensional heat flow equation is given by, y-direction and hence

u y2

0 . Then the heat flow equation is

u t

a2

u . x2

20. What is meant by two dimensional heat flow? The heat flows in xy- direction. 21. Explain the term thermally insulated ends? If there will be no heat flow passes through the ends of the bar then that two endsare said to be thermally insulated. UNIT -IV [Partial Differential Equation] 1. Find the order of a PDE? The order of a PDE is the order of the highest partial derivative occurring in the equation . 2. Find the formation of PDE? (i) By elimination of arbitrary constants. (ii) By elimination of arbitrary functions. 3. Explain the formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants? Let f (x, y, z, a, b) = 0.(1) Be an equation which contains two arbitrary constant aand b.PDE (1) w.r.to x and y we get two more equations. 4.From the PDE eliminating the arbitrary constants from z Given z

( x a) 2

( y b) 2 1 ?

( x a) 2

( y b) 2

1 ...................(1)

p q

z x z y

2( x a )
(2) and (3)

2( y b)

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1)we get

p2 4

q2 4

5. From the PDE eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from Given

z ( x a)( y b) ?

z ( x a)( y b) ...................(1)
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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

p q

z x z y

y b
(2) and (3)

x a

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get

pq

6. From the PDE eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from Given z

ax by ab ?

ax by ab ........... (1)

p q

z a x (2) and (3) z b y

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get

px qy pq
ax by a 2 b2 ?

7. From the PDE eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from z Given z

p q z x z y

ax by a 2
a b

b 2 ........... (1)

(2) and (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get 8.Eliminate the function f from z Given z

px qy
y2 )?

p2

q2

f (x2

f (x2

y 2 ) ........... (1)

p q

z x z y

f '(x2 f '(x
2

y 2 )2 x
(2) and (3),

y )2 y

p 2x (4) and (5) q f' 2y f'

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get

p 2x

q (or ) py 2y

qx .

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai. 9. Define the complete integral? A solution in which the number of arbitrary constant is equal to the number of independent variable is called complete integral or complete solution. 10. Define the particular integral? In complete integral if we give particular values to the arbitrary constant we get particular integral. 11. Define the Singular integral? Let f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0 be a PDE whose complete integral is (x, y, z, a, b)(1) Diff .P.w.r.to a and b and then equal to zero , we get

a b
2

0 0
The eliminate of a and b from the three equations is called singular integral.

12. Solve

x2

sin x .
2

Given

x2

sin x .

z x z
2

cos x

f ( y)

sin x xf ( y ) g ( y )
xy
2

13. Solve

x2

Given

that

x2

xy .

z x z
z x y
2

y y

x2 2

f ( y) xf ( y ) g ( y )

x3 6

14. Solve

sin x .

Given that

z x y

sin x .

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

z y z

cos x y cos x

f ( y) f ( y ) g ( x)

15. From the PDE eliminating arbitrary a and b from Given

z a( x y ) b ?

z a( x y) b ........... (1)

p q

z x z y

a
(2) and (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get 16. Write the complete integral of Given

p q.

z px qy pq ?

z px qy pq z px qy pq
z ax by ab

Then we know that

This is of Clairauts type Hence replace p by a and q by b in the complete integral is 17. Write the complete integral of Given

px qy

pq ?
z px qy
ab

px qy

pq

Then we know that

pq this is of Clairauts type

Hence replace p by a and q by b in the complete integral is

ax by

18. Write the complete integral of

px qy

1 p2

q2 ?

Given

px qy

1 p2 q2 .

This is of Clairauts type Hence replace p by a and q by b in the complete integral is

z ax by

1 a 2 b2

19. Write the general solution of non-homogeneous linear PDE? The general solution of non-homogeneous linear PDE If f(D,D)z=F(x ,y) is z=

C1e hx

f1 ( h ) y

C2 e hx

f 2 ( h) y

.......... ........

20. Find the singular integral of z=px+qy+pq?

Given that the complete integral is z=ax+by+ab(1).

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

z x z y x y b a 0 0 b a x y

.(2) and (3).

Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get z= -xy. UNIT -V [Z-Transform and Difference Equation] 1. Define the Z-Transform? Consider the sequence is f(n)=f(0),f(1),f(2),f(3),f(n). Then for all positive integer n=0,1,2,3,.Then the Z- Transform of {f(n)} is defined as

Z { f (n)}
n 0

f ( n) z

2. Define the initial value theorem? Then the initial value theorem is

Z [ f (n)] F ( z )
If

then lim F ( z )
z

f (0) lim f (0)

t 0

3. Define the Final value theorem? Then the Final value theorem is

Z [ f (n)] F ( z )
If

then lim F (t )
t

lim ( z 1) F ( z )
t 1

4. Define the linear property ? Then the linear property is

Z [af (n) bg (n)] aF ( z ) bG(n) whereZ [ f (n)] F ( Z ) andZ[ g (n)] G( z )

Where a,b are constants. 5. Define the first shifting property ?

Z [ f (t )] F ( z ),then
Then the first shifting property is ,If

Z [e

at

f (t )] F[ ze aT ]

6. Define the inverse Z-transform? If Z [ f (k )]

F ( z ), then the inverse Z-transform is

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

z 1[ f ( z )]
If

F (k )

(or)

Z [ f (n)] F ( z ),then Z 1[ F ( z )] f (n)

7. Define the method of partial fraction? To find inverse transform of a function F(z) by using partial fraction method, it is convenient to write F(z) as

F ( z) and then split into partial fraction. z

8. Find the inverse Z-transform using Residue theorem? If Z [ f (n)]

F ( z ), then f(n) which gives the inverse Z-transform of F(z) is obtained the result

f ( n)

1 z n 1 F ( z )dz 2 ic

Where C is the closed contour which encloses all the poles of the integrand. 9. Define the convolution of two sequences ? The convolution of two sequences { f (n) } and { g (n) } is defined as
n

[ f (n) * g (n) ]=
r 0

f (r ) g (n r ) [ For right sided sequence ]

(or)

[ f (n) * g (n) ]=
r

f (r ) g (n r ) [ For two sided or bilateral sequence ]

10. Define the convolution theorem ? Then the convolution theorem is, (i)

Z [ f (n) * g (n)] F ( z ).G ( z ), where Z [ f (n)] F ( z )andZ[ g (n)] G ( z )

Z [ f (t ) * g (t )] F ( z ).G ( z ), where Z [ f (t )] F ( z )andZ[ g (t )] G ( z )

(ii)

11. Find

an in Z-transform? n!
Z
an an z = n! n 0 n!
n

We know that

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

=
n

( az 1 ) n az 1 =1 n! 1! 0
az
1

(az 1 ) 2 2!

.........

=e

Z
12. Find Z [ ze
iat

an =ez n!

] using Z- transform?
iat

We know that Z [ ze

] = Z [ ze

iat

.1]
ze iat

= {z (1)} z

z z 1
z ze iat

Z [ ze

iat

]=

ze iat ze iat 1

13. Find Z [ a ] using Z- transform?

n

We know that Z [ a ] =
n 0

an z

=
n 0

a z

1 a 1 z

z z a

if z

14. Find Z [ a

n 1

] using Z- transform?
n 1

We know that Z [ a

]=
n 0

an 1z

=Z

z z a

1 z a

if z

15. Write the damping rate for Z- transform? Then the damping rate for Z- transform is

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ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. G.B.Nagar, Kalavai.

Z{ f (n)}
If

f ( z) f (n)} f (n)}

F ( z ), then f (az) f z a F (az) F z a

(i) Z{a (ii) Z{a

16. Find Z [n] using Z- transform ?

n

We know that Z [n] =

n 0

nz
2 z2

1 z

3 z3
2

.......... .......
2

1 2 1 z z

3 z2

.......... ......

1 1 1 z z

1 z 1 z z

z ( z 1) 2

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