Introduction To Web Technology
Introduction To Web Technology
Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable source code form, from which executable programs are derived (e.g., compiled), enables a programmer to study and develop the algorithm. Computer source code is often written by professional computer programmers. Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming. Source code may be converted into an executable file (sometimes called an executable program or a binary) by a compiler. Alternatively, computer programs may be executed by a central processing unit with the aid of an interpreter, or may be embedded directly into hardware.
Types of Programming Languages Three general types of programming languages Machine languages Assembly languages High-level languages Machine languages Natural language of a particular computer Defined by hardware design of computer Generally consists of strings of numbers Are machine dependent Cumbersome for humans Slow and tedious for most programmers Assembly languages Programmers began using English-like abbreviations to substitute for machine languages Represents elementary operations of computer Translator programs called assemblers convert assembly-language to machinelanguage Example: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY High-level languages Developed as computer usage increased, assembly language proved inadequate and time-consuming 1
What is the WWW? Number of computers connected with each other A distributed document delivery system Uses a client-server model Main presentation language is HTML Client-Server Model Two processes (possibly networked): Web Clients Use HTTP protocol to connect to servers Request and display Web pages stored in servers Typical clients: Web browsers Web Servers Listen for incoming connections from clients Use HTTP protocol to converse with clients Store and transmit Web pages to clients
A website (alternatively, web site or Web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or more web servers, usually accessible via the Internet. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML, which is almost always accessible via HTTP, protocol that transfers information from the Web server to display in the user's Web browser. All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the "World Wide Web".
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Web Development Cycle Like software, web sites can also be developed with certain methods with some changes and additions with the existing software development process. Let us see the steps involve in any web site development. 1. Analysis: Once a customer is started discussing his requirements, the team gets into it, towards the preliminary requirement analysis. As the web site is going to be a part of a system, it needs a complete analysis as, how the web site or the web based application is going to help the present system and how the site is going to help the business. Moreover the analysis should cover all the aspects especially on how the web site is going to join the existing system. The first important thing is finding the targeted audience. Then, all the present hardware, software, people and data should be considered during the time of analysis. For example, if a company XYZ corp is in need of a web site to have its human resource details online, the analysis team may try to utilize the existing data about the employees from the present database. The analysis should be done in the way, that it may not be too time consuming or with very less informative. The team should be able to come up with the complete cost-benefit analysis and as the plan for the project will be an output of analysis, it should be realistic. To achieve this analyst should consult the designers, developers and testers to come up with a realistic plan. Input: Interviews with the clients, Mails and supporting docs by the client, Discussions Notes, Online chat, recorded telephone conversations, Model sites/applications etc., Output: 1.Work plan, 2.Cost involved 3.Team requirements, 4.Hardware-software requirements, 5.Supporting documents and 6.the approval 2. Specification Building: Notes by Prof. Waman, Dept. of MCA, FAMT 4
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3. Design and development: After building the specification, work on the web site is scheduled upon receipt of the signed proposal, a deposit, and any written content materials and graphics you wish to include. Here normally the layouts and navigation will be designed as a prototype. Some customers may be interested only in a full functional prototype. In this case we may need to show them the interactivity of the application or site. But in most of the cases customer may be interested in viewing two or three design with all images and navigation. There can be a lot of suggestions and changes from the customer side, and all the changes should be freezed before moving into the next phase. The revisions could be redisplayed via the web for the customer to view. As needed, customer comments, feedback and approvals can be communicated by e-mail, fax and telephone Throughout the design phase the team should develop test plans and procedures for quality assurance. It is necessary to obtain client approval on design and project plans. In parallel the Database team will sit and understand the requirements and develop the database with all the data structures and sample data will also be prepared. Input: Requirement specification Output: Site design with templates, Images and prototype
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Categorization can be difficult. For example, educational sites might really fall under the governmental category. Some sites in the personal category may arguably belong in the charitable or commercial group, depending on the reason for the person putting the site together. Now we turn to the more visual characteristics of sites, with a few sample categories of sites commonly seen on the Web. (Extra point) Navigation schemes in web site design As web site designers, we always try to create a web site navigation scheme that (a) is consistent throughout the entire web site and (b) Allows the site's visitors to find what they are searching for quickly and easily. A consistent site navigation scheme shows your potential customers that you are thinking about their ease of finding your products or services on your web site. The following list shows some basic web site navigation schemes: Text links Graphic images - navigation buttons Graphic images - image maps Drop-down Menus - Javascript, CGI, etc. Dynamically generated URLs Text Links Many web newbie understand that blue, underlined text is a hyperlink. For this reason, we think that it's generally a good idea to include text links in your web site design along with other graphic images. The link colors in your text should be familiar to your visitor, if possible. Blue text usually indicates an unvisited link and purple or maroon text usually indicates a visited link. If you elect not to use the default colors, your text links should be emphasized in some other way: boldfaced, a larger font size, set between small vertical lines or square brackets, or a combination of these. Text links should be unique they should not look the same as any other text in your web pages. You do not want people clicking on your headings because they think the headings are links. Advantages: The biggest advantage of using text links is the quick download time. If you are using large (in K) graphic images on your web pages, then it might be best to have a navigation scheme of text links. The other advantage of text links is that some of the text can be keywords. Disadvantages: The biggest disadvantage of text links is that they can be boring to look at, especially if you have a large amount of blue links sprinkled throughout your web pages. People like simplicity and ease of navigation. Thus, if there is a way to make your text links more visually appealing and easy to discern
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